The Effectiveness of the Use of "Special Grip Toothbrushes" on Dental Hygiene for Indonesian Patients with Ischemic Stroke

Objective: To find out the effectiveness of specially made brushes with special grips for use by groups of ischemic stroke sufferers for oral hygiene. Material and Methods: A sample of 30 stroke patients were taken at the Makassar Stroke Center, Indonesia, with criteria for extreme hemisphere ischemic stroke patients and willing to participate in the study and fill out informed consent. Brush making with a special grip design (modified brush) with Clay mixed material. The oral hygiene assessment procedure of the sample using a modified toothbrush was done in 3 stages before the brush, after brush and on the seventh day. Oral and oral hygiene was measured using the index of Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S). The oral hygiene assessment procedure was done in 3 stages before the brush, after brush and on the seventh day. To find out the difference in effectiveness before and after the intervention was analyzed using the paired t test. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The highest percentage of stroke patients were female (53.3%), aged 40-60 years (66.7%) with an education level below junior high school (56.7%). There is a difference in the average OHIS score before and after using a special grip toothbrush (p<0.01). Conclusion: A special grip toothbrush that is used for Stroke sufferers can help to clean his teeth and mouth.

'The present state and statistical observation of mental patients under home custody', by Kure Shuzo and Kashida Goro (1918).

This text, dealing with the private confinement of the mentally ill at home, or shitaku kanchi, has often been referred to as a 'classic text' in the history of Japanese psychiatry. Shitaku kanchi was one of the most prevalent methods of treating mental disorders in early twentieth-century Japan. Under the guidance of Kure Shuzo (1865-1932), Kure's assistants at Tokyo University inspected a total of 364 rooms of shitaku kanchi across Japan between 1910 and 1916. This text was published as their final report in 1918. The text also refers to traditional healing practices for mental illnesses found throughout the country. Its abundant descriptions aroused the interest of experts of various disciplines.

The blurred boundary between professional and lay home nursing knowledge and practice in New Zealand, 1900-1935.

In New Zealand, the state registration of nurses was instituted in 1901. This was a marker that nursing had achieved professional status. Although many registered nurses (RNs) worked in private practice or as district nurses in people's homes, lay home nurses had an essential role in caring for the sick. This article reports a comparative analysis of information available to lay home nurses in domestic health guides with information for RNs in professional nursing textbooks, for the period 1900-1935. It shows that despite RNs' professional status, domestic health guides gave more detailed information than nursing textbooks on many subjects until the end of the research time period. The boundary between registered and lay home nurses' knowledge and practice was therefore blurred. Exploring this indistinct boundary challenges understandings about the clear division between professional and lay knowledge and practice. This has particular relevance in a time when health systems increasingly depend on care provided in the home by family members. Home nursing has always been a crucial component in any system for the care of the sick. Historically, caring for people at the end of life or those with chronic and acute illnesses depended largely on the commitment of untrained women, nursing their own family members at home and supporting neighbors to care for the ill in other households.

Service in progress.

The Hyacinth Lightbourne Visiting Nursing Service in Jamaica, established in the mid-1950s with help from the Queen's Nursing Institute, brought home care to people who would otherwise have been reliant on inaccessible or inappropriate hospital services.

The end of an era. 1952.

This historical reprint from Public health nursing (Ramsay, ) summarizes the history of public health nursing services rendered by the Red Cross from its creation in 1912 until their termination in June 1951. The author was a public relations writer for the Red Cross. The paper is historically important for it provides chronology and perspective on the role of the Red Cross institutionalizing public health nursing and home nursing care in the United States during the first half of the 20(th) century. Of note are the three nursing services through which the Red Cross operated, each denoting a particular time and focus. Although Jane A. Delano is credited with the creation of the Red Cross nursing service, the initial organization was called Rural Nursing Service and was led by Fannie Clement. Within a short time, however, the Town and Country Nursing Service was created in recognition that not all of the public health nursing provided by the Red Cross was rendered in rural settings. The final transformation came when the service was again renamed, this time to highlight its more fundamental mission, as the Red Cross Public Health Nursing Service. The article is reprinted in its entirety.

Dying at home: nursing of the critically and terminally ill in private care in Germany around 1900.

Over the last twenty years, 'palliative care' has evolved as a special nursing field in Germany. Its historic roots are seen in the hospices of the Middle Ages or in the hospice movement of the twentieth century. Actually, there are numerous everyday sources to be found about this subject from the nineteenth century. The article at hand deals with the history of nursing the terminally ill and dying in domestic care in the nineteenth century. Taking care of and nursing the dying was part of everyday routine in the nursing care as practiced by the deaconesses and sisters in those days. Mit der Seelenpflege bei den unheilbar Kranken und Sterbenden schufen die Kaiserswerther Diakonissen sich einen von Arzten unabhängigen Kompetenzbereich. Meine Analysen zur Privatpflege zeigen jedoch darüber hinaus, dass die in ihrer Aufmerksamkeit auf das Mutterhaus ausgerichteten Diakonissen auch in Leibespflege sehr viel unabhängiger von den Arzten zu agieren schienen als die freien Krankenschwestern. The article takes a look not only at the actual nursing activities but also at the relationship between the sisters and their patients and their relatives and the family doctor. On the basis of the recorded letters which the nurses wrote to the deaconess motherhouse in Kaiserswerth, it is also possible to analyze how the deaconesses communicated and reflected their actions at the deathbed.

[Towards a history of the family care of psychiatric patients]. / Per una storia dell'affidamento dei malati psichiatrici alle famiglie.

INTRODUCTION: Inserting adults with psychic problems into families has recently been practiced in various European countries and also in Italy, where some mental health departments support such families. Beyond the well known story of Gheel, the etero and omofamily care of psychiatric patients has a forgotten history. METHODS: On the basis of unexplored and exceptionally rich sources from the archives of the asylums in Florence, as well as of the Province di Florence, which funded assistance to the mentally ill--this research focuses on the subsidized "domestic custody" of hundreds of psychiatric patients, who had already been institutionalized. Beginning in 1866, outboarding was supported by the provincial administration in Florence with the collaboration of the asylum medical direction. RESULTS: In the late 19th C. and in the early 20th C. prestigious psychiatrists sought alternatives to the institutionalisation. These alternatives involved varied participants in a community (the patients and their families, the administrators and the medical specialists, the neighborhood and the police). The families played a special role that historians of the psychiatry exclusively dedicated to the insane asylums have not really seen. CONCLUSIONS: The role of the families in the interaction with the psychiatric staff is not, even on a historiographical level, simply an additional and marginal chapter of the practices and of the culture of the mental health. These archival evidence contradicts some common places on the past of the Italian psychiatry before 1978, and provokes new reflections of possible relevance to the present.

Historical overview.

Lessons from the past, challenges for the future in family caregiving.

Consideraciones socioéticas sobre el ingreso domiciliario en el sistema de salud cubano durante el 2007 / Social and ethical considerations on the home care in the Cuban health system during the 2007

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo sobre el ingreso domiciliario en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba durante el 2007 para emitir algunas consideraciones sobre el procedimiento médico-asistencial en el período 1998-2006 y ofrecer elementos cuantitativos y cualitativos del 2007. Se concluyó que en el sistema de atención primaria de salud se han logrado impactos socioéticos, culturales y económicos positivos, tales como: servicio gratuito, oferta y control de los recursos, así como cercanía del equipo de trabajo al paciente, la familia y la comunidad, entre otros grandes beneficios. Se recomienda perfeccionar el proceso para el ingreso domiciliario, sobre la base de la enseñanza y aplicación de principios bioéticos desde las universidades médicas en su etapa de pregrado.

A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study on the home care was carried out in Santiago de Cuba city during 2007 to give some considerations on the medical care procedure in the period 1998-2006 and to offer quantitative and qualitative elements of 2007. It was concluded that in the health primary care system positive social, ethical, cultural and economic impacts have been achieved, such as: free service, supply and control of resources, as well as proximity of the work team to the patient, the family and the community, among other great benefits. It is recommended to improve the process for the home care, on the basis of teaching and applying bioethical principles from the medical universities in their pre-degree stage.

Consideraciones socioéticas sobre el ingreso domiciliario en el sistema de salud cubano durante el 2007 / Social and ethical considerations on the home care in the Cuban health system during the 2007

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo sobre el ingreso domiciliario en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba durante el 2007 para emitir algunas consideraciones sobre el procedimiento médico-asistencial en el período 1998-2006 y ofrecer elementos cuantitativos y cualitativos del 2007. Se concluyó que en el sistema de atención primaria de salud se han logrado impactos socioéticos, culturales y económicos positivos, tales como: servicio gratuito, oferta y control de los recursos, así como cercanía del equipo de trabajo al paciente, la familia y la comunidad, entre otros grandes beneficios. Se recomienda perfeccionar el proceso para el ingreso domiciliario, sobre la base de la enseñanza y aplicación de principios bioéticos desde las universidades médicas en su etapa de pregrado(AU)

A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study on the home care was carried out in Santiago de Cuba city during 2007 to give some considerations on the medical care procedure in the period 1998-2006 and to offer quantitative and qualitative elements of 2007. It was concluded that in the health primary care system positive social, ethical, cultural and economic impacts have been achieved, such as: free service, supply and control of resources, as well as proximity of the work team to the patient, the family and the community, among other great benefits. It is recommended to improve the process for the home care, on the basis of teaching and applying bioethical principles from the medical universities in their pre-degree stage(AU)

Care of the chronically ill at home: an unresolved dilemma in health policy for the United States.

The problems of caring for patients with disabling illnesses who neither get well nor die are not new. Such patients have always required assistance at home from family, benevolent volunteers, or paid caregivers. Despite two centuries of experimentation, however, no agreement exists concerning the balance between the public and private resources to be allocated through state funding, private insurance, and family contributions for the daily and routine care at home for chronically ill persons of all ages. This article examines these issues and the unavoidable tensions between fiscal reality and legitimate need. It also uses historical and policy analyses to explain why home care has never become the cornerstone for caring for the chronically ill.

Young patients in a young nation: scarlet fever in early nineteenth century rural New England.

Children in the United States have benefited considerably from advancements in medical and nursing science over the course of the past 200 years. The twentieth century saw dramatic declines in the incidence of childhood diseases; the prevalence of measles, haemophilus influenzae type B, diphtheria, rubella and tetanus are at all time lows (CDC, 2006). Indeed, many pediatric nurses have never seen any of these diseases, something that would certainly have startled their predecessors just a few generations ago. Before the mid- twentieth century, caring for children with communicable diseases represented the cornerstone of pediatric nursing practice. Now that the incidence has decreased among American children, it is easy to forget about these diseases that once decimated whole communities. This article tries to peel back the mists of history by studying children's health in one rural New England town during the days of the early republic in the 1830s.

Cousin Lizzie's tuberculosis tent.

Before the discovery of antibiotics as a cure for tuberculosis in the 1940s, open-air therapy was the standard treatment for the disease. This article describes how families and health care institutions used tents, shacks, balconies, and verandas to expose loved ones and patients to the cold, pure air that was believed to help them fight tubercle bacillus.

[19th-century medical treatment of childhood diseases]. / Dziewietnastowieczne srodki medyczne wykorzystywane w terapii chorób dzieciecych.

In the 19th century, illnesses, including those of children, were treated at home. That pertained to urban as well as rural children alike. In the impoverished Polish countryside, medical treatment was largely confined to the folk-medicine practices that had been passed down from one generation to another. In rural villages and small towns, where doctors of medicine were few and far between, the parents of sick children would seek the help of folk healers or simply older women who made use of various herbal remedies. Such treatment was of a symptom-relieving nature and therefore affected the young patient's entire system. Children were also treated in their homes and family circles in cities. One can even distinguish a characteristic form of therapy which might be referred to as home medicine. It made use of a variety of therapeutic methods carried out in a domestic setting by physicians or parents. Usually those methods were based on traditional folk superstitions, additionally bolstered by rational premises. Generally accessible means, not only herbs but also diets, hydrotherapy, blood-letting and pharmacological preparations were used to treat sick children at home.

The relative duties of a man: domestic medicine in England and France, ca. 1685-1740.

Although much work is currently being done on early modern women and household medicine and on early modern masculinities, historians have generally overlooked men's roles within the home, particularly with respect to domestic medical activities. Using medical consultation letters, this article examines men's roles as domestic caregivers and their medical decision making. During this period, manly self-management and household order were closely linked; an ideal head of household would manage himself retain order within the household, and look after the welfare of his family.