USP Escuela de enfermería y el Programa de Inclusión Social: un enfoque histórico / USP School of Nursing and Social Inclusion Program - A Historical Approach / A Escola de Enfermagem da USP e o Programa de Inclusão Social - Uma abordagem histórica

En los primordios la enfermería brasileña, se buscó la mejor categoría para desarrollar la profesión: las mujeres blancas. El color de la piel era un impedimento para hacer enfermería. En la Escuela de Enfermería de la USP (EEUSP), nunca ha habido un mecanismo oficial para impedir que las personas negras hacen el curso, pero aun así, siempre ha capacitado a pocos estudiantes negros. Con el Programa de Inclusión Social (Inclusp) de USP, en 2007, la expectativa era ampliar el acceso a la Universidad para este grupo específico. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio asumió que EEUSP continúa formando pocos negros, en comparación con la mayoría blanca que ingresa al curso cada año. OBJETIVOS: Identificar si EEUSP continúa capacitando a pocas enfermeras negras incluso con acciones afirmativas y describir la experiencia de estudiantes y ex alumnos negros y marrones dentro de la escuela. MÉTODO: Primero, buscó mapear cuántos se beneficiaron y quiénes eran estas personas; Luego, algunos de estos graduados negros fueron invitados a contar sus historias y experiencias como estudiantes. RESULTADOS: El subregistro de color en la documentación estudiada comprometió los resultados. Hubo cinco entrevistas descriptivas. CONCLUSIONES: concluyó que a pesar del programa, EEUSP continúa formando pocos negros, lo que contribuye al hecho de que, hasta hoy, el número de enfermeras negras capacitadas por instituciones públicas es pequeño

In the early days of Brazilian nursing, the best category to build the profession was sought: white women. The color of one skin was an impediment to study nursing. At the Nursing School of University of São Paulo (EEUSP), there was never an official mechanism to bar black people from taking the course, but even so, it has always trained a small number of black students. With USP's Social Inclusion Program (Inclusp), in 2007, the expectation was to expand access to the University for this particular group of people. That is why, this study was based on the hypothesis that few black nurses graduate EEUSP still, compared to the white majority who enter the course each year. GOALS: Identify whether EEUSP continues to train few black nurses, even with affirmative action, and describe the experience of black and brown school students and alumni. METHOD: First, it sought to map how many benefited from the program and who these people were; then, some of these black graduates were invited to tell their stories and experiences as a student. RESULTS: The color underreporting in the studied documentation compromised the results. There were five descriptive interviews. CONCLUSIONS: That despite the program, EEUSP continues to train few black nurses, contributing to the fact that, until today, the number of black nurses trained by public institutions remain small

Nos primórdios da enfermagem brasileira, buscou-se a melhor categoria para construir a profissão: mulheres brancas. A cor da pele era um impedimento para cursar enfermagem. Na Escola de Enfermagem da USP (EEUSP), nunca houve um mecanismo oficial para barrar pessoas negras de fazer o curso, mas mesmo assim sempre formou poucos alunos negros. Com o Programa de Inclusão Social da USP (Inclusp), em 2007, a expectativa era de que se ampliasse o acesso à Universidade para esse grupo específico. Desta forma, o presente estudo partiu do pressuposto que a EEUSP continua a formar poucos negros, comparativamente à maioria branca que ingressa no curso a cada ano. OBJETIVOS: Identificar se a EEUSP continua formando poucos enfermeiros negros mesmo com ações afirmativas e descrever a experiência de alunos e ex-alunos pretos e pardos dentro da Escola. MÉTODO: Primeiro, buscou-se mapear quantos foram beneficiados e quem eram essas pessoas; em seguida, alguns esses egressos negros foram convidados a contar sua história e suas vivências como aluno. RESULTADOS: A subnotificação de cor na documentação estudada comprometeu os resultados. Foram feitas cinco entrevistas descritivas. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar do programa, a EEUSP continua formando poucos negros, contribuindo para que, até hoje, o número de enfermeiros negros formados por instituições públicas seja diminuto

Lutas simbólicas para implantação da primeira turma de enfermagem da universidade estadual do Piauí em Teresina - 2002 a 2012 / Symbolic struggles to implement the first nursing class of universidade estadual do Piauí in Teresina - 2002 to 2012 / Luchas simbólicas para implementar la primera clase de enfermería de la Universidad del Estado de Piauí en Teresina ­ 2002 a 2012

OBJETIVOS: descrever a criação do curso de Enfermagem no Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Estadual do Piauí e analisar as lutas simbólicas de discentes e docentes para sua implantação. MÉTODO: trata-se de pesquisa sócio-histórica, com base no pensamento de Pierre Bourdieu. A produção dos dados foi guiada pela história oral temática e ocorreu por meio de entrevistas com cinco participantes e análise documental. RESULTADOS: tem-se que para a criação e implantação do curso de Enfermagem foram desenvolvidas lutas simbólicas de seus agentes sociais, porque inicialmente ocorreu resistência dos coordenadores e alunos anteriormente alocados nesse espaço. CONCLUSÃO: as coordenadoras e discentes da Enfermagem buscaram alianças com instâncias superiores na hierarquia da instituição e conquistaram a inserção do curso de Enfermagem no Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Como resultado, obtiveram ganhos simbólicos e reconhecimento dos seus pares.(AU)

Objective: to analyze maternal experiences in caring for achild with gastrostomyand to reflect on the performance of the multiprofessional team regarding the identified care demands. Method: descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study, conducted between December 2015 and May 2016 with six mothers, through semi-structured interview. The thematic analysis supported the interpretation of the data. Results: maternal experiences regarding the needs of a child with gastrostomyindicate that the fears change along the trajectory and that the ways of care are being built in daily practice. Thus, inadequate care is developed at home due to lack of support and knowledge, which may result in harm to the child's health. Conclusion: the care for children with gastrostomy should be continuous, collaborative and shared between the multiprofessional team and family in the hospital and home environment. Meeting the unique demands of this population prevents readmissions and promotes better quality of life for children and families.(AU)

Objetivo: describir la creación del curso de Enfermería en el Centro de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Estatal de Piauí y analizar las luchas simbólicas de estudiantes y docentes para su implementación. Método: investigación sociohistórica, basada en el pensamiento de Pierre Bourdieu. La producción de datos se guió por la historia oral temática y se produjo a través de entrevistas con cinco participantes y el análisis de documentos. Resultados: para la creación e implementación del curso de Enfermería se desarrollaron luchas simbólicas entre sus agentes sociales porque, inicialmente, hubo resistencia por parte de los coordinadores y estudiantes previamente asignados a este espacio. Conclusión: los coordinadores de enfermería y los estudiantes buscaron alianzas con niveles más altos en la jerarquía de la institución y lograron la inserción del curso de Enfermería en el Centro de Ciencias...(AU)

Nursing education in Poland - The past and new development perspectives.

Professional nursing education in Poland began in 1911 in Kraków. Since then, the nursing education system has continued to change. From the establishment of the first professional nursing school, Poland experienced partition, war and the German occupation, short-lived independence, the Soviet regime and the regaining of its freedom, as well as the development of democracy processes. All of these events impacted on nurses' education. The current state of nursing training is determined by the requirements of the Council of the European Communities. Today, the challenge for nursing education in Poland is the permanent process of the country's education system's adjustment to the European Higher Education Area to ensure the quality of education and to support the mobility of students and academic teachers. Additionally, new competencies pertaining to nurse prescribing, which have been in force in Poland since 2016, will cause new changes to the under- and postgraduate programmes of nursing education. The aim of this study is to present the development of nursing education in Poland in the context of socio-political changes in the country and from the perspective of current nursing challenges worldwide.

Issues concerning recruitment, retention and attrition of student nurses in the 1950/60s: a comparative study.

AIM: To investigate student nurse recruitment and attrition in the 1950' and 1960s and undertake comparisons to modern day concerns. The study was set in one hospital in the U.K. BACKGROUND: In the period studied nursing was unpopular as a profession and there were difficulties surrounding recruitment. Attrition rates were high. METHOD: Documentary analysis of 641 training records dating 1955 to 1968 was undertaken. Attrition rates, reasons for non-completion and employment following successful completion were determined. RESULTS: Most recruits were young, unmarried, females and had overseas addresses. The majority (n = 88) had prior nursing experience. Over 69% (n = 443) successfully completed their training. Attrition rates were over 30% (n = 198), the main reason being academic failure. Following completion over 40% (n = 183) undertook midwifery training (n = 183) or secured a staff nurse post (n = 153). CONCLUSIONS: Issues relating to recruitment, retention and attrition in the 1950s and 1960s put into context present day issues. Recent attrition rates from pre-registration nurse education have fallen, nevertheless some of the issues of yesteryear remain problematic. In the present study significant numbers of entrants left due to domestic and ill-health problems resonates with many modern day studies. Also failure to complete due to academic shortcomings continues to be a concern.

A context analysis of student training records dating from the 1950/1960s: what were desirable and undesirable student nurse characteristics?

AIM: The aim of this study is to identify what were desirable and undesirable student nurse characteristics in the 1950/1960s and relate them to those who had successfully completed the programme and gained State Registration and those who had not. A further aim was to undertake comparisons with modern day values of what are viewed as desirable traits in nurses. BACKGROUND: In the 1950/1960s student nurses were hospital employees. Nurse training was based in hospital training schools and coordinated by sister tutors. Learning about nursing largely took place in clinical settings where there was limited supervision of student nurses by qualified nurses. DESIGN: Content analysis approaches were used whereby positive and negative comments related to successful and unsuccessful completers were identified. METHODS: Data were extracted from individual training records relating to 641 student nurses. The records dated from 1955 to 1968. Clinical and training school reports were summarized by senior hospital figures such as the hospital matron. These reports were the focus of the analysis. FINDINGS: Desirable student nurse traits identified in the analysis were being a 'nice person', who is kind, compassionate and attentive to patients, conscientious, bright and intelligent. Other values such as being hard-working, reliable and punctual reflect that the students studied were primarily employees. Amenable to discipline and unquestioningly obeying a doctor's order also were part of the conventions of the time. Most negative comments related to the unsuccessful completers. CONCLUSIONS: New insights into what was viewed as desirable and undesirable nursing characteristics in the 1950/1960s are identified. These insights have national and international relevance.

Charting the history of midwifery education.

Despite the recent popularity of exploring the history of midwifery practice, there has been minimal attention paid to the history of midwifery education. The purpose of this paper is to display a visual map and timeline of midwifery education from the eighteenth century, when formal midwifery programmes were introduced, to the present day. The paper will be inclusive of the history of midwifery teaching through the use of the High Coombe College archives (Lorentzon et al 2008). Prior to the eighteenth century, processes for learning midwifery were informal and unregulated. Traditional apprenticeships were gradually replaced by formal, regulated educational midwifery programmes, which were assessed. Midwifery teacher training finally became established in the twentieth century.

Celebrating 30 years of nursing at the University of Southampton.

This paper describes the evolution of undergraduate nurse education within the University of Southampton. It highlights the continuing responsiveness of the university to the rapidly changing policy initiatives and landscape of healthcare delivery with subsequent workforce needs.

"Nurses' training may be shifted": the story of Bellevue and Hunter College, 1942-1969.

During the mid-20th century, nursing leaders advocated moving nursing education out of hospital-based programs and into colleges and universities for the purpose of preparing nurses to meet the demands of increasingly complex health care situations. Nursing leaders in New York City's municipal hospitals recognized the value of this change and sought to increase the number of baccalaureate-prepared nurses to fill the many vacancies within city hospitals. This article examines the political support New York gave to the expansion of Hunter College's baccalaureate program in nursing (a college within the City University of New York system) while closing the almost 100-year-old Bellevue and Mills Schools of Nursing diploma program. The efforts to change nursing at Bellevue started in the 1940s, but the transfer to Hunter College was not realized until 1967. Although the decision to close the diploma school met resistance among various stakeholders, the expansion ultimately succeeded. It was supported by the New York City Department of Hospitals and received approval from the Board of Estimates and Board of Higher Education. Both Bellevue and Hunter's leadership was ready to make this change and participated in this transformation.

Enfermagem maranhense: um recorte histórico / Nursing Maranhenses: a historical cutting

Estudo histórico com uma abordagem qualitativa através de pesquisa em fontes documentaisescrita e iconográfica. Considera-se como recorte temporal o início formal do ensino deEnfermagem no Maranhão em 1948 até o período de integração à Fundação Universidade doMaranhão em 1967. Tem como objetivo descrever o processo histórico de criação edesenvolvimento do curso superior de Enfermagem no Maranhão, recuperando e preservando amemória dessa profissão no nosso Estado. Constatou-se que a Escola São Francisco de Assisconstituiu um marco importante no ensino de Enfermagem no Maranhão, pois foi a primeiraescola a instituir o ensino superior de Enfermagem no Estado na tentativa de suprir a falta deprofissionais enfermeiras qualificadas para atender a demanda para uma assistência à saúde anível hospitalar e ambulatorial. A Escola viu-se, muitas vezes, tolhida pelas condições financeiras emateriais que envolviam o seu trabalho, tendo enfrentado esses problemas apelando ao Estadoou buscando alternativas junto à particulares, dispondo muitas vezes da mobília particular para aefetivação da missão de instruir. A integração à Fundação Universidade do Maranhão conferiu aoCurso maior visibilidade científica contribuindo para o enriquecimento do cabedal teórico daprofissão e conseqüentemente para o seu engrandecimento junto à sociedade.

Simulation with synergy and community energy.

Neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs) have a crucial role in the management and care of critically ill newborns and infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Their role responsibilities range from daily management of care, oversight of unit and bedside education, execution of advanced procedures, and attendance at high-risk deliveries. During their educational program, there is a mix of didactic and clinical training. To ensure that their graduates are able to competently care for neonatal patients in the ever-advancing neonatal world, the NNP program at the University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston (UTMB), has implemented simulation-based training into every clinical course. This article describes the history of simulation in the NNP program at UTMB, discusses the current use of simulation at UTMB, explores the synergistic use of undergraduate students in simulations at UTMB, and details the use of professional volunteers from the local medical community to execute the simulations and debriefing process.

Primeira década do curso de enfermagem na Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora: 1979 -1989 / First decade of the nursing course at Federal University of Juiz de Fora: 1979-1989 / Primera década del curso de enfermería en la Universidad Federal de Juiz de Fora: 1979-1989

O curso de graduação em enfermagem foi criado na Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora em 1979, com a incorporação do corpo social da Faculdade de Enfermagem Hermantina Beraldo. Este estudo de abordagem histórico-social objetivou discutir a formação do enfermeiro na primeira década (1979 a 1989) após a criação do curso de graduação na Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. As fontes primárias foram documentos arquivados e depoimentos de professores que vivenciaram este momento histórico. Os dados foram coletados em 2009, organizados e classificados em conformidade com o método histórico à luz da teoria de Pierre Bourdieu. A análise dos dados permitiu evidenciar ações estratégicas dos docentes da enfermagem interessados na conservação das características do processo de ensino da Faculdade de Enfermagem Hermantina Beraldo, na primeira década de criação do curso na Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.

The nursing graduation course was established at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora in 1979 with the incorporation of the social delegation at the School of Nursing Hermantina Beraldo. This study of social-historical approach aimed to discuss nursing formation in the first decade (1979 a 1989) after the creation of the nursing graduation course at Federal University of Juiz de Fora. The primary sources were composed by archived documents and testimonies from teachers who went through this historic moment. The data were collected in 2009, organized and classified in accordance with the historical method to light of Pierre Bourdieu's theory. The data analysis allowed evidence the strategically actions by the nursing teachers interested in preserving the characteristics of the Nursing School teaching Hermantina Beraldo in the first decade of course establishment at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora.

El curso de gradación en enfermería fue creado en la Universidad Federal de Juiz de Fora en 1979, a partir de la incorporación del cuerpo social de la Facultad de Enfermería Hermantina Heraldo. Este estudio, de abordaje histórico y social, objetivó discutir la formación del enfermero en la primera década (1979 a 1989) después de la creación del curso de gradación en la Universidad Federal de Juiz de Fora. Las fuentes primarias fueron documentos archivados y la declaración de los profesores que vivenciaron este momento histórico. Los datos fueron recogidos en el año 2009, organizado y clasificado de acuerdo con el método histórico a la luz de la teoría de Pierre Bourdieu. El análisis de los datos permitió evidenciar acciones estratégicas de los docentes de enfermería interesados en la conservación de las características del proceso de enseñanza de la Facultad de Enfermería Hermantina Heraldo, en la primera década de creación del curso en la Universidad Federal de Juiz de Fora.

Intellectual disability nursing in Ireland: identifying its development and future.

As a profession, intellectual disability nursing has often come under scrutiny and been called into question. Since its inception as an individual nursing profession in 1959 in Ireland, both education and service provision philosophies have changed over time. These changes have been in response to national and international reports and changing attitudes. The changes have led to the current position where intellectual disability nurse education in Ireland is a four-year undergraduate course. As the discipline of intellectual disability nursing is unique to Ireland and the United Kingdom, there is a responsibility on intellectual disability nurses to identify their unique identity and their responses to the demands of changing services. This article traces the development of intellectual disability nursing in Ireland and identifies implications for the future.