RESUMO
Recreational water quality is commonly assessed by microbial indicators such as fecal coliforms. Maceió is the capital of Alagoas state, located in tropical northeastern Brazil. Its beaches are considered as the most beautiful urban beaches in the country. Jatiúca Beach in Maceió was found to be unsuitable for bathing continuously during the year of 2011. The same level of contamination was not observed in surrounding beaches. The aim of this study was to initiate the search for the sources of these high coliform levels, so that contamination can be eventually mitigated. We performed a retrospective analysis of historical results of fecal coliform concentrations from 2006 to 2012 at five monitoring stations located in the study region. Results showed that Jatiúca Beach consistently presented the worst quality among the studied beaches. A field survey was conducted to identify existing point and non-point sources of pollution in the area. Monitoring in the vicinity of Jatiúca was spatially intensified. Fecal coliform concentrations were categorized according to tide range and tide stage. A storm drain located in northern Jatiúca was identified as the main point source of the contamination. However, fecal coliform concentrations at Jatiúca were high during high tides and spring tides even when this point source was inactive (no rainfall). We hypothesize that high fecal coliform levels in Jatiúca Beach may also be caused by aquifer contamination or, more likely, from tide washing of contaminated sand. Both of these hypotheses will be further investigated.
Assuntos
Bactérias/química , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/microbiologia , Brasil/química , Brasil/classificação , Brasil/genética , Brasil/isolamento & purificação , Brasil/microbiologia , Monitoramento Ambiental/química , Monitoramento Ambiental/classificação , Monitoramento Ambiental/genética , Monitoramento Ambiental/isolamento & purificação , Monitoramento Ambiental/microbiologia , Fezes/química , Fezes/classificação , Fezes/genética , Fezes/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Recreação/química , Recreação/classificação , Recreação/genética , Recreação/isolamento & purificação , Recreação/microbiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos/química , Estudos Retrospectivos/classificação , Estudos Retrospectivos/genética , Estudos Retrospectivos/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Retrospectivos/microbiologia , Estações do Ano/química , Estações do Ano/classificação , Estações do Ano/genética , Estações do Ano/isolamento & purificação , Estações do Ano/microbiologia , Água do Mar/química , Água do Mar/classificação , Água do Mar/genética , Água do Mar/isolamento & purificação , Água do Mar/microbiologia , Poluição da Água/química , Poluição da Água/classificação , Poluição da Água/genética , Poluição da Água/isolamento & purificação , Poluição da Água/microbiologiaRESUMO
Four types of carbonated soft drinks encoded as A; B; C and D; and bottled and sealed water E (used as control) were bought from a student restaurant in the Rivers State University of Science and Technology; Port Harcourt Nigeria. The area of the orifice and neck of the bottles usually placed in the mouth while drinking directly from the bottles was analyzed in triplicates for the impinging bacterial species. Of the eighty-three morphologically identified aerobic isolates the percent frequency of occurrence was: Staphylococcus aureus (38.4); Bacillus and other gram-positive rods (36.0); Enterococcus sp (12.0); Micrococcus spp (8.4each); and Proteus and Pseudomonas spp (2.4each). The Standard Plate Count expressed as the Colony Forming Units (CFU) indicated a range of 5.3 x 10 3 to 2.6.0 x 10 4 CFU ml-1 of the rinsate of the orifice and neck of the soft-drink bottles. The preponderance of the indicator organisms: Coagulase positive S. aureus and the Enterococci sp is used to infer the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The need for public health enlightenment on the packaging and safe conduits for the distribution of soft drinks was discussed
Assuntos
Bactérias/microbiologia , Água Potável , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
Objective: Microbiological assessment of commonly available antimicrobial agents in Ilala Municipality. Methodology The disc diffusion method was used for the determination of antimicrobial activities. Results:Amoxicillin exhibited ZI between 21mm (Elys) and 23mm (Zenufa) against E. coli; and between 21mm and 23mm (Elys) against S. aureus. Ampicillin samples yielded ZI from 20mm (India) to 25mm (Keko) against both bacteria. Dicloxacillin exhibited ZI between 13mm (Keko) and 16mm (India; Keko) against E. coli and from 15mm (Keko) to 18mm (Shelys) against S.aureus. Ciprofloxacin samples (India) exhibited ZI between 22mm and 25mm against both bacteria. On the other hand ketoconazole exhibited ZI between 16.5 and 19.0 mm against both Candida albicans and Cryptoccocus neoformans. Nystatin (Cyprus) produced ZI between 10 and 12mm against both fungi; similarly Fluconazole (India) yielded between 16.5 and 20mm of ZI against both C. albicans and C. neoformans. Conclusion The antimicrobial agents analyzed in this study have demonstrated substantial antimicrobial activities against the test microorganisms; an indicative of possession of active ingredients. As far as the in vitro microbiological assays are concerned; the study's findings could not reveal any counterfeit drug. However; further studies should be conducted to confirm the content specifications and other relevant parameters of each pharmaceutical preparation
