Designing Functional Fruit-Based Recovery Drinks in Powder Form That Contain Electrolytes, Peptides, Carbohydrates and Prebiotic Fiber Taking into Account Each Component's Osmolality.

High levels of osmolalities have been found in manufactured carbohydrate-based functional drinks that occasionally include added protein; however, fruit components rich in bioactive ingredients have been absent. It has proved difficult to obtain recovery drinks based on natural fruit components that deliver calories and nutrients to the body whilst simultaneously ensuring that the body is adequately hydrated after physical exertion; the problem being that it is difficult to ensure the drinks' stability at low pH levels and maintain an appropriate sensory quality. This study aims to develop drinks based on natural fruit components that contain added electrolytes, carbohydrates, prebiotic fiber and protein; an improved water and electrolyte balance; the calories needed after intense physical exertion; a high content of nutrients; and a favorable sensory quality. Furthermore, the relationships between regressive osmolalities of beverage components are herein investigated. The study materials were raspberry powders (prepared via fluidized-bed jet milling, drying, freeze-drying and spray-drying) as well as citrated sodium, potassium, magnesium salts, isomaltulose, hydrolyzed collagen, whey protein isolate and prebiotic fiber. The drinks' polyphenols and antioxidant properties were measured spectrophotometrically, whilst vitamin C content was determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The sensory qualities of each drink were assessed according to a scaling method. Six test versions of recovery drinks were prepared in which osmolalities ranged from 388 to 607 mOsm/kg water, total polyphenol content was 27-49 mg GAE/100 mL and vitamin C level was 8.1-20.6 mg/100 mL, following compositions defined by the study results. It is thus possible to obtain fruit-based recovery drinks of the recommended osmolality that contain added protein, prebiotics and fiber, as well as defined amounts of electrolytes and carbohydrates. All drinks were found to have a satisfactorily sensory quality. The design of appropriate recovery drink compositions was also greatly helped by investigating the relationships among the regressive osmolalities of beverage components (i.e., electrolytes, carbohydrates, fruit powders and protein).

Nurses Consuming Energy Drinks Report Poorer Sleep and Higher Stress.

The energy drink consumption habits of nurses working in clinical settings is unknown. Utilizing a descriptive-comparison design, researchers examined the caffeine and energy drink habits of clinical nurses and relationships or differences that existed with their sleep quantity, sleep quality, and perceived stress levels. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Significant relationships existed between energy drink consumption and sleep quality, sleep quantity, and perceived stress levels. Nurses who consumed energy drinks had poorer sleep quality and fewer sleep hours compared with caffeine-only consumers and noncaffeine consumers. Nurses who consumed energy drinks also had increased levels of perceived stress than noncaffeine consumers. Educating nurses regarding energy drink ingredients and relationships that exist between energy drink consumption, sleep, and perceived stress could be beneficial. Future studies are needed to examine motivational factors related to energy drink consumption as well as any health or safety implications that might be associated.

The Benefits and Risks of Energy Drinks in Young Adults and Military Service Members.

INTRODUCTION: Energy drinks (EDs) have become an integral part of the young adult, athletic, and military culture. Many athletes are convinced that EDs enhance performance, and service members as well as college students frequently use EDs as stimulants to counter sleep deprivation, or to improve academic performance. However, concerns have been raised by some military leaders about potential adverse effects of EDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A needs assessment survey of a convenience sample of military health care providers was conducted and identified EDs as a top knowledge need for those providers working in the area of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The instrument demonstrated high interitem consistency (Cronbach's α > .80). To further explore the state of knowledge on EDs, and to prompt further discussion of ED use and how it may related to military treatment protocols and supporting educational products, we conducted a literature review of English language publications listed in the National Library of Medicine using the search term "energy drinks" and published during the last 5 years to determine what is known about EDs in terms of their potential benefits and health risks. RESULTS: The active ingredients in most EDs are caffeine, and to a lesser extent taurine and sugars. Several reports suggest that the combination of these ingredients is more active than the caffeine alone. Despite the positive attributes of EDs, there are increasing reports of serious and potentially life-threatening side effects. Most recently there also has been a dramatic increase in the use of ED/alcohol combination drinks, and there are preliminary studies that suggest important adverse effects with this combination. A 2013 National Institutes of Health expert workshop concluded that more clinical studies are needed to clearly define the health risks associated with ED use. CONCLUSION: The needs assessment points to a desire for more ED knowledge of health providers working with TBI patients. A few key themes emerged from the exploratory literature review that can be taken into consideration when educating health providers and delivering knowledge-based resources. Adverse effects of EDs are most closely associated with the dose of caffeine consumed. In general, the combination of ED with alcohol should be avoided because the ED can mask the level of intoxication, and the combination may be associated with increased risk-taking behavior. Overall, the risks and benefits of EDs remain controversial and good-quality long-term clinical trials are needed to inform policymaking, regulation, and the development of prevention and treatment resources.

Adolescent energy drink consumption: An Australian perspective.

Caffeinated Energy Drinks (EDs) are not recommended for consumption by children, yet there is a lack of age-specific recommendations and restrictions on the marketing and sale of EDs. EDs are increasingly popular among adolescents despite growing evidence of their negative health effects. In the current study we examined ED consumption patterns among 399 Australian adolescents aged 12-18 years. Participants completed a self-report survey of consumption patterns, physiological symptoms, and awareness of current ED consumption guidelines. Results indicated that ED consumption was common among the sample; 56% reported lifetime ED consumption, with initial consumption at mean age 10 (SD = 2.97). Twenty-eight percent of the sample consumed EDs at least monthly, 36% had exceeded the recommended two standard EDs/day, and 56% of consumers had experienced negative physiological health effects following ED consumption. The maximum number of EDs/day considered appropriate for children, adolescents, and adults varied, indicating a lack of awareness of current consumption recommendations. These findings add to the growing body of international evidence of adolescent ED consumption, and the detrimental impact of EDs to adolescent health. Enforced regulation and restriction of EDs for children's and adolescents' consumption is urgently needed in addition to greater visibility of ED consumption recommendations.

Application of diffusion ordered-1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify sucrose in beverages.

This work focuses on a quantitative analysis of sucrose using diffusion ordered-quantitative (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY-qNMR), where an analyte can be isolated from interference based on its characteristic diffusion coefficient (D) in gradient magnetic fields. The D value of sucrose in deuterium oxide at 30°C was 4.9 × 10(-10)m(2)/s at field gradient pulse from 5.0 × 10(-2) to 3.0 × 10(-1)T/m, separated from other carbohydrates (glucose and fructose). Good linearity (r(2)=0.9999) was obtained between sucrose (0.5-20.0 g/L) and the resonance area of target glucopyranosyl-α-C1 proton normalised to that of cellobiose C1 proton (100.0 g/L, as an internal standard) in 1D sliced DOSY spectrum. The DOSY-qNMR method was successfully applied to quantify sucrose in orange juice (36.1 ± 0.5 g/L), pineapple juice (53.5 ± 1.1g/L) and a sports drink (24.7 ± 0.6g/L), in good agreement with the results obtained by an F-kit method.

Bebidas energizantes: ¿una amenaza silenciosa? / No disponible

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Consumo de bebidas energizantes en universitarios / Consumption of energy drink on college

Fundamentos; Estudiar el consumo de bebidas energizantes (Energy drinks) en alumnos de la Universidad de La Laguna (Tenerife) y evaluar la ingesta de cafeína derivada de su consumo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal a través de una encuesta anónima a 307 estudiantes universitarios (18-30 años) pertenecientes a 18 facultades de la ULL. El conocimiento de la composición de las bebidas energetizantes, los hábitos de consumo, y la combinación con alcohol y drogas fueron algunos de los ítems analizados. Asimismo, se efectuó una revisión bibliografía sistemática sobre cafeína y bebidas energizantes, en las bases de datos de MEDLINE/Pub-Med, Scielo, Science Direct, EBscohost. Resultados; 82.74% de los universitarios encuestados han probado como mínimo una vez en su vida este tipo de bebidas, aqunue sólo algo más de la mitad de los alumnos conoce su composición (58.31%). El consumo de estas bebidas energizantes en nuestra población universitaria no puede considerarse habitual ya que un 88.60% declara no consumir semanalmente. El consumo aumenta en los períodos de exámenes alcanzando una prevalencia de consumo del 33.33%. El 24.2% de los estudiantes manifiesta consumirlas en momentos de ocio. El 30.29% y el 2.28% de los encuestados afirmó mezclarlas con alcohol y otras drogas, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El consumo de bebidas energizantes están instaurado en la población universitaria. Aunque el consumo no es habitual se observa un incremento del consumo en época de exámenes ya que los estudiantes buscan los efectos energizantes y/o estimulantes. La mayoría de los universitario desconocen la composición de estas bebidas energizantes (AU)

Objective: To study the consumption of energy drinks in students of the University of La Laguna (Tenerife) and to evaluate the intake to caffeine derived from such beverages. Methods: An anonymous surveys of 307 college students (ages 18-30) from 18 faculties of ULL was conducted. Among the variables analyzed were: knowledge of the composition of these drinkd, consumption habits, and the combination with alcohol and drugs. A systematic bibliographic revision was done using the MEDLINE/Pub-Med, Scielo, Science Direct and Ebscohot databases. Results: 82.74% of university respondents have consumed, at least once in their life, such beverages, although only just over half the students know their composition (58.31%). Consumption of these energy drinks in university students is not frequent as 88.60% reported a non-weekly rate of consumption.Consumption rises in periods of examinations reaching a prevalence of consumption of 33.33%. also, 24.21% of students reported that they consume energy drinks at time of leisure. 30.29% and 2.28% of respondents reported mixing the beverages with alcohol and other drugs, respectively. Conclusions: Consumption of enerfy drinks is widespread in the university population. Although consumption is not regular, an increase of its consumption was detected during examination times because students seek their energizing and stimulating effects. Most od ULL´s students are unaware of the composition of energy drinks (AU)