A set of principles and practical suggestions for equitable fieldwork in biology.

Field biology is an area of research that involves working directly with living organisms in situ through a practice known as "fieldwork." Conducting fieldwork often requires complex logistical planning within multiregional or multinational teams, interacting with local communities at field sites, and collaborative research led by one or a few of the core team members. However, existing power imbalances stemming from geopolitical history, discrimination, and professional position, among other factors, perpetuate inequities when conducting these research endeavors. After reflecting on our own research programs, we propose four general principles to guide equitable, inclusive, ethical, and safe practices in field biology: be collaborative, be respectful, be legal, and be safe. Although many biologists already structure their field programs around these principles or similar values, executing equitable research practices can prove challenging and requires careful consideration, especially by those in positions with relatively greater privilege. Based on experiences and input from a diverse group of global collaborators, we provide suggestions for action-oriented approaches to make field biology more equitable, with particular attention to how those with greater privilege can contribute. While we acknowledge that not all suggestions will be applicable to every institution or program, we hope that they will generate discussions and provide a baseline for training in proactive, equitable fieldwork practices.

Reductionism, Vitalism, and Holism.

The reductionist strategy, adopted by physics and chemistry, which was based on the effort to reduce the concepts necessary for the statement of scientific explanations to a minimum, was attractive to those who worked in the biomedical field. On the other hand, the vitalistic point of view opposed mechanism, believing that there were processes in living organisms that do not obey the laws of physics and chemistry. Finally, the holistic approach is focused on the evidence that the organized whole is almost always much more than the sum of its parts, and have led to direct attention to emerging qualities in a highly organized system which is a living being.

La Société de Biologie de Strasbourg : 100 ans au service de la science et de la société.

Founded in 1919, the Society of Biology of Strasbourg (SBS) is a learned society whose purpose is the dissemination and promotion of scientific knowledge in biology. Subsidiary of the Society of Biology, the SBS celebrated its Centenary on Wednesday, the 16th of October 2019 on the Strasbourg University campus and at the Strasbourg City Hall. This day allowed retracing the various milestones of the SBS, through its main strengths, its difficulties and its permanent goal to meet scientific and societal challenges. The common thread of this day was the transmission of knowledge related to the past, the present, but also the future. At the start of the 21st century, the SBS must continue to reinvent itself to pursue its objective of transmitting scientific knowledge in biology and beyond. Scientific talks performed by senior scientists and former SBS thesis prizes awardees, a round table, and informal discussions reflected the history and the dynamism of the SBS association. All SBS Centennial participants have set the first milestone for the SBS Bicentennial.

TITLE: La Société de Biologie de Strasbourg : 100 ans au service de la science et de la société. ABSTRACT: Filiale de la Société de Biologie, la Société de Biologie de Strasbourg (SBS) est une société savante qui a pour objet la diffusion et la promotion du savoir scientifique en biologie et en médecine. Fondée en 1919, La SBS a célébré son Centenaire le mercredi 16 octobre 2019. Cette journée a permis de retracer les différents jalons de la SBS, à travers ses lignes de forces, ses difficultés et sa volonté permanente de mettre en exergue les défis scientifiques et sociétaux auxquels participent les recherches strasbourgeoises. Le fil rouge de cette journée a été la transmission d'un savoir en lien avec le passé, le présent, mais également le futur. En ce début du 21e siècle, la SBS se doit de continuer de se réinventer pour poursuivre son objectif de transmission des connaissances scientifiques en biologie et au-delà. L'ensemble des participants du Centenaire de la SBS a ainsi posé la première pierre du Bicentenaire de la SBS.

A Call for Data-Driven Networks to Address Equity in the Context of Undergraduate Biology.

National efforts to improve equitable teaching practices in biology education have led to an increase in research on the barriers to student participation and performance, as well as solutions for overcoming these barriers. Fewer studies have examined the extent to which the resulting data trends and effective strategies are generalizable across multiple contexts or are specific to individual classrooms, institutions, or geographic regions. To address gaps in our understanding, as well as to establish baseline information about students across contexts, a working group associated with a research coordination network (Equity and Diversity in Undergraduate STEM, EDU-STEM) convened in Las Vegas, Nevada, in November of 2019. We addressed the following objectives: 1) characterize the present state of equity and diversity in undergraduate biology education research; 2) address the value of a network of educators focused on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics equity; 3) summarize the status of data collection and results; 4) identify and prioritize questions and interventions for future collaboration; and 5) construct a recruitment plan that will further the efforts of the EDU-STEM research coordination network. The report that follows is a summary of the conclusions and future directions from our discussion.

[Ethics and confidentiality of a patient in a medical biology laboratory]. / L'éthique et la confidentialité du patient au laboratoire de biologie médicale.

Confidentiality is based on principles of deontology and ethics, which are included in French regulations and supported by the professional orders. It contributes to the respect and dignity of the patient. If this consideration of the human person is old, it has been updated to build the framework imposed by the accreditation of medical biology laboratories. Confidentiality is thus reflected in a charter of ethics, a model of which we propose here. It reflects the commitments of healthcare professionals in the processing of biological samples from patients. Confidentiality is thus applied, in a practical way, at each phase of the laboratory's activity. In the pre-analytical phase, it organizes the reception of the patient and the taking of samples, taking into account the particular case of minors. In the analytical phase, confidentiality imposes limited access to the technical premises and the organization of the flow of personnel from outside the laboratory. Finally, in the post-analytical phase, the reporting of results is regulated, depending on the type of analyses performed and the person to whom the results are to be reported (patient or prescriber). The particular case of spermiology illustrates all these points. Finally, during these phases of sample processing, document management is also a matter of confidentiality and data protection. Confidentiality is essential to the functioning of a health care structure, but it is restrictive in its day-to-day implementation. Nevertheless, it must be combined with an awareness of all staff to address the ethical issue of human dignity.

Propuesta de un marco deontológico para los biólogos españoles / Proposal of a deontological framework for spanish biologists

La Deontología es el conjunto de deberes y obligaciones en que se concreta el obrar correcto en una profesión determinada. Los Códigos deontológicos (CD), además de respetar el marco legal en que se insertan, deben ir más allá de las leyes en tanto son un reflejo del compromiso ético propio de cada profesión; compro-miso con unos principios deontológicos, que contribuye, además, a configurar su identidad. Con este trabajo se pretende aportar, a partir de la bibliografía y de la normativa legal y deontológica vigente, una propuesta que sirva de guía para la elaboración de un Código Deontológico para el Biólogo (CDB), inexistente, a fecha de hoy, en España, tomando como base la revisión de los Códigos deontológicos de otras profesiones afines a la Biología. Con ese fin, se ha procedido a realizar una revisión sistemática y comparativa de los códigos deontológicos de otras profesiones sanitarias, de las pautas éticas emanadas de sociedades científicas (sobre todo, del área anglosajona) y de la normativa aplicable a esas profesiones. El resultado se materializa en una propuesta de los apartados más importantes que, a nuestro juicio, debe contener dicho Código

Deontology is the set of duties and obligations in which the correct act is specified in the exercise of a profession. The Deontological Codes (CD), in addition to respecting the legal framework in which they are inserted, must go beyond the laws insofar as they are a reflection of the ethical commitment of each profession; commitment to deontological principles, which also helps to shape your identity. The aim of this project is to provide, based on the bibliography and current legal and deontological regulations, a proposal to serve as a guide for the accomplishment of Ethic Codes for Biologists (CDB), which currently does not exist in Spain, taking as a basis the revision of the ethics codes of other professions related to Biology. Under this purpose, a systematic and comparative review has been carried out of other health professions ethics codes, of the ethical guidelines emanating from scientific societies (above all, from the Anglo-Saxon area) and of the regulations applicable to those professions. The result is the proposal of the most impor-tant sections that we believe this Code should contain

[Proposal of a deontological framework for spanish biologists]. / Propuesta de un marco deontológico para los biólogos españoles.

Deontology is the set of duties and obligations in which the correct act is specified in the exercise of a profession. The Deontological Codes (CD), in addition to respecting the legal framework in which they are inserted, must go beyond the laws insofar as they are a reflection of the ethical commitment of each profession; commitment to deontological principles, which also helps to shape your identity. The aim of this project is to provide, based on the bibliography and current legal and deontological regulations, a proposal to serve as a guide for the accomplishment of Ethic Codes for Biologists (CDB), which currently does not exist in Spain, taking as a basis the revision of the ethics codes of other professions related to Biology. Under this purpose, a systematic and comparative review has been carried out of other health professions ethics codes, of the ethical guidelines emanating from scientific societies (above all, from the Anglo-Saxon area) and of the regulations applicable to those professions. The result is the proposal of the most important sections that we believe this Code should contain.

Frontiers in CRISPR.

CRISPR-based approaches to genetic engineering are progressing at a rapid pace and present exciting new avenues for science, medicine, and technology. Many of the most cutting-edge advances in genome engineering are encompassed in the Research Articles, Reviews, and Perspectives in this special issue, often with an eye toward future directions for the field. Yet, many questions remain at this new frontier. We asked over 100 CRISPR researchers, including our contributing authors, for their perspectives on some of the most pressing questions surrounding the future of genome engineering and the CRISPR-Cas platform, the challenges that lie ahead, and opportunities for chemists and chemical biologists to drive creative molecular solutions.

Genome Editing: Insights from Chemical Biology to Support Safe and Transformative Therapeutic Applications.

Programmable nuclease-based genome editing technologies, including the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system, are becoming an essential component of many applications ranging from agriculture to medicine. However, fundamental limitations currently prevent the widespread, safe, and practical use of genome editors, especially for human disease interventions. These limitations include off-target effects, a lack of control over editing activity, suboptimal DNA repair outcomes, insufficient target conversion, and inadequate delivery performance. This perspective focuses on the potential for biological chemistry to address these limitations such that newly developed genome editing technologies can enable the broadest range of potential future applications. Equally important will be the development of these powerful technologies within a relevant ethical framework that emphasizes safety and responsible innovation.

Bioderecho y sujeto de derechos. Recategorización jurídica de la manipulación genética no terapéutica en estado embrionario pre-implantacional y del concepto de existencia legal de la persona / No disponible

El rasgo jurídico inédito que la manipulacion genética no terapéutica en estado embrionario despliega, exige un abordaje jurídico-procedimental, hasta ahora inexplorado que, a la vez, demanda la redefinición y ampliación de la estatura legal vinculante de categorías tradicionales del derecho positivo y que alcanzan las fronteras del derecho constitucional, de familia, reparatorio y penal. En este artículo busco demostrar la necesidad de definir un marcojuridico para regular la manipulación genética no terapéutica en estado embrionario preimplantacional que introduce desmejoras o discapacidades que redundan en perjuicios objetivos para un nuevo sujeto de derechos que debiera ser considerado en el mapa juridico: la persona futura. Por ello, pretendo subsanar el vacio legal existente, proponiendo actualizar, ampliar y profundizar los ordenamientos jurídicos iberoamericanos, a través de la recategorizacion jurídica de la manipulación genética no terapéutica y la emergencia de un nuevo sujeto de derechos: la persona futura (AU)

The unprecedented legal implications that non-therapeutic genetic manipulation in pre-implantation embryonic state points out demand a, until now, unexplored approach, which, at the same time, requires the redefinition and extension of legal-binding status of traditional categories of law related to constitutional, restorative, criminal and international law. ln this paper, l will identify and define a juridical framework to regulate non-therapeutic genetic manipulation in pre-implantation embryonic state, specifically when that manipulation introduces deteriorations, disabilities or illnesses, which imply objective harms for a new subject of rights who should be considered in the juridical map: the future person. ln addition, I intend to remedy the existing legal vacuum and loopholes in this matter by proposing to update, expand and deepen international legal systems through the juridical re-categorization of non-therapeutic genetic manipulation and the concept ot legal existence of the person (AU)

El embrión ficticio: historia de un mito biológico. El autor explica su libro / The fictitious embryo: A critical history of a biological myth. The authro explains his book

En el fondo, el libro comentado es fruto de la reacción del autor ante la ausencia de ciencia biológica seria que domina desde hace años la bioética del embrión humano. La embriología usada por los bioéticos, tanto en sus estudios teóricos como en sus intervenciones en los comités que han elaborado la normativa legal, ha sido en esencia una embriología secundaria, divulgativa, que sirvió para sustentar la teoría del preembrión. Los biólogos proporcionaron a filósofos y juristas una serie de "argumentos" aparentemente científicos y tan convincentes que nadie sintió la necesidad de revisarlos críticamente. Son los argumentos de la irrelevancia de la fecundación; del predominio numérico de las células de destino extraembrionario sobre las propiamente embrionarias; de la formación de gemelos monocigóticos a lo largo de las dos primeras semanas del desarrollo; de la formación de quimeras tetragaméticas mediante fusión de dos embrionesdizigóticos en los primeros catorce días; de la totipotencialidad de las células del embrión joven; y, finalmente, de la masiva pérdida espontánea de embriones. Se ha pretendido consolidar la tesis de que las entidades biológicas que expresan esos comportamientos son biológicamente tan precarias que no pueden reclamar un estatus ontológico de plena humanidad, no pueden exigir de nosotros el respeto que se debe a los seres propiamente humanos. A lo largo del libro trato de refutar -me parece que razonable y convincentemente, y lo que me parece más importante, con datos biológicos- los argumentos arriba citados. El autor advierte lealmente que el libro no puede leerse sin esfuerzo, pero considera que liberarse de los prejuicios reinantes en la embrioética es un objetivo que merece la pena

Basically, the commented upon book is the result of the writer’s reaction to the absence of serious biological science that for years is reigning in the bioethics of the human embryo. The embryology used by bioethicists, both in their theoretical studies and in their interventions before public policy drafting committees, has consisted essentially not in primary research materials, but in text-book descriptions, with which resulted easier to support the theory of the pre-embryo. In this way, biologists were able to provide philosophers and jurists with a number of apparently scientific "arguments" so convincing that no one felt the need to review them critically. The lack or inferior condition of the biological status of the human supported by the arguments on the irrelevance of fertilization; on the numerical predominance of the extraembryonic cell population over the proper embryonic one; on the formation of monozygotic twins along the first two weeks of development; on the formation of tetragametic chimeras by fusion in one of two previously independent dizygotic embryos; on the totipotency of the cells of the young embryo; and, finally, on the massive spontaneous wastage of early embryos. Those arguments sought to consolidate the thesis that the biological entities exhibiting those behaviours were so precarious biologically that they couldn’t claim a full ontological status of humanhood and, therefore, they cannot demand from us the ethical full respect due to human beings. Throughout the book I try to refute -in a reasonable and convincing way, and, more importantly in my view, with biological data- the above arguments. The author warns that the book can not be read without effort, but he considers that to get rid of the prevailing prejudices in embryoethics is a worthwhile goal

Environmental ethics: an overview, assessing the place of bioscientists in society, supplemented with selected Australian perspectives.

Ethics deals with moral behavior in a professional context; ideally, it leads to a set of governing principles through which the appropriateness of any activity may be determined or assessed. Environmental ethics specifically deals with how humans interact with the biosphere. It is clear, however, that, as a species, we are failing in our duty of environmental stewardship. The encroachment of human activity into the natural environment is inexorable, and almost always deleterious. Any response to mitigate loss of taxa or ecosystems will have economic implications, and these are often considerable. In finding effective solutions, a process soon becomes political. In light of this we must reflect upon the leadership role that biologists have, especially our impact on policy development that pertains to natural resource management. Although our track record is no worse than any other professional group, biologists by way of training usually have a greater understanding of natural processes and must be prepared to articulate these publically. We have an ethical mandate to question decisions, policies and legislation that impact negatively upon biological systems: a mandate guided through logic, grounded in empirical science, and hopefully coupled with a deep understanding of the true value of both the living world and the physical world which sustains it. This paper uses Australian examples to demonstrate the frequent clashes between economics and biology, in anticipation that we should strive to achieve the underlying principles of sustainability, environmental stewardship and resource management in both daily decision-making and in long-term planning.

Conscience dilemma: to become a bioengineer or to survive as a biologist.

Bioengineering is the consideration of biological problems from modern engineering, therefore money-oriented, perspective. Today, grant-giving bodies always favor bioengineering projects rather than pure biology projects (like those in ecology, entomology, etc.). Therefore, today's biologist is forced to be on the horns of a dilemma. They have to either submit a very powerful and valid reason for the proposal of their project, or change the project to one having a potential of money-based outcome. On the other hand, because of dealing with the living components of nature, conducting a research in pure biology is like a kind of worship. For this reason, from a believer scientist's view, a deviation (in terms of research) from biology to bioengineering can be considered like committing a sin. Unfortunately, today's wild capitalism has been bringing new sinners day by day, and this system will continue for the foreseeable future unless grant-giving bodies comprehend the real importance of pure biology.

Biología y ética de la bioética: la urgente necesidad de realismo / Biology and ethics of bioethics: an urgent need of realism

El juicio ético de las intervenciones biotecnológicas se realiza mediante la integración interdisciplinar del sentido natural de los procesos biológicos con el significado humano de esos procesos. La integración se ha distorsionado por los cultivadores de las disciplinas implicadas en lo que se refiere a la constitución del hombre. La Biología de la fecundación y desarrollo embrionario ha sido pasto de la ciencia ficción al considerar que la técnica podrá lograr lo que se proponga y al no reconocer la existencia de límites naturales; y pasto, también, de la manipulación de los datos y de la aceptación acrítica de dogmas pseudocientíficos. Sobre esa pseudobiología, la Bioética ha sufrido la embestida de la ideología del hombre autónomo, que se arroga dictar las normas sobre la realidad del mundo y del hombre y dirigir su desarrollo y progreso en base al poder tecnológico. La respuesta dispar a la cuestión esencial sobre si lo propio humano emerge dela construcción y desarrollo de cada hombre o, por el contrario, es inherente a la constitución de cada uno, ha causado la separación de la Bioética en dos bioéticas irreconciliables en su fundamentación y criterios. La Ética de la Bioética exige una nueva reflexión sobre este punto crucial que parta de una Ciencia libre de prejuicios. Las graves consecuencias que hoy se derivan de asumir una perspectiva u otra, en relación con la disponibilidad o no de la vida humana, parecen exigirlo (AU)

Tenets and recommendations of bioethics should be based on a profound knowledge of biological processes and at the same time deeply integrated with their human significance. Integration has been usually distorted by those implied in disciplines involved with human nature. Biology of fertilization and embryo development have been often fodder of science fiction, when considering that techniques can achieve any aim without acknowledging natural limits, and often handling data, and accepting without any critical attitude pseudoscientific dogma. In the middle of that pseudo-biology bioethics has suffered the onslaught of the ideology of man believing himself autonomous and claiming he is the only one who dictates the rules of reality of world and man, and leading development and progress with this technological power in his hands.The profoundly different response to this deep question of whether what is properly human and essential to each man emerges as a consequence of his own construction and development or, on the contrary, is inherent to the constitution of each man, has caused the splitting of bioethics into two really irreconcilable bioethics. And that because of their different reasoning and criteria. The Ethics of Bioethics requires a new thinking on this crucial point allowing it to grow as an unprejudiced Science. Serious consequences derive from taking one perspective or another. Adopting one or another perspective confront us with a serious problem. Is human life disposable? Or should it be elegantly preserved? (AU)

[Difficulties of the negotiation process of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the application of biology and medicine (and a call for its adhesion)]. / Dificultades del proceso de negociación de la Convención para la Protección de los Derechos Humanos y la Dignidad del Ser Humano con respecto a las aplicaciones de la Biología y la Medicina (y un llamado a su adhesión).

Making an attempt to frame the controversial topic of bioethics within international law and with the aim of watching over the society, the Council of Europe elaborated the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the application of biology and medicine. The instrument, which came into force 12 years ago, is opened to all countries but only 29 states have ratified it. This legal document represents the base of a universal legislation on the subject. The present article examines the origin of the Convention, its process and evolution. It analyses the intense debates with regard to the human dignity, the freedom of science, the beginning of life, among others; equally it explores the interests at stake within the convention, whether political, moral, scientific, and economic, at the moment of its draft and in the present. Finally, the article analyses the possibility of the adoption of the Convention by the Mexican government. It concludes on the effectiveness of the international law of bioethics, and calls for the need that the Convention be used as a base for universal legislation.

'Hearts and bones': the ups and downs of 'plasticity' in stem cell biology.

More than a decade ago, 'plasticity' suddenly became a 'fashionable' topic with overemphasized implications for regenerative medicine. The concept of 'plasticity' is supported by old transplantation work, at least for embryonic cells, and metaplasia is a classic example of plasticity observed in patients. Nevertheless, the publication of a series of papers showing rare conversion of a given cell type into another unrelated cell raised the possibility of using any unaffected tissue to create at will new cells to replace a different failing tissue or organ. This resulted in disingenuous interpretations and a reason not to fund anymore research on embryonic stem cells (ESc). Moreover, many papers on plasticity were difficult to reproduce and thus questioned; raising issues about plasticity as a technical artefact or a consequence of rare spontaneous cells fusion. More recently, reprogramming adult differentiated cells to a pluripotent state (iPS) became possible, and later, one type of differentiated cell could be directly reprogrammed into another (e.g. fibroblasts into neurons) without reverting to pluripotency. Although the latter results from different and more robust experimental protocols, these phenomena also exemplify 'plasticity'. In this review, we want to place 'plasticity' in a historical perspective still taking into account ethical and political implications.

L'Eprouvette: a special place to get a flavor of research and to debate about research issues.

L'Eprouvette, the public laboratory of University of Lausanne, is dedicated to science outreach and promotion of dialogue between scientists and society. The laboratory provides direct access to techniques and instruments in order to engage in informed and critical dialogue about the social and ethical issues of sciences.

Assisted reproduction: what factors interfere in the professional's decisions? Are single women an issue?

BACKGROUND: With the development of medical technology, many countries around the world have been implementing ethical guidelines and laws regarding Medically Assisted Reproduction (MAR). A physician's reproductive decisions are not solely based on technical criteria but are also influenced by society values. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the factors prioritized by MAR professionals when deciding on whether to accept to perform assisted reproduction and to show any existing cultural differences. METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving 224 healthcare professionals working with assisted reproduction in Brazil, Italy, Germany and Greece. Instrument used for data collection: a questionnaire, followed by the description of four special MAR cases (a single woman, a lesbian couple, an HIV discordant couple and gender selection) which included case-specific questions regarding the professionals' decision on whether to perform the requested procedure as well as the following factors: socio-demographic variables, moral and legal values as well as the technical aspects which influence decision-making. RESULTS: Only the case involving a single woman who wishes to have a child (without the intention of having a partner in the future) demonstrated significant differences. Therefore, the study was driven towards the results of this case specifically. The analyses we performed demonstrated that professionals holding a Master's Degree, those younger in age, female professionals, those having worked for less time in reproduction, those in private clinics and Brazilian health professionals all had a greater tendency to perform the procedure in that case. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the reasons for the professional's decision to perform the procedure were the woman's right to gestate and the duty of MAR professionals to help her. The professionals who decided not to perform the procedure identified the woman's marital status and the child's right to a father as the reason to withhold treatment. CONCLUSION: The study indicates differences among countries in the evaluation of the single woman case. It also discloses the undervaluation of bioethics committees and the need for a greater participation of healthcare professionals in debates on assisted reproduction laws.