Oxymatrine Inhibits Bocavirus MVC Replication, Reduces Viral Gene Expression and Decreases Apoptosis Induced by Viral Infection.

Oxymatrine (OMT), as the main active component of Sophoraflavescens, exhibits a variety of pharmacological properties, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-viral activities, and currently is extensively employed to treat viral hepatitis; however, its effects on parvovirus infection have yet to be reported. In the present study, we investigated the effects of OMT on cell viability, virus DNA replication, viral gene expression, cell cycle, and apoptosis in Walter Reed canine cells/3873D infected with minute virus of canines (MVC). OMT, at concentrations below 4 mmol/L(no cellular toxicity), was found to inhibit MVC DNA replication and reduce viral gene expression at both mRNA and protein levels, which was associated with the inhibition of cell cycle S-phase arrest in early-stage of MVC infection. Furthermore, OMT significantly increased cell viability, decreased MVC-infected cell apoptosis, and reduced the expression of activated caspase 3. Our results suggest that OMT has potential application in combating parvovirus infection.

Virus inactivation in albumin by a combination of alkali conditions and high temperature.

Non-enveloped viruses such as HAV and B19 are of potential concern in plasma products. In the case of albumin, pasteurisation at 60 °C for 10 h is generally used for virus inactivation. However this procedure is only partially effective against some non-enveloped viruses. Using a range of non-enveloped viruses i.e. HAV, SV40, CPV, treatment at a high pH of about 9.5 and a temperature of 60 °C for 10 h was found to be effective for virus inactivation. These extreme conditions caused no increase in aggregate composition of the albumin. In addition the albumin composition was stable over a period of at least 6 months. The ligand binding properties of the albumin, as determined using the dye phenol red, were also not affected by this treatment. This procedure has the potential for increasing the spectrum of viruses inactivated by the 60 °C pasteurisation step.

Survival of BPV and Aujeszky's disease viruses in meat wastes subjected to different sanitization processes.

The effect of composting and anaerobic fermentations under meso- and thermophylic conditions (37 degrees and 55 degrees C) on the survival of bovine parvovirus (BPV) and Aujeszky's disease viruse (ADV) in meat wastes has been examined in this study. Viruses were adsorbed on filters and introduced into carriers which were made of meat fragments of different sizes and bones or in the form of suspension they were introduced into the biomass in the course of processes of waste treatment. Carriers were removed at appropriate time intervals and virus titres were determined. The thermoresistant parvovirus survived for the longest time during mesophylic fermentation (almost 70 days), slightly shorter during composting (7-9.5 days depending on the type of carrier) and for the shortest time--at 55 degrees C (46-76 hours). Its inactivation rate was the fastest in a suspension, slower in meat and bone carriers. ADV inactivation proceeded considerably faster, as compared with BPV. Its active particles were not detected as early as in the 30th minute of thermophylic fermentation, the 6th hour of mesophylic fermentation and at the first sampling time during composting (at the 72nd hour). Total survival time ranged from 50 min to 13 hours. All the tested technologies enabled the effective elimination of ADV and on average twofold decrease in BPV titre. From the study conducted it follows that of both viruses, the BPV should be applied for validation processes of methods used in meat waste processing, particularly if this refers to methods where higher temperature is the factor inactivating pathogens.

[Examination of biocides for their effectiveness against animal viruses according to European Union Standards with emphasis on the selection of a suitable test virus]. / Prüfung von Bioziden auf Wirksamkeit gegen animale Viren nach EU-Norm im Hinblick auf die Auswahl eines geeigneten Testvirus.

Because of the changes to be expected in the methods for testing disinfectants deemed to be used in the veterinary field, candidate viral species were evaluated for their suitability as test virus. Considered viral species included different non-enveloped viruses [bovine enterovirus type 1 (ECBO (Enteric Cytopathogenic Bovine Orphan) virus), mammalian reovirus type 1, feline calici virus (FCV), and bovine parvovirus (BPV)], as well as enveloped viruses, as equine arteritisvirus (EAV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV1), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and vaccinia virus. Viruses were tested for their tenacity against different biocidal agents (formaldehyde, formic acid, peracetic acid, and sodium hypochlorite) in the suspension test at a temperature of 20 degrees C which is given as an optional test temperature according to prEN 14675 "Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in veterinary field--Test method and requirements"elaborated by the "Comite Européen de Normalisation"(CEN) (Anonym, 2004). Of the animal viruses tested for their tenacity highest tenacity against the disinfectants. FCV and the enveloped viruses were of lower resistance. In addition to the tenacity of viruses, other parameters, such as the ability of the virus to replicate in permanent cells, the magnitude of the virus titre that can be obtained from such cultures, as well as the threat a virus poses to humans and animals are to be considered when selecting a suitable test virus. Based on these criteria and despite its tenacity being inferior to that of BPV, the ECBO virus was chosen as the most suitable test virus. The result of the efficacy of disinfectants is not based on the most resistant virus in this case. This circumstance is to be considered when giving recommendations for the practical use of disinfectants.