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1.
Environ Res ; 215(Pt 3): 114402, 2022 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36167108

RESUMO

Despite the serious risk of microplastic pollution in the roots and leaves of crops, the phytotoxicity of microplastics (introduced via different exposure routes) in leafy vegetables remain insufficiently understood. Here, the effects of the root and foliar exposure of polymethyl methacrylate microplastic (PMMAMPs) on phytotoxicity, As accumulation, and subcellular distribution were investigated in rapeseed (Brassica campestris L). The relative chlorophyll content under PMMAMPs treatment decreased with time, and the 0.05 g L-1 root exposure decreased it significantly (by 9.97-20.48%, P < 0.05). In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in rapeseed were more sensitive to PMMAMPs introduced through root exposure than through foliar exposure. There was dose-dependent ultrastructural damage, and root exposure had a greater impact than foliar exposure on root tip cells and chloroplasts. PMMAMPs entered the shoots and roots of rapeseed through root exposure. Under foliar exposure, PMMAMPs promoted As accumulation in rapeseed by up to 75.6% in shoots and 68.2% in roots compared to that under control (CK). As content in cell wall under PMMAMP treatments was 3.6-5.3 times higher than that of CK, as indicated by subcellular component results. In general, root exposure to PMMAMPs resulted in a stronger physiological impact and foliar exposure led to increased As accumulation in rapeseed.


Assuntos
Arsênio , Brassica napus , Brassica , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Arsênio/farmacologia , Ascorbato Peroxidases , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Catalase , Clorofila/farmacologia , Glutationa Redutase/farmacologia , Microplásticos , Raízes de Plantas , Plásticos , Polimetil Metacrilato/farmacologia , Superóxido Dismutase
2.
J Plant Physiol ; 265: 153505, 2021 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34481359

RESUMO

Brassicaceae seeds consist of three genetically distinct structures: the embryo, endosperm and seed coat, all of which are involved in assimilate allocation during seed development. The complexity of their metabolic interrelations remains unresolved to date. In the present study, we apply state-of-the-art imaging and analytical approaches to assess the metabolic environment of the Brassica napus embryo. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provided volumetric data on the living embryo and endosperm, revealing how the endosperm envelops the embryo, determining endosperm's priority in assimilate uptake from the seed coat during early development. MRI analysis showed higher levels of sugars in the peripheral endosperm facing the seed coat, but a lower sugar content within the central vacuole and the region surrounding the embryo. Feeding intact siliques with 13C-labeled sucrose allowed tracing of the post-phloem route of sucrose transfer within the seed at the heart stage of embryogenesis, by means of mass spectrometry imaging. Quantification of over 70 organic and inorganic compounds in the endosperm revealed shifts in their abundance over different stages of development, while sugars and potassium were the main determinants of osmolality throughout these stages. Our multidisciplinary approach allows access to the hidden aspects of endosperm metabolism, a task which remains unattainable for the small-seeded model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.


Assuntos
Brassica napus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Endosperma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Endosperma/metabolismo , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/metabolismo , Brassica napus/genética , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Endosperma/genética , Endosperma/ultraestrutura , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Sementes/genética , Sementes/ultraestrutura
3.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(4)2021 Feb 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33669866

RESUMO

Photosystem II (PSII) is an important component of the chloroplast. The PSII repair cycle is crucial for the relief of photoinhibition and may be advantageous when improving stress resistance and photosynthetic efficiency. Lethal genes are widely used in the efficiency detection and method improvement of gene editing. In the present study, we identified the naturally occurring lethal mutant 7-521Y with etiolated cotyledons in Brassica napus, controlled by double-recessive genes (named cyd1 and cyd2). By combining whole-genome resequencing and map-based cloning, CYD1 was fine-mapped to a 29 kb genomic region using 15,167 etiolated individuals. Through cosegregation analysis and functional verification of the transgene, BnaC06.FtsH1 was determined to be the target gene; it encodes an filamentation temperature sensitive protein H 1 (FtsH1) hydrolase that degrades damaged PSII D1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression of BnaC06.FtsH1 was high in the cotyledons, leaves, and flowers of B. napus, and localized in the chloroplasts. In addition, the expression of EngA (upstream regulation gene of FtsH) increased and D1 decreased in 7-521Y. Double mutants of FtsH1 and FtsH5 were lethal in A. thaliana. Through phylogenetic analysis, the loss of FtsH5 was identified in Brassica, and the remaining FtsH1 was required for PSII repair cycle. CYD2 may be a homologous gene of FtsH1 on chromosome A07 of B. napus. Our study provides new insights into lethal mutants, the findings may help improve the efficiency of the PSII repair cycle and biomass accumulation in oilseed rape.


Assuntos
Brassica napus/genética , Genes Letais , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II/metabolismo , Mapeamento Físico do Cromossomo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genoma de Planta , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Mutação/genética , Fenótipo , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Frações Subcelulares/metabolismo , Transformação Genética
4.
Int J Mol Sci ; 21(23)2020 Nov 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33266061

RESUMO

Here, we report that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can promote plant root hair growth in the species analyzed in this study; however, low and excessive concentrations of MWCNTs had no significant effect or even an inhibiting influence. Further results show that MWCNTs can enter rapeseed root cells. Meanwhile, nitrate reductase (NR)-dependent nitric oxide (NO) and ethylene syntheses, as well as root hair formation, were significantly stimulated by MWCNTs. Transcription of root hair growth-related genes were also modulated. The above responses were sensitive to the removal of endogenous NO or ethylene with a scavenger of NO or NO/ethylene synthesis inhibitors. Pharmacological and molecular evidence suggested that ethylene might act downstream of NR-dependent NO in MWCNTs-induced root hair morphogenesis. Genetic evidence in Arabidopsis further revealed that MWCNTs-triggered root hair growth was abolished in ethylene-insensitive mutants ein2-5 and ein3-1, and NR mutant nia1/2, but not in noa1 mutant. Further data placed NO synthesis linearly before ethylene production in root hair development triggered by MWCNTs. The above findings thus provide some insights into the molecular mechanism underlying MWCNTs control of root hair morphogenesis.


Assuntos
Arabidopsis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brassica napus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Etilenos/metabolismo , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Transdução de Sinais , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/ultraestrutura , Brassica napus/genética , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Modelos Biológicos , Nanotubos de Carbono/ultraestrutura , Nitrato Redutase/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/ultraestrutura , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo
5.
Int J Mol Sci ; 20(11)2019 Jun 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31195741

RESUMO

Winter rapeseed is not only an important oilseed crop, but also a winter cover crop in Northern China, where its production was severely limited by freezing stress. As an overwinter crop, the production is severely limited by freezing stress. Therefore, understanding the physiological and molecular mechanism of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in freezing stress responses becomes essential for the improvement and development of freezing-tolerant varieties of Brassica napus. In this study, morphological, physiological, ultrastructure and transcriptome changes in the Brassica napus line "2016TS(G)10" (freezing-tolerance line) that was exposed to -2 °C for 0 h, 1 h, 3 h and 24 h were characterized. The results showed that freezing stress caused seedling dehydration, and chloroplast dilation and degradation. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble protein and soluble sugars were increased, as well as the relative electrolyte leakage (REL) which was significantly increased at frozen 24 h. Subsequently, RNA-seq analysis revealed a total of 98,672 UniGenes that were annotated in Brassica napus and 3905 UniGenes were identified as differentially expressed genes after being exposed to freezing stress. Among these genes, 2312 (59.21%) were up-regulated and 1593 (40.79%) were down-regulated. Most of these DEGs were significantly annotated in the carbohydrates and energy metabolism, signal transduction, amino acid metabolism and translation. Most of the up-regulated DEGs were especially enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. Transcription factor enrichment analysis showed that the AP2/ERF, WRKY and MYB families were also significantly changed. Furthermore, 20 DEGs were selected to validate the transcriptome profiles via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In conclusion, the results provide an overall view of the dynamic changes in physiology and insights into the molecular regulation mechanisms of winter Brassica napus in response to freezing treatment, expanding our understanding on the complex molecular mechanism in plant response to freezing stress.


Assuntos
Brassica napus/genética , Brassica napus/fisiologia , Congelamento , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Estresse Fisiológico/genética , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Ontologia Genética , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Folhas de Planta/ultraestrutura
6.
Int J Mol Sci ; 20(3)2019 Jan 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30696013

RESUMO

Seed priming is a pre-sowing method successfully used to improve seed germination. Since water plays a crucial role in germination, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between better germination performances of osmoprimed Brassica napus seeds and seed water status during germination. To achieve this goal, a combination of different kinds of approaches was used, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, TEM, and SEM as well as semi-quantitative PCR (semi-qPCR). The results of this study showed that osmopriming enhanced the kinetics of water uptake and the total amount of absorbed water during both the early imbibition stage and in the later phases of seed germination. The spin⁻spin relaxation time (T2) measurement suggests that osmopriming causes faster water penetration into the seed and more efficient tissue hydration. Moreover, factors potentially affecting water relations in germinating primed seeds were also identified. It was shown that osmopriming (i) changes the microstructural features of the seed coat, e.g., leads to the formation of microcracks, (ii) alters the internal structure of the seed by the induction of additional void spaces in the seed, (iii) increases cotyledons cells vacuolization, and (iv) modifies the expression pattern of aquaporin genes.


Assuntos
Brassica napus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Germinação , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Água/fisiologia , Aquaporinas/genética , Aquaporinas/metabolismo , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Cotilédone/citologia , Cotilédone/ultraestrutura , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Cinética , Sementes/ultraestrutura , Vacúolos/metabolismo
7.
Sci Rep ; 8(1): 11442, 2018 07 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30061667

RESUMO

Gravity is a permanent environmental signal guiding plant growth and development. Gravity sensing in plants starts with the displacement of starch-filled plastids called statoliths, ultimately leading to auxin redistribution and organ curvature. While the involvement in gravity sensing of several actors such as calcium is known, the effect of statolith displacement on calcium changes remains enigmatic. Microgravity is a unique environmental condition offering the opportunity to decipher this link. In this study, roots of Brassica napus were grown aboard the International Space Station (ISS) either in microgravity or in a centrifuge simulating Earth gravity. The impact of short simulated gravity onset and removal was measured on statolith positioning and intracellular free calcium was assessed using pyroantimonate precipitates as cytosolic calcium markers. Our findings show that a ten-minute onset or removal of gravity induces very low statolith displacement, but which is, nevertheless, associated with an increase of the number of pyroantimonate precipitates. These results highlight that a change in the cytosolic calcium distribution is triggered in absence of a significant statolith displacement.


Assuntos
Cálcio/metabolismo , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Gravitação , Raízes de Plantas/citologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ausência de Peso , Antimônio/farmacologia , Brassica napus/efeitos dos fármacos , Brassica napus/fisiologia , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Raízes de Plantas/ultraestrutura , Plântula/fisiologia , Voo Espacial
8.
Biomed Res Int ; 2018: 9248123, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29888285

RESUMO

Heavy metal accumulation causes huge environmental problems, particularly in agricultural ecosystems which have deteriorative effects on the yield and quality of crops. Individual copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) effects have been investigated extensively in plants; however, co-contamination of Cu and Cr induced stress on Brassica napus L. is still unclear. In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758). Results showed that the application of Cr was more toxic than Cu, and their combined stress had shown a significant adverse effect on plant growth. Biomass and photosynthetic pigment were decreased remarkably under all metal treatments. Individual treatments of Cu and Cr and their combination cause the accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars, except for the CAT activity which was decreased in both leaves and roots of sensitive cultivar Zheda 622 as compared with their respective controls. Additionally, nonenzymatic antioxidants like reduced and oxidized glutathione showed a differential activity pattern in roots and leaves of both cultivars. A more pronounced modification in chloroplast ultrastructure was observed in both cultivars under Cu+Cr treatment followed by Cr and Cu alone treatments. Furthermore, synergistic effects of Cu and Cr were prominent; this may be due to the enhanced metals uptake under combined treatment, which suggests that Cr and Cu interaction is not competitive but is rather additive and genotypic-dependent.


Assuntos
Biomassa , Brassica napus , Cloroplastos , Cromo/farmacologia , Cobre/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/biossíntese , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/ultraestrutura
9.
Plant Biol (Stuttg) ; 20(5): 894-901, 2018 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29883021

RESUMO

Quartet pollen, where pollen grains remain attached to each other post-meiosis, is useful for tetrad analysis, crossover assessment and centromere mapping. We observed the quartet pollen phenotype for the first time in the agriculturally significant Brassica genus, in an experimental population of allohexaploid Brassica hybrids derived from the cross (Brassica napus × B. carinata) × B. juncea followed by two self-pollination generations. Quartet pollen production was assessed in 144 genotypes under glasshouse conditions, following which a set of 16 genotypes were selected to further investigate the effect of environment (warm: 25 °C and cold: 10 °C temperatures) on quartet pollen production in growth cabinets. Under glasshouse phenotyping conditions, only 92 out of 144 genotypes produced enough pollen to score: of these, 30 did not produce any observable quartet pollen, while 62 genotypes produced quartet pollen at varying frequencies. Quartet pollen production appeared quantitative and did not clearly fall into phenotypic or qualitative categories indicative of major gene expression. No consistent effect of temperature on quartet pollen production was identified, with some genotypes producing more and some producing less quartet pollen under different temperature treatments. The genetic heterogeneity and frequent pollen infertility of this population prevents strong conclusions being made. However, it is clear that the quartet phenotype in this Brassica population does not show complete penetrance and shows variable (likely genotype-specific) response to temperature stress. In future, identification of quartet phenotypes in Brassica would perhaps best be carried out via screening of diploid (e.g. B. rapa) TILLING populations.


Assuntos
Brassica/fisiologia , Pólen/ultraestrutura , Brassica/ultraestrutura , Brassica napus/fisiologia , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Temperatura Baixa , Genótipo , Temperatura Alta , Mostardeira/fisiologia , Mostardeira/ultraestrutura , Fenótipo , Polinização , Autofertilização
10.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 161: 634-647, 2018 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29933133

RESUMO

Selenium (Se) is an essential micro-element for human and animals. In higher plants, Se essentiality or phyto-toxicity is less explored. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of Se (0, 25, 50, and 100 µM) as sodium selenite on the physio-chemical, cell ultra-structural and genomic alterations in hydroponically grown seedlings of four cultivars of B. napus (cvs. Zheda 619, Zheda 622, ZS 758, and ZY 50). Results showed that excessive (100 µM) Se (IV) exhibited significant reduction in plant growth parameters, declined pigment contents, lower water-soluble protein levels, and overproduction of H2O2 and MDA contents. A significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities and transcript levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR), except catalase (CAT) were noticed in the leaves and roots. Non-enzymatic antioxidants including glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), except GSSG in roots were enhanced under higher Se (IV) levels. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the ultrastructural damages in leaf mesophyll and root tip cells induced by excessive Se (IV). Less-significant phytotoxic effects were observed in above-mentioned parameters at 50 µM Se (IV). Overall, Se (IV) supplementation at 25 µM displayed marginal beneficial effect by enhancing plant growth, pigment contents, protein levels and restrict H2O2 and MDA overproduction. A marginal increase/decrease in ROS-detoxifying enzymes (except CAT activity) and elevated GSH and GSSG levels were noticed. The accumulation of Se (IV) was much higher in roots as compared to leaves. This accumulation was maximum in Zheda 622 and minimum in ZS 758, followed by Zheda 619 and ZY 50. Overall findings showed that Zheda 622 was the most sensitive and ZS 758 as most tolerant to Se (IV) phyto-toxicity. In addition, Se (IV) was found beneficial until 25 µM Se (IV) but phytotoxic at higher Se levels especially at 100 µM Se (IV).


Assuntos
Brassica napus/efeitos dos fármacos , Selenito de Sódio/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ascorbato Peroxidases/genética , Ascorbato Peroxidases/metabolismo , Brassica napus/genética , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Catalase/genética , Catalase/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Dissulfeto de Glutationa/metabolismo , Glutationa Redutase/genética , Glutationa Redutase/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Peroxidase/genética , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo
11.
J Exp Bot ; 68(18): 5079-5091, 2017 Nov 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29036633

RESUMO

Brassica napus is one of the world's most valuable oilseeds and is under constant pressure by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white stem rot. Despite our growing understanding of host pathogen interactions at the molecular level, we have yet to fully understand the biological processes and underlying gene regulatory networks responsible for determining disease outcomes. Using global RNA sequencing, we profiled gene activity at the first point of infection on the leaf surface 24 hours after pathogen exposure in susceptible (B. napus cv. Westar) and tolerant (B. napus cv. Zhongyou 821) plants. We identified a family of ethylene response factors that may contribute to host tolerance to S. sclerotiorum by activating genes associated with fungal recognition, subcellular organization, and redox homeostasis. Physiological investigation of redox homeostasis was further studied by quantifying cellular levels of the glutathione and ascorbate redox pathway and the cycling enzymes associated with host tolerance to S. sclerotiorum. Functional characterization of an Arabidopsis redox mutant challenged with the fungus provides compelling evidence into the role of the ascorbate-glutathione redox hub in the maintenance and enhancement of plant tolerance against fungal pathogens.


Assuntos
Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Brassica napus/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Brassica napus/microbiologia , Brassica napus/fisiologia , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Etilenos/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Folhas de Planta/genética , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Folhas de Planta/ultraestrutura , Caules de Planta/genética , Caules de Planta/microbiologia , Caules de Planta/fisiologia , Caules de Planta/ultraestrutura , Análise de Sequência de RNA
12.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 140: 123-130, 2017 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28254722

RESUMO

In this study, effects of lead on ultracellular structure and pigment contents of Brassica napus were examined. Pb(II) was added in soluble form to soil prior to sowing. Pb contents were measured in plant organs at the ontogenetic stages of flowering (FL) and physiological maturity (PM). Pigment contents were evaluated through reflectance measurements. Pb content in organs was found to decrease in the order; roots>stems>leaves. Lead content in senescent leaves at FL stage was significantly higher than harvested leaves, strongly suggesting a detoxification mechanism. Leaves and stems harvested at the PM stage showed damage at subcellular level, namely chloroplast disorganization, cell wall damage and presence of osmiophilic bodies. Chlorophyll content increased in the presence of Pb at the FL stage, compared with control; at the PM stage, chlorophyll contents decreased with low Pb concentration but showed no significant differences with control at high Pb soil concentration. The results suggest an increase in antioxidants at low Pb concentration and cell damage at higher lead concentration.


Assuntos
Brassica napus/efeitos dos fármacos , Chumbo/toxicidade , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Argentina , Biomassa , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Clorofila/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental , Chumbo/análise , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/ultraestrutura , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/ultraestrutura , Caules de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Caules de Planta/metabolismo , Caules de Planta/ultraestrutura , Solo/química , Poluentes do Solo/análise
13.
Plant Cell Physiol ; 57(10): 2161-2174, 2016 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27481894

RESUMO

In this work, we performed an extensive and detailed analysis of the changes in cell wall composition during Brassica napus anther development. We used immunogold labeling to study the spatial and temporal patterns of the composition and distribution of different arabinogalactan protein (AGP), pectin, xyloglucan and xylan epitopes in high-pressure-frozen/freeze-substituted anthers, quantifying and comparing their relative levels in the different anther tissues and developmental stages. We used the following monoclonal antibodies: JIM13, JIM8, JIM14 and JIM16 for AGPs, LM5, LM6, JIM7, JIM5 and LM7 for pectins, CCRC-M1, CCRC-M89 and LM15 for xyloglucan, and LM11 for xylan. Each cell wall epitope showed a characteristic temporal and spatial labeling pattern. Microspore, pollen and tapetal cells showed similar patterns for each epitope, whereas the outermost anther layers (epidermis, endothecium and middle layers) presented remarkably different patterns. Our results suggested that AGPs, pectins, xyloglucan and xylan have specific roles during anther development. The AGP epitopes studied appeared to belong to AGPs specifically involved in microspore differentiation, and contributed first by the tapetum and then, upon tapetal dismantling, by the endothecium and middle layers. In contrast, the changes in pectin and hemicellulose epitopes suggested a specific role in anther dehiscence, facilitating anther wall weakening and rupture. The distribution of the different cell wall constituents is regulated in a tissue- and stage-specific manner, which seems directly related to the role of each tissue at each stage.


Assuntos
Brassica napus/metabolismo , Epitopos/metabolismo , Mucoproteínas/metabolismo , Pectinas/metabolismo , Pólen/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pólen/ultraestrutura , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Imuno-Histoquímica , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Pólen/citologia , Pólen/metabolismo
14.
Plant Cell Physiol ; 57(8): 1643-56, 2016 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27335346

RESUMO

Multienzyme associations localized to specific subcellular sites are involved in several critical functions in cellular metabolism, such as plant survival and reproduction. To date, few multienzyme complexes involved in male fertility have been examined in Brassica napus Here, we reported that in B. napus, the members of a multienzyme complex work in an interaction pattern different from that in Arabidopsis thaliana for sporopollenin biosynthesis. 7365A, a male-sterile mutant with a relatively smooth anther cuticle, was found to have a dramatic reduction in both cutin monomers and wax composition. Proteomic comparison between the mutant 7365A and wild-type 7365B showed down-regulation of three sporopollenin biosynthetic enzymes, namely BnPKSA, BnPKSB and BnTKPR; these enzymes were tightly co-expressed with BnACOS5. BnPKSA and BnPKSB showed similar expression patterns but distinct accumulation levels, suggesting that they had partially distinct functions during sporopollenin biosynthesis. In vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrated that BnPKSB directly interacted with BnPKSA and BnACOS5, but no such interactions were found in the present investigation for BnTKPR1. Interestingly, the interaction between PKSA and PKSB has not been discovered in Arabidopsis, which may indicate a new interaction representing an additional efficient regulation method in B. napus Taken together, we propose that BnPKSA and BnPKSB may comprise a heterodimer combined with BnACOS5, constituting a sporopollenin metabolon in tapetal cells that is related to male reproductive development in B. napus.


Assuntos
Brassica napus/enzimologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Complexos Multienzimáticos , Proteômica , Biopolímeros/biossíntese , Biopolímeros/genética , Brassica napus/genética , Brassica napus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Carotenoides/biossíntese , Carotenoides/genética , Regulação para Baixo , Flores/enzimologia , Flores/genética , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Flores/ultraestrutura , Lipídeos de Membrana/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Mutação , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Multimerização Proteica
15.
Plant Sci ; 241: 45-54, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26706057

RESUMO

The chalazal seed coat (CZSC) is a maternal subregion adjacent to the funiculus which serves as the first point of entry into the developing seed. This subregion is of particular interest in Brassica napus (canola) because of its location within the seed and its putative contribution to seed filling processes. In this study, the CZSC of canola was characterized at an anatomical and molecular level to (i) describe the cellular and subcellular features of the CZSC throughout seed development, (ii) reveal cellular features of the CZSC that relate to transport processes, (iii) study gene activity of transporters and transcriptional regulators in the CZSC subregion over developmental time, and (iv) briefly investigate the contribution of the A and C constituent genomes to B. napus CZSC gene activity. We found that the CZSC contains terminating ends of xylem and phloem as well as a mosaic of endomembrane and plasmodesmatal connections, suggesting that this subregion is likely involved in the transport of material and information from the maternal tissues of the plant to other regions of the seed. Laser microdissection coupled with quantitative RT-PCR identified the relative abundance of sugar, water, auxin and amino acid transporter homologs inherited from the constituent genomes of this complex polyploid. We also studied the expression of three transcription factors that were shown to co-express with these biological processes providing a preliminary framework for the regulatory networks responsible for seed filling in canola and discuss the relationship of the CZSC to other regions and subregions of the seed and its role in seed development.


Assuntos
Brassica napus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Transporte Biológico , Brassica napus/anatomia & histologia , Brassica napus/genética , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Microdissecção e Captura a Laser , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Sementes/anatomia & histologia , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/ultraestrutura , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo
16.
Plant Physiol ; 168(3): 828-48, 2015 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25944824

RESUMO

Seeds provide the basis for many food, feed, and fuel products. Continued increases in seed yield, composition, and quality require an improved understanding of how the developing seed converts carbon and nitrogen supplies into storage. Current knowledge of this process is often based on the premise that transcriptional regulation directly translates via enzyme concentration into flux. In an attempt to highlight metabolic control, we explore genotypic differences in carbon partitioning for in vitro cultured developing embryos of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). We determined biomass composition as well as 79 net fluxes, the levels of 77 metabolites, and 26 enzyme activities with specific focus on central metabolism in nine selected germplasm accessions. Overall, we observed a tradeoff between the biomass component fractions of lipid and starch. With increasing lipid content over the spectrum of genotypes, plastidic fatty acid synthesis and glycolytic flux increased concomitantly, while glycolytic intermediates decreased. The lipid/starch tradeoff was not reflected at the proteome level, pointing to the significance of (posttranslational) metabolic control. Enzyme activity/flux and metabolite/flux correlations suggest that plastidic pyruvate kinase exerts flux control and that the lipid/starch tradeoff is most likely mediated by allosteric feedback regulation of phosphofructokinase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Quantitative data were also used to calculate in vivo mass action ratios, reaction equilibria, and metabolite turnover times. Compounds like cyclic 3',5'-AMP and sucrose-6-phosphate were identified to potentially be involved in so far unknown mechanisms of metabolic control. This study provides a rich source of quantitative data for those studying central metabolism.


Assuntos
Brassica napus/embriologia , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Análise Multinível , Óleos de Plantas/metabolismo , Sementes/embriologia , Sementes/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultura de Tecidos/métodos , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Biocatálise , Biomassa , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Carbono/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida , Glicólise , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Espectrometria de Massas , Análise do Fluxo Metabólico , Modelos Biológicos , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Sementes/ultraestrutura , Amido/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo
17.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 22(14): 10699-712, 2015 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25752633

RESUMO

Environmental contamination due to arsenic (As) has become a major risk throughout the world; this affects plant growth and productivity. Its accumulation in food chain may pose a severe threat to organisms. The present study was carried out to observe the toxic effects of As (0, 50, 100, and 200 µM) on physiological and biochemical changes in four Brassica napus cultivars (ZS 758, Zheda 619, ZY 50, and Zheda 622). Results showed that As toxicity provoked a significant inhibition in growth parameters of B. napus cultivars and this reduction was more obvious in cultivar Zheda 622. The highest concentration of MDA, H2O2, and O2 (-) contents in both leaf and root tissues were observed at 200 µM As level, and a gradual decrease was observed at lower concentrations. Increasing As concentration gradually decreased chlorophyll and carotenoids contents. Activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, APX, GR, and GSH was positively correlated with As treatments in all cultivars. The microscopic study of leaves and roots at 200 µM As level showed the disorganization in cell organelles. Disturbance in the morphology of chloroplast, broken cell wall, increase in size, and number of starch grains and immature nucleus were found in leaf ultrastructures under higher concentration of As. Moreover, damaged nucleus, diffused cell wall, enlarged vacuoles, and a number of mitochondria were observed in root tip cells at 200 µM As level. These results suggest that B. napus cultivars have efficient mechanism to tolerate As toxicity, as evidenced by an increased level of antioxidant enzymes.


Assuntos
Arsênio/toxicidade , Brassica napus/enzimologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plântula/enzimologia , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ascorbato Peroxidases/metabolismo , Brassica napus/efeitos dos fármacos , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Clorofila/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Cloroplastos/ultraestrutura , Glutationa Redutase/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/enzimologia , Folhas de Planta/ultraestrutura , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/enzimologia , Raízes de Plantas/ultraestrutura , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/ultraestrutura , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo
18.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 22(14): 10733-43, 2015 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25752639

RESUMO

Rapid development of nanotechnology in recent years has raised concerns about nanoparticle (NPs) release into the environment and its adverse effects on living organisms. The present study is the first comprehensive report on the anatomical and ultrastructural changes of a variety of cells after long-term exposure of plant to NPs or bulk material particles (BPs). Light and electron microscopy revealed some anatomical and ultrastructural modifications of the different types of cell in the root and leaf, induced by both types of treatment. Zinc oxide (ZnO) BPs-induced modifications were surprisingly more than those induced by ZnO NPs. The modifications induced by ZnO BPs or ZnO NPs were almost similar to those induced by excess Zn. Zn content of the root and leaf of both ZnO NPs- and ZnO BPs-treated plants was severely increased, where the increase was greater in the plants treated with ZnO BPs. Overall, these results indicate that the modifications induced by ZnO particles can be attributed, at least partly, to the Zn(2+) dissolution by ZnO particles rather than their absorption by root and their subsequent effects.


Assuntos
Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Brassica rapa/ultraestrutura , Nanopartículas/toxicidade , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Óxido de Zinco/toxicidade , Brassica napus/efeitos dos fármacos , Brassica napus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Brassica rapa/efeitos dos fármacos , Brassica rapa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brassica rapa/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/química , Tamanho da Partícula , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/ultraestrutura , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/ultraestrutura , Poluentes do Solo/química , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismo , Óxido de Zinco/química , Óxido de Zinco/metabolismo
19.
Plant Physiol ; 167(4): 1374-88, 2015 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25717035

RESUMO

Plant viruses move systemically in plants through the phloem. They move as virions or as ribonucleic protein complexes, although it is not clear what these complexes are made of. The approximately 10-kb RNA genome of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) encodes a membrane protein, known as 6K2, that induces endomembrane rearrangements for the formation of viral replication factories. These factories take the form of vesicles that contain viral RNA (vRNA) and viral replication proteins. In this study, we report the presence of 6K2-tagged vesicles containing vRNA and the vRNA-dependent RNA polymerase in phloem sieve elements and in xylem vessels. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed the presence in the xylem vessels of vRNA-containing vesicles that were associated with viral particles. Stem-girdling experiments, which leave xylem vessels intact but destroy the surrounding tissues, confirmed that TuMV could establish a systemic infection of the plant by going through xylem vessels. Phloem sieve elements and xylem vessels from Potato virus X-infected plants also contained lipid-associated nonencapsidated vRNA, indicating that the presence of membrane-associated ribonucleic protein complexes in the phloem and xylem may not be limited to TuMV. Collectively, these studies indicate that viral replication factories could end up in the phloem and the xylem.


Assuntos
Brassica napus/virologia , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Vírus de Plantas/fisiologia , Potyvirus/fisiologia , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Floema/ultraestrutura , Floema/virologia , Caules de Planta/ultraestrutura , Caules de Planta/virologia , Vírus de Plantas/genética , Potyvirus/genética , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/genética , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/metabolismo , Nicotiana/virologia , Proteínas Virais/genética , Replicação Viral , Xilema/virologia
20.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 22(4): 3068-81, 2015 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25231737

RESUMO

In the present study, ameliorating role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was studied with or without application of H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) (0.3 mM) in hydroponic conditions under three levels (0, 0.1 and 0.3 mM) of aluminum (Al). Results showed that addition of H2S significantly improved the plant growth, photosynthetic gas exchange, and nutrients concentration in the leaves and roots of B. napus plants under Al stress. Exogenously applied H2S significantly lowered the Al concentration in different plant parts, and reduced the production of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species by improving antioxidant enzyme activities in the leaves and roots under Al stress. Moreover, the present study indicated that exogenously applied H2S improved the cell structure and displayed clean mesophyll and root tip cells. The chloroplast with well-developed thylakoid membranes could be observed in the micrographs. Under the combined application of H2S and Al, a number of modifications could be observed in root tip cell, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi bodies. Thus, it can be concluded that exogenous application of H2S under Al stress improved the plant growth, photosynthetic parameters, elements concentration, and biochemical and ultrastructural changes in leaves and roots of B. napus.


Assuntos
Alumínio/toxicidade , Brassica napus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Brassica napus/ultraestrutura , Cloroplastos/ultraestrutura , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Hidroponia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/fisiologia , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Sulfetos/farmacologia
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