[When the scientific career favors the scholarly diffusion of innovation: doctor Max Fourestier]. / Quand la carrière scientifique d'un médecin favorise la diffusion d'innovations scolaires: l'exemple du docteur Max Fourestier.

In 1992, the hospital of Nanterre assumed Max Fourestier's surname, as this great doctor was in office there between 1948 and 1973. Max Fourestier's biography and career emphasize that he embarked on three specific professional fields : specialty medicine, social medicine and school medicine. At the time, Max Fourestier was developing his universal endoscope in his department in Nanterre, achieving an extensive experience of massive BCG vaccination in a tuberculosis clinic in Montreuil, called "social hygiene" and, finally, carrying out a lot of school innovations to achieve an equal division of time between school work and sport practices. He also implemented snow classes in public schools in 1953 or napping classes,forest classes and snow classes in infant schools in 1959. In short, this presentation reveals that the inherent process of Max Fourestier's school innovation reputation lies in the scientific will of its creator, which allows him to convey his teaching ideas at the international level. Finally, in addition to the inventory of the physician's various innovations, the major challenge of this presentation is to reveal the intertwining and strong connections of Max Fourestier's medical and school commitments. In 1992, the hospital of Nanterre assumed Max Fourestier's surname, as this great doctor was in office there between 1948 and 1973. Max Fourestier's biography and career emphasize that he embarked on three specific professional fields: specialty medicine, social medicine and school medicine. At the time, Max Fourestier was developing his universal endoscope in his department in Nanterre, achieving an extensive experience of massive BCG vaccination in a tuberculosis clinic in Montreuil, called "social hygiene" and,finally, carrying out a lot of school innovations to achieve an equal division of time between school work and sport practices. He also implemented snow classes in public schools in 1953 or napping classes, forest classes and snow classes in infant schools in 1959. In short, this presentation reveals that the inherent process of Max Fourestier's school innovation reputation lies in the scientific will of its creator, which allows him to convey his teaching ideas at the international level. Finally, in addition to the inventory of the physician's various innovations, the major challenge of this presentation is to reveal the intertwining and strong connections of Max Fourestier's medical and school commitments.

Flexible bronchoscopy.

Although bronchoscopy technology continues to evolve at a fairly rapid pace, basic procedures, such as bronchoalveolar lavage, transbronchial lung biopsy, and transbronchial needle aspiration, continue to play a paramount role in the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary diseases. Pulmonologists should be trained in these basic bronchoscopic procedures.

Bronchoscopy: the past, the present, and the future.

This article discusses bronchoscopy: its history, including development of instruments and techniques and important historical figures; current techniques and issues; and future possibilities and potential controversies.

[The history of evolvement of bronchoscope].

Since 1897, the year when the bronchoscope was invented, the instrument have experienced three stages of evolvement, namely, the period of conventional rigid bronchoscope, the period of flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope as well as the period of the combined use of electronic bronchoscope, broncho fibrescope and video-assisted rigid bronchoscope simultaneously. Bronchoscope plays a significant role in the fields of thoracic surgery and respiratory internal medicine. In China, the technique started rather late, but after years of hard work, it has approached or reached the international advanced level. The blossoming new techniques and their upgrading make bronchoscope play an even more important role in the interventional pulmonology.