Sedation with dexmedetomidine-butorphanol or xylazine-butorphanol continuous intravenous infusions during unilateral ovariectomy in standing donkeys.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous infusions of alpha-2 adrenoceptor sedatives and opioids can potentially facilitate surgery in donkeys while standing. Literature on this subject matter is scant. OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of efficacy of sedation from α2-adrenoceptors (dexmedetomidine or xylazine) and butorphanol during ovariectomy in standing donkeys. STUDY DESIGN: Randomised, masked in vivo experiment. METHODS: Thirteen female donkeys were sedated with butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg bwt followed by 0.05 mg/kg bwt/h) IV. Concomitantly, 6 of the 13 jennies were sedated with dexmedetomidine 2.5 mcg/kg bwt followed by 2.5 mcg/kg bwt/h (Dex-B group), while seven jennies were sedated with xylazine 0.5 mg/kg bwt followed by 0.5 mg/kg bwt/h (Xyl-B group). A line block of the left flank and an infiltration block around uterine ligament were performed with lidocaine. While the jennies underwent ovariectomies standing, sedation scores and head height above ground were assessed at 2 and 10 min after sedative boluses and every 10 min thereafter. If sedation was too light or too deep, the dose of dexmedetomidine or xylazine was increased or decreased by 25% of the original infusion rate, while butorphanol infusion rate was constant. Physiological parameters were measured. Normally distributed data were compared using the two-sample t test while repeatedly measured data were tested for differences between and within groups using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) by ranks followed by a Wilcoxon test with Tukey Honest Significant Difference for multiple testing. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Both Dex-B and Xyl-B caused moderate to marked sedation adequate for ovariectomy in donkeys. Evident sedation was absent by 60 min of termination of infusions. No adverse physiological effects were observed. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Study on ovariectomy cases only, no pharmacokinetic profiling. CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine or xylazine and butorphanol sedation is feasible for ovariectomy in standing donkeys.

Anestesia geral em jabuti-piranga (Chelonoides carbonaria) para retirada de corpo estranho gástrico / General anesthesia in red-footed tortoise (Chelonoides carbonaria) for gastric foreign body removal

Background: The anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological characteristics of reptiles make anesthesia in chelonians particularly challenging. Specific literature regarding safe anesthetic protocols that provide immobilization, antinociception, amnesia, and unconsciousness are scarce. Thus, this paper aims to report the case of a red-footed tortoise submitted to long-duration general anesthesia to celiotomy for foreign body removal. Case: An adult red-footed tortoise (Chelonoides carbonaria), 5.9 kg, was admitted due to hyporexia after ingesting a metallic fishhook. Serial radiographs confirmed the diagnosis and location of the foreign body in the stomach. The animal was premedicated with 0.03 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 6 mg/kg ketamine, and 0.4 mg/kg butorphanol intramuscularly. After 90 min we inserted a 22G jugular catheter and proceeded to anesthesia induction with 5 mg/kg propofol. We intubated the animal with a 2.5 mm uncuffed endotracheal and started fluid therapy at a rate of 5 mL/kg/h. Surgical anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 0.21 oxygen, in a non-rebreathing circuit (baraka), under spontaneous breathing. Expired isoflurane was maintained between 3 and 4.5%. Due to reduced respiratory rate and hypercapnia, we opted for implementing manually-assisted positive pressure ventilation. Morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was administered at 10 and 87 min after the beginning of the surgery for further analgesia when the isoflurane requirement increased significantly. We did not detect any alterations in heart and body temperature. Surgical anesthesia lasted 6 h. During anesthesia recovery, voluntary head retraction and coordinated movement of the limbs occurred at 240 and 540 min after the extubation, respectively. In 2 days, the patient returned to voluntary feeding, being very active and responsive to stimulus. The post-surgical hematologic evaluation was unremarkable. Discussion: Pre-anesthetic medication aimed to promote sedation and preemptive analgesia. Due to its minimal cardiorespiratory depression, we chose the combination of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and butorphanol. Dexmedetomidine reduced the ketamine dose and caused sufficient muscle relaxation and immobilization to perform the jugular catheter placement. Butorphanol is an agonist-antagonist opioid; that is why we decided to add it to the protocol for antinociception. However, due to signs of nociceptive response (increased isoflurane requirements and heart rate), and considering the evidence of a predominance of µ receptors in reptiles, we administered low-dose morphine twice during the procedure. Propofol was chosen as an induction agent at a dose sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation. Since reptilians often show apnea in the presence of 100% oxygen, we used a 0.21 oxygen fraction. Despite this, the patient showed respiratory depression. Due to right to left cardiac shunt, sudden changes in the direction of the blood can lead to very rapid changes in the serum concentrations of isoflurane, which leads to frequent oscillations in the anesthetic depth and consequently the need for vaporizer adjustments, which may justify the high expired isoflurane fraction during the procedure. Despite that, physiological parameters were maintained within normal ranges for the species, with slight variations during the surgical procedure. We conclude that the proposed anesthetic protocol is safe for long-duration anesthesia in chelonians, ensuring cardiovascular and respiratory stability. Thus, this report may help veterinarians to perform safe anesthesia in tortoises submitted to invasive surgical procedures.

Avaliação cardiorrespiratória e de sedação da associação de dexmedetomidina-butorfanol-midazolam ou detomidina-butorfanol-midazolam em catetos (Pecari tajacu) / Cardiorespiratory and sedation evaluation of the combination of dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam or detomidine butorphanol-midazolam in collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu)

A presente pesquisa comparou os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, hemogasométricos e sedativos da associação midazolam (0,41mg/kg) e butorfanol (0,31mg/kg) acrescida de detomidina (157µg/kg) (DTMB) ou dexmedetomidina (36µg/kg) (DXMB) em catetos. Catetos adultos (n=20) foram distribuídos em dois grupos, DTMB ou DXMB. As variáveis (FC, f, PAM, SpO2, EtCO2 e TR) foram avaliadas após aplicação dos fármacos. A sedação foi avaliada por meio de escala analógica visual, relaxamento muscular, postura e resposta auditiva. Foi realizada ANOVA, seguida de teste t pareado (paramétricos) e teste de Mann-Whitney rank-sum test (não paramétricos), com P<0,05. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos para o período de latência. Observou-se diferença significativa entre grupos para as variáveis f, PAM e SpO2, com maiores valores para DTMB, e EtCO2, com maiores valores para DXMB. Os dois grupos apresentaram redução da FC e da concentração de lactato, bem como aumento da concentração de bicarbonato. A SpO2 permaneceu abaixo de 90%, durante todo o período experimental, nos dois grupos estudados. Os animais dos dois grupos apresentaram sedação profunda e relaxamento muscular máximo. Conclui-se que os dois protocolos testados proporcionaram adequada sedação, podendo ser indicados para contenção química de catetos adultos.(AU)

The study compared the cardiorespiratory, hemogasometric and sedative effects of the combination of midazolam (0.41mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.31mg/kg) plus detomidine (157µg/kg) (DTMB) or dexmedetomidine (36µg/kg) (DXMB) in collared peccaries. Collared peccaries (n= 20) were divided into two groups, either DTMB or DXMB. The variables (FC, f, PAM, SpO2, EtCO2 and TR) were evaluated after application of the drugs. Sedation was assessed by visual analogue scale, muscle relaxation, posture and auditory response. ANOVA followed by paired t-test (parametric) and Mann Whitney Rank Sum Test (non-parametric) with P< 0.05 were performed. No statistical difference was observed for the latency period. A significant increase was observed between groups for the variables f, PAM and SpO2 with higher values for DTMB and EtCO2 with higher values for DXMB. The two groups presented a reduction in HR and lactate concentration, and an increase in bicarbonate concentration. SpO2 remained below 90% throughout the experiment in both groups. The animals of the two groups presented deep sedation and maximum muscle relaxation. It is concluded that the two protocols tested provided adequate sedation and could be indicated for chemical containment of collared peccaries.(AU)

Avaliação cardiorrespiratória e de sedação da associação de dexmedetomidina-butorfanol-midazolam ou detomidina-butorfanol-midazolam em catetos (Pecari tajacu) / Cardiorespiratory and sedation evaluation of the combination of dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam or detomidine butorphanol-midazolam in collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu)

A presente pesquisa comparou os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, hemogasométricos e sedativos da associação midazolam (0,41mg/kg) e butorfanol (0,31mg/kg) acrescida de detomidina (157µg/kg) (DTMB) ou dexmedetomidina (36µg/kg) (DXMB) em catetos. Catetos adultos (n=20) foram distribuídos em dois grupos, DTMB ou DXMB. As variáveis (FC, f, PAM, SpO2, EtCO2 e TR) foram avaliadas após aplicação dos fármacos. A sedação foi avaliada por meio de escala analógica visual, relaxamento muscular, postura e resposta auditiva. Foi realizada ANOVA, seguida de teste t pareado (paramétricos) e teste de Mann-Whitney rank-sum test (não paramétricos), com P<0,05. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos para o período de latência. Observou-se diferença significativa entre grupos para as variáveis f, PAM e SpO2, com maiores valores para DTMB, e EtCO2, com maiores valores para DXMB. Os dois grupos apresentaram redução da FC e da concentração de lactato, bem como aumento da concentração de bicarbonato. A SpO2 permaneceu abaixo de 90%, durante todo o período experimental, nos dois grupos estudados. Os animais dos dois grupos apresentaram sedação profunda e relaxamento muscular máximo. Conclui-se que os dois protocolos testados proporcionaram adequada sedação, podendo ser indicados para contenção química de catetos adultos.(AU)

The study compared the cardiorespiratory, hemogasometric and sedative effects of the combination of midazolam (0.41mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.31mg/kg) plus detomidine (157µg/kg) (DTMB) or dexmedetomidine (36µg/kg) (DXMB) in collared peccaries. Collared peccaries (n= 20) were divided into two groups, either DTMB or DXMB. The variables (FC, f, PAM, SpO2, EtCO2 and TR) were evaluated after application of the drugs. Sedation was assessed by visual analogue scale, muscle relaxation, posture and auditory response. ANOVA followed by paired t-test (parametric) and Mann Whitney Rank Sum Test (non-parametric) with P< 0.05 were performed. No statistical difference was observed for the latency period. A significant increase was observed between groups for the variables f, PAM and SpO2 with higher values for DTMB and EtCO2 with higher values for DXMB. The two groups presented a reduction in HR and lactate concentration, and an increase in bicarbonate concentration. SpO2 remained below 90% throughout the experiment in both groups. The animals of the two groups presented deep sedation and maximum muscle relaxation. It is concluded that the two protocols tested provided adequate sedation and could be indicated for chemical containment of collared peccaries.(AU)

Quantitative and Qualitative Behavioral Measurements to Assess Pain in Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum).

Effective pain relief in animals relies on the ability to discern pain and assess its severity. However, few objective measures exist to assess the presence and severity of pain in axolotls, and few resources are available regarding drugs and appropriate doses to provide pain relief in this species. This study evaluated behavioral tools for cageside pain assessment and validated a reproducible and reliable quantitative method to evaluate analgesic efficacy in axolotls. Animals were divided into control and treatment groups (n = 6 per group); treatment groups received buprenorphine through injection (50 mg/kg every 24 h for 48 h intracelomically) or butorphanol immersion (0.50 or 0.75 mg/L every 24 h for 48 h). Qualitative behavioral tests, adapted from other amphibian studies, included tapping on the home tank, directing water jets or physically touching specific anatomic points on the animal, and placing a novel object in the home tank. Quantitative methods used to produce noxious stimuli were the acetic acid test and von Frey aesthesiometers. Animals that were treated with analgesics did not demonstrate a significant difference compared with controls during behavioral assessment at 1, 6, 12, 25, 30, and 48 h after analgesia administration. The acetic acid test revealed a reproducible, concentration-dependent pain response. However, a significant difference in the AAT response was not observed between control and treated groups with the tested analgesics and doses.

Influência de diferentes doses de butorfanol na anestesia com sevofluorano em papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) / Influence of different doses of butorphanol in anesthesia with sevoflurane in blue-fronted parrots (Amazona aestiva)

Background: Parrots frequently require veterinary medical care. To reduce their stress, it is necessary to use chemical restraint or anesthesia. The use of balanced anesthesia techniques such as combinations of inhaled and injectable drugs is recommended. However, there is a shortage of anesthetic and analgesic protocols and data on cardiovascular and respiratory variables in wild birds. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects and the quality of anesthetic recovery in blue-front parrots (Amazona aestiva) anesthetized with sevoflurane in combination with various doses of butorphanol. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four clinically healthy animals, based on their clinical and hematological results (hematocrit and total plasma protein), were divided into 3 groups: 1- sevofluoran alone (GS); 2- associated with butorphanol at 3 mg/kg (GB3), and 3- 6 mg/kg (GB6) doses administered via the intramuscular (IM) route; digital clamping was used as a nociceptive stimulus. Induction and anesthetic maintenance were performed with sevoflurane at 5 and 2.5 V%, respectively, administered through a calibrated vaporizer and an anesthetic system adequate for the weight of the animals that were kept under spontaneous ventilation. It took 15 min after induction for the expired sevoflurane concentration (EtSevo) to stabilize, after which one intramuscular treatment was applied. The digital clamping was continued as a supramaximal nociceptive stimulus; if it presented a positive response, EtSevo increased by 10%, and when the stimulus decreased by 20%, digital clamping was repeated every 15 min until a positive response to the stimulus was observed. Heart rate (HR) and rhythm, respiratory rate (f), systolic blood pressure (SBP), EtSevo, expired CO2 (EtCO2 ), and body temperature (T°C) were measured during digital clamping. At the end, anesthetic...

Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine infusions randomly receiving, or not, butorphanol in standing horses.

Dexmedetomidine (DEX) alone, or combined with butorphanol (BUT), may be administered by constant rate infusions (CRIs) in standing horses. This blinded, randomised, crossover study in six healthy adult horses aimed to determine the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of DEX (dexmedetomidine (3.5 µg/kg+5 µg/kg/hour CRI) and DEX/BUT (dexmedetomidine (3.5 µg/kg+3.5 µg/kg/hour CRI) and butorphanol (20 µg/kg+24 µg/kg/hour CRI)). Head height above ground (HHAG), ataxia, responses to tactile/auditory stimuli and cardiopulmonary variables were recorded before, at 5/15/30/60/90 minutes and after CRIs terminated (15/30/60 minutes). Repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer test were used for cardiopulmonary values (mean±SD) and HHAG reduction (per cent), and Friedman's and Dunn's for non-parametric data (P<0.05). Maximum HHAG reductions of 54 per cent (DEX) and 58 per cent (DEX/BUT) occurred at 15 minutes, with ataxia for 15 minutes in both treatments. Responses to stimuli were reduced for 30 minutes in both treatments, and auditory up to 60 minutes in DEX. Cardiopulmonary effects typical of α2-agonists were observed, with no differences between treatments. At the doses and rates reported here, both regimens provided clinically sufficient sedation for only 30 minutes.

Efeitos sedativos da administração intranasal ou intramuscular de midazolam associado ou não ao butorfanol em periquito autraliano (Melopsitacus undulatus) / Sedative effects of intranasal or intramuscular administration of midazolamwith or without butorphanol in budgerigards (Melopsitacus undulatus)

Frequentemente o Médico Veterinário é requisitado para realização de diversos procedimentos em aves, os quais geralmente necessitam de sedação ou anestesia geral. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar os efeitos sedativos do midazolam (5 mg.kg-1) associado ou não ao butorfanol (1 mg.kg-1) pelas vias de administração intranasal ou intramuscular. Sete periquitos australianos foram submetidos a quatro tratamentos em delineamento do tipo crossover com 15 dias de intervalo. Foram avaliados os períodos de latência, tempos de decúbito dorsal, tempos de sedação, tempos de recuperação, grau de sedação e qualidade de recuperação. Os resultados paramétricos foram avaliados por análise de variância de uma via seguida por teste de Student-Newman-Keuls e os dados não paramétricos foram submetidos ao teste Kruskal-Wallis ambos com 5% de significância. A técnica intranasal demonstrou melhores graus de sedação, no entanto, concluiu-se que ambos os protocolos e as vias de administração avaliados são seguras e viáveis para sedação em periquito australiano.(AU)

Often veterinarians have attended various species of birds to perform clinical procedures, which require sedation or generalanesthesia. The aim of this study was compare the intranasal or intramuscular sedative effects of midazolam (5 mg.kg-1) withor without butorphanol (1 mg.kg-1). Seven budgerigards (Melopsitacus undulates) were submitted in a crossover design to fourtreatments. The procedures were performed with 15 days washout. Were evaluated the on set time, dorsal recumbency timeduration, total sedation period, total recovery time, sedation degree and recovery quality. The parametric results were analisedby one way ANOVA following Student-Newman-Keuls test and non-parametric datas were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test, bothwith 5% significance. The intranasal technical demonstrates best degrees of sedation, however, this study concluded that bothprotocols and the administration routes are safe and viable for sedation in budgerigards.(AU)

Evaluation of intranasal oxygen supplementation in mules anesthetized with the combination of ketamine, butorphanol, and guaifenesin / Avaliação da suplementação intranasal de oxigênio em muares anestesiados com a associação de cetamina, butorfanol e éter gliceril guaiacólico

Hypoxemia is a major complication of field anesthesia and no studies regarding this occurrence in mules has been done. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate intranasal oxygen supplementation (IOS) in mules (Equus caballus x Equus asinus) anesthetized with ketamine/butorphanol/guaifenesin combination. For this, we used six male, adult mules (322±29kg) which underwent premedication (MPA) with 0.2mg/kg of midazolam intramuscularly after 15 minutes, 0.02mg/kg detomidine IV 5 minutes after, induction IV with combination of ketamine (2mg/mL), butorphanol (22.5mg/mL), and guaifenesin (50mg/mL) (K/B/G) until lateral decumbency. Maintenance was done with the same anesthetic combination. The animals were submitted twice to the protocol described above, 20 days apart, forming two groups. CG: MPA, induction (0.92±0.24mL/kg (mean±SD)), and maintenance (2.2±0.2mL/kg/h) without SIO; TG: MPA, induction (0.98±0.17mL/kg), and maintenance (2.3±0.4mL/kg/h) with IOS flow 40mL/kg/h. During anesthesia arterial blood was collected every 20 minutes (T0, T20, T40, and T60) for blood gas analysis. Data analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Hypoxemia of the animals in the CG in periods (59±5; 55±5; 53±7; 49±8) with lower averages than the TG (160±4, 115±34, 92±25, 81±19) was observed, demonstrating that IOS increases PaO2 avoiding the occurrence of hypoxemia.(AU)

A hipoxemia é uma das principais complicações da anestesia a campo, e em muares não existem estudos a respeito dessa ocorrência. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação intranasal de oxigênio (SIO) em muares (Equus caballus x Equus asinus) anestesiados com cetamina/butorfanol/guaifenesina associados. Para isso, foram utilizados seis muares, macho e adultos (322±29kg), submetidos à medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) com 0,2mg/kg de midazolam por via intramuscular, após 15 minutos, 0,02mg/kg de detomidina por via intravenosa, após cinco minutos, indução com administração intravenosa da associação de cetamina (2mg/mL), butorfanol (22,5 µg/mL) e guaifenesina (50mg/mL) em solução de glicose a 5% (C/B/G) até o animal assumir o decúbito lateral. A manutenção foi realizada com a mesma associação anestésica. Os animais foram submetidos duas vezes ao protocolo descrito anteriormente, com intervalo de 20 dias, formando dois grupos experimentais. GC -MPA, indução (0,92±0,24mL/kg (média±DP)) e manutenção (2,2±0,2mL/kg/h) sem SIO; GT - MPA, indução (0,98±0,17mL/kg) e manutenção (2,3±0,4mL/kg/h) com SIO, fluxo de 40mL/kg/h. Durante a anestesia, foi colhido sangue arterial a cada 20 minutos (T0, T20, T40 e T60) para hemogasometria. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA, seguidos pelo teste de Bonferroni. Valores de P<0,05 foram considerados significativos. Foi observada hipoxemia (PaO2<60mmHg) dos animais no GC nos tempos avaliados (T0= 59±5; T20= 55±5; T40= 53±7; T60= 49±8), com médias menores que as do GT, (160±4; 115±34; 92±25; 81±19, respectivamente), o que demonstrou que a suplementação intranasal de oxigênio aumenta a PaO2, evitando a ocorrência de hipoxemia.

Evaluation of intranasal oxygen supplementation in mules anesthetized with the combination of ketamine, butorphanol, and guaifenesin / Avaliação da suplementação intranasal de oxigênio em muares anestesiados com a associação de cetamina, butorfanol e éter gliceril guaiacólico

Hypoxemia is a major complication of field anesthesia and no studies regarding this occurrence in mules has been done. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate intranasal oxygen supplementation (IOS) in mules (Equus caballus x Equus asinus) anesthetized with ketamine/butorphanol/guaifenesin combination. For this, we used six male, adult mules (322±29kg) which underwent premedication (MPA) with 0.2mg/kg of midazolam intramuscularly after 15 minutes, 0.02mg/kg detomidine IV 5 minutes after, induction IV with combination of ketamine (2mg/mL), butorphanol (22.5mg/mL), and guaifenesin (50mg/mL) (K/B/G) until lateral decumbency. Maintenance was done with the same anesthetic combination. The animals were submitted twice to the protocol described above, 20 days apart, forming two groups. CG: MPA, induction (0.92±0.24mL/kg (mean±SD)), and maintenance (2.2±0.2mL/kg/h) without SIO; TG: MPA, induction (0.98±0.17mL/kg), and maintenance (2.3±0.4mL/kg/h) with IOS flow 40mL/kg/h. During anesthesia arterial blood was collected every 20 minutes (T0, T20, T40, and T60) for blood gas analysis. Data analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Hypoxemia of the animals in the CG in periods (59±5; 55±5; 53±7; 49±8) with lower averages than the TG (160±4, 115±34, 92±25, 81±19) was observed, demonstrating that IOS increases PaO2 avoiding the occurrence of hypoxemia.(AU)

A hipoxemia é uma das principais complicações da anestesia a campo, e em muares não existem estudos a respeito dessa ocorrência. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação intranasal de oxigênio (SIO) em muares (Equus caballus x Equus asinus) anestesiados com cetamina/butorfanol/guaifenesina associados. Para isso, foram utilizados seis muares, macho e adultos (322±29kg), submetidos à medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) com 0,2mg/kg de midazolam por via intramuscular, após 15 minutos, 0,02mg/kg de detomidina por via intravenosa, após cinco minutos, indução com administração intravenosa da associação de cetamina (2mg/mL), butorfanol (22,5 µg/mL) e guaifenesina (50mg/mL) em solução de glicose a 5% (C/B/G) até o animal assumir o decúbito lateral. A manutenção foi realizada com a mesma associação anestésica. Os animais foram submetidos duas vezes ao protocolo descrito anteriormente, com intervalo de 20 dias, formando dois grupos experimentais. GC -MPA, indução (0,92±0,24mL/kg (média±DP)) e manutenção (2,2±0,2mL/kg/h) sem SIO; GT - MPA, indução (0,98±0,17mL/kg) e manutenção (2,3±0,4mL/kg/h) com SIO, fluxo de 40mL/kg/h. Durante a anestesia, foi colhido sangue arterial a cada 20 minutos (T0, T20, T40 e T60) para hemogasometria. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA, seguidos pelo teste de Bonferroni. Valores de P<0,05 foram considerados significativos. Foi observada hipoxemia (PaO2<60mmHg) dos animais no GC nos tempos avaliados (T0= 59±5; T20= 55±5; T40= 53±7; T60= 49±8), com médias menores que as do GT, (160±4; 115±34; 92±25; 81±19, respectivamente), o que demonstrou que a suplementação intranasal de oxigênio aumenta a PaO2, evitando a ocorrência de hipoxemia.

Efeitos de dois protocolos de sedação sobre as variáveis bioquímicas em gatos / Effects of two sedation protocols in biochemistry variables in cats

A utilização de protocolos de sedação como auxílio na contenção de felinos para realização de coletas de sangue é de grande importância, porém a utilização de alguns fármacos pode alterar resultados e a interpretação deles. Por outro lado, a contenção física pode gerar intenso estresse, especialmente em felinos, o que também pode interferir nos resultados. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar exames de bioquímica clínica sob o uso de contenção física e química em gatos submetidos a dois protocolos de sedação. Foram utilizados 50 gatos, 26 fêmeas e 24 machos, sem raça definida, submetidos a contenção física e, imediatamente após, a dois protocolos de sedação, DB (dexmedetomidina 5µg/kg e butorfanol 0,3mg/kg) e DBC (dexmedetomidina 5µg/kg, butorfanol 0,3mg/kg e cetamina 3mg/kg), aplicados por via intramuscular. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas após a contenção física e, em seguida, após o uso de um dos protocolos de sedação. Foram avaliados: ureia, creatinina, alaninoaminotransferase (ALT), fosfatase alcalina, proteína sérica total (PST), albumina, globulinas, colesterol, triglicérides, cálcio, magnésio e cloretos de amostras de soro, lactato e glicose de amostras de plasma fluoretado. Foi encontrada diferença estatística entre grupos para albumina, triglicérides, PST e colesterol, com maiores valores sendo encontrados no grupo DBC. Entre momentos, houve diferença para colesterol e fosfatase alcalina, com maiores valores no momento contenção física somente no grupo DBC. Já a glicose teve maiores valores após a sedação em ambos os grupos. O estudo revelou que o uso destes protocolos implica restrições para alguns parâmetros bioquímicos aqui estudados e que suas interpretações devem ser avaliadas cuidadosamente.(AU)

The use of sedation protocols to assist in the restraint of cats to perform blood collections is of great importance, but the use of some drugs can alter the results and interpretation. Moreover, the physical restraint may generate intense stress, especially in animals of the feline species, which may also interfere with the results. This study aimed to evaluate examinations of clinical biochemistry in the use of physical restraint and chemistry in cats subjected to two sedation protocols. We used 50 cats, 26 females and 24 males, of mixed-breed, who underwent physical restraint and immediately after underwent two sedation protocols, DB (dexmedetomidine 5µg / kg and 0.3mg butorphanol / kg) and DBC (dexmedetomidine 5µg / kg butorphanol 0.3mg / kg ketamine and 3mg / kg), applied intramuscularly. Blood samples were taken after physical restraint and then after the use of one of the sedation protocols. The following parameters were evaluated: urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total serum protein (TP), albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, magnesium and chloride in serum samples, and lactate and glucose in fluoride plasma samples. Statistical difference was found between groups for albumin, triglycerides, TP and cholesterol with higher values being found in the DBC group. A statistical difference between moments was found for cholesterol, and ALP with higher values in physical restraint only in the DBC group. Glucose had greater values after sedation for both groups. The study revealed that the use of these protocols implies restrictions on some biochemical parameters studied here, and that their interpretations should be evaluated carefully.(AU)

Efeitos de dois protocolos de sedação sobre as variáveis bioquímicas em gatos / Effects of two sedation protocols in biochemistry variables in cats

A utilização de protocolos de sedação como auxílio na contenção de felinos para realização de coletas de sangue é de grande importância, porém a utilização de alguns fármacos pode alterar resultados e a interpretação deles. Por outro lado, a contenção física pode gerar intenso estresse, especialmente em felinos, o que também pode interferir nos resultados. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar exames de bioquímica clínica sob o uso de contenção física e química em gatos submetidos a dois protocolos de sedação. Foram utilizados 50 gatos, 26 fêmeas e 24 machos, sem raça definida, submetidos a contenção física e, imediatamente após, a dois protocolos de sedação, DB (dexmedetomidina 5µg/kg e butorfanol 0,3mg/kg) e DBC (dexmedetomidina 5µg/kg, butorfanol 0,3mg/kg e cetamina 3mg/kg), aplicados por via intramuscular. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas após a contenção física e, em seguida, após o uso de um dos protocolos de sedação. Foram avaliados: ureia, creatinina, alaninoaminotransferase (ALT), fosfatase alcalina, proteína sérica total (PST), albumina, globulinas, colesterol, triglicérides, cálcio, magnésio e cloretos de amostras de soro, lactato e glicose de amostras de plasma fluoretado. Foi encontrada diferença estatística entre grupos para albumina, triglicérides, PST e colesterol, com maiores valores sendo encontrados no grupo DBC. Entre momentos, houve diferença para colesterol e fosfatase alcalina, com maiores valores no momento contenção física somente no grupo DBC. Já a glicose teve maiores valores após a sedação em ambos os grupos. O estudo revelou que o uso destes protocolos implica restrições para alguns parâmetros bioquímicos aqui estudados e que suas interpretações devem ser avaliadas cuidadosamente.(AU)

The use of sedation protocols to assist in the restraint of cats to perform blood collections is of great importance, but the use of some drugs can alter the results and interpretation. Moreover, the physical restraint may generate intense stress, especially in animals of the feline species, which may also interfere with the results. This study aimed to evaluate examinations of clinical biochemistry in the use of physical restraint and chemistry in cats subjected to two sedation protocols. We used 50 cats, 26 females and 24 males, of mixed-breed, who underwent physical restraint and immediately after underwent two sedation protocols, DB (dexmedetomidine 5µg / kg and 0.3mg butorphanol / kg) and DBC (dexmedetomidine 5µg / kg butorphanol 0.3mg / kg ketamine and 3mg / kg), applied intramuscularly. Blood samples were taken after physical restraint and then after the use of one of the sedation protocols. The following parameters were evaluated: urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total serum protein (TP), albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, magnesium and chloride in serum samples, and lactate and glucose in fluoride plasma samples. Statistical difference was found between groups for albumin, triglycerides, TP and cholesterol with higher values being found in the DBC group. A statistical difference between moments was found for cholesterol, and ALP with higher values in physical restraint only in the DBC group. Glucose had greater values after sedation for both groups. The study revealed that the use of these protocols implies restrictions on some biochemical parameters studied here, and that their interpretations should be evaluated carefully.(AU)

Behavioral and cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with butorphanol, methadone, morphine or tramadol in conscious sheep.

OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiopulmonary and sedative effects following administration of dexmedetomidine alone or with butorphanol, methadone, morphine or tramadol in healthy sheep. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: Six Santa Inês sheep, five females, one male, aged 12-28 months and weighing 40.1 ± 6.2 kg. METHODS: Sheep were assigned treatments of dexmedetomidine (0.005 mg kg(-1) ; D); D and butorphanol (0.15 mg kg(-1) ; DB); D and methadone (0.5 mg kg(-1) ; DM); D and morphine (0.5 mg kg(-1) ; DMO); or D and tramadol (5.0 mg kg(-1) ; DT). All drugs were administered intravenously with at least 7 days between each treatment. Rectal temperature, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR ), invasive arterial pressure, blood gases and electrolytes were measured prior to administration of drugs (baseline, T0) and every 15 minutes following drug administration for 120 minutes (T15-T120). Sedation was scored by three observers blinded to treatment. RESULTS: HR decreased in all treatments and fR decreased in DM at T30 and DMO at T30 and T45. PaCO2 was increased in D, DB and DM compared with baseline, and PaO2 decreased in D at T15 and T45; in DB at T15 to T75; in DM at T15 to T60; in DMO at T15; and in DT at T15, T30 and T75. There was a decrease in temperature in D, DB and DM. An increased pH was measured in D at all time points and in DT at T30-T120. HCO3- and base excess were increased in all treatments compared with baseline. There were no statistical differences in sedation scores. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The combination of dexmedetomidine with butorphanol, methadone, morphine or tramadol resulted in similar changes in cardiopulmonary function and did not improve sedation when compared with dexmedetomidine alone.

Effects of intravenous analgesia with combined dezocine and butorphanol on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients.

The aim of this study was to observe the analgesic effects of the combination of dezocine and butorphanol on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients. Forty elderly patients undergoing upper abdominal surgeries or thoracotomies with general anesthesia were randomly divided into the dezocine and butorphanol group or the butorphanol group (20 patients per group). A visual analog scale was used to evaluate analgesia and the degree of malignant vomiting. The Ramsay scoring method was used to evaluate sedation. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to evaluate cognitive function. Forty-eight hours after the operation, the pain score of the dezocine and butorphanol group (means ± SD, 1.75 ± 0.44) was lower than that of the butorphanol group (2.25 ± 0.79; P < 0.05), and the nausea and vomiting score of the dezocine and butorphanol group (0) was lower than that of the butorphanol group (0.70 ± 1.30; P < 0.05). Six hours after the operation, the sedative score of the butorphanol group (3.75 ± 0.79) was higher than that of the dezocine and butorphanol group (2.15 ± 0.75; P < 0.05). Compared to 1 day before the operation, the MMSE scores of both groups decreased 6 h after the operation, and the MMSE score of the butorphanol group (15.00 ± 2.00) was lower than that of the dezocine and butorphanol group (20.95 ± 1.54; P < 0.05). Dezocine and butorphanol analgesia had transient effects on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients, and the effect of the combination was superior than butorphanol only.

Sedative and mechanical hypoalgesic effects of butorphanol in xylazine-premedicated donkeys.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Combinations of α2 -adrenoceptor and opioid agonists are commonly used in equids, but little scientific information is available on donkeys. OBJECTIVES: To compare the sedative and hypoalgesic effects of xylazine alone or in combination with different dosages of butorphanol in donkeys. STUDY DESIGN: Placebo-controlled, operator-blinded, randomised, crossover, Latin square study. METHODS: Six donkeys received intravenous normal saline and normal saline (NS-NS); xylazine (0.5 mg/kg bwt) and normal saline (X-NS); xylazine and 10 µg/kg bwt butorphanol (X-B10); xylazine and 20 µg/kg bwt butorphanol (X-B20); xylazine and 30 µg/kg bwt butorphanol (X-B30); and xylazine and 40 µg/kg bwt butorphanol (X-B40). Sedation scores (SS), head height above ground (HHAG) and mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNT) were assessed before and for 120 min after treatment. Areas under the curve (AUC) values for 0-30, 30-60 and 60-120 min were computed for SS, HHAG and MNT. As appropriate, differences between treatments were analysed using the Friedman test followed by Dunn's test and a repeated measures one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test; significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS: All treatments apart from NS-NS induced sedation. Butorphanol treatments induced significantly larger SS-AUC0 -30 values than those for NS-NS (P<0.05). Compared to corresponding NS-NS values, HHAG-AUC0 -30 values were significantly smaller for all other treatments (P<0.001) and HHAG-AUC30-60 values were significantly smaller for X-B40 (P<0.05). Compared to NS-NS, all treatments induced mechanical hypoalgesia and yielded significantly larger MNT-AUC0-30 values (P<0.001). Treatment X-NS yielded significantly smaller MNT-AUC0 -30 values than those for X-B30 and X-B40 (P<0.05). Only MNT-AUC30 -60 values for X-B30 and X-B40 were significantly larger than those for NS-NS and X-NS (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sedation and mechanical hypoalgesia induced by xylazine were enhanced by butorphanol at 40 µg/kg bwt. This drug combination may be suitable for chemical restraint of donkeys undergoing certain clinical procedures.

Sedative, hematologic and hemostatic effects of dexmedetomidine-butorphanol alone or in combination with ketamine in cats.

Acute stress induced by physical restraint can interfere with the validity of laboratory findings. Sedation could minimize such stress. However, it is not known whether sedation can affect hematologic and hemostatic parameters in cats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate hematologic and hemostatic parameters in domestic cats subjected to physical restraint in addition to one of two sedation protocols. In total, 50 cats were subjected to physical restraint and were then randomly divided into two groups of 25 animals, receiving dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) and butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg; DB group) or dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg), butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg) and ketamine (3 mg/kg; DBK group). The cats were assessed for acute stress, sedation level, onset of sedation and duration of sedation. Blood samples were collected after handling and after sedation. The complete blood count (CBC), platelet count, buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT), whole-blood clotting time, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and thrombin time (TT) were determined for each sample, before and after chemical restraint. No statistically significant differences were found in the hematologic parameters. Certain hemostatic parameters (PT, aPTT and TT) were higher in the DB group (P <0.05). The onset of sedation was similar in the two groups, and the duration of sedation was longer in the DBK group. Both sedation protocols were effective for short-duration chemical restraint for blood collection from the studied cats, and no clinically relevant effects on hematologic or hemostatic parameters were detected.

Efeitos hemodinâmicos da infusão contínua de butorfanol em cães anestesiados com propofol / Hemodinamic effects of continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in propofol-anesthetized dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of the total intravenous anesthesiawith propofol and butorphanol in dogs. For that purpose, twenty adult healthy crossbred dogs wereused. The animals were equally allocated into two groups (PG and BG) and induced to the anesthesiawith intravenous propofol (10 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation, controlled ventilation wasinstituted with 60% oxygen and flow of 30 mL/kg/min in a closed system, with controlled volume.The anesthetic maintenance was accomplished with propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min). The butorphanol group(BG) received, butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV, followed by continuous infusion (40 ?g/kg/h). The placebogroup (PG) received only NaCl 0.9% in bolus, followed by venous infusion, in identical volume of the BG. Baseline hemodynamic measurements were performed before opioid or saline administration(M0) and immediately after, every 15 minutes (M15 to M75). Administration of butorphanol resultedin decrease of total peripheric resistance (TPR), arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP) and cardiacoutput (CO), without clinical relevance. The results allow us to conclude that association providessafe anesthesia for patients with ventilatory support.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos decorrentes da anestesia total intravenosa compropofol e butorfanol em cães. Para tal, foram utilizados 20 animais adultos hígidos, sem raçadefinida, distribuídos em dois grupos, designados como GB e GP, induzidos à anestesia com propofol(10 mg/kg). Após a intubação orotraqueal, instituiu-se ventilação controlada com oxigênio a 60%e fluxo de 30 mL/kg/min em circuito fechado, com volume controlado. A manutenção anestésicafoi realizada com a administração de 0,6 mg/kg/min de propofol. O grupo butorfanol (GB) recebeubutorfanol 0,1 mg/kg IV, seguido de infusão contínua (40 ?g/kg/h). O grupo placebo (GP) recebeusomente NaCl 0,9% em bolus, seguido de infusão venosa, em volume idêntico ao do GB. As variáveishemodinâmicas foram avaliadas antes da aplicação do opioide ou da solução de NaCl a 0,9% (M0)e imediatamente após, em intervalos de 15 minutos (M15 a M75). A administração de butorfanolresultou em redução da resistência periférica total (RPT), das pressões arteriais (PAS, PAD e PAM)e do débito cardíaco (DC), sem relevância clínica. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associaçãoproporciona anestesia segura para pacientes com suporte ventilatório.(AU)

Efeitos hemodinâmicos da infusão contínua de butorfanol em cães anestesiados com propofol / Hemodinamic effects of continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in propofol-anesthetized dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of the total intravenous anesthesiawith propofol and butorphanol in dogs. For that purpose, twenty adult healthy crossbred dogs wereused. The animals were equally allocated into two groups (PG and BG) and induced to the anesthesiawith intravenous propofol (10 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation, controlled ventilation wasinstituted with 60% oxygen and flow of 30 mL/kg/min in a closed system, with controlled volume.The anesthetic maintenance was accomplished with propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min). The butorphanol group(BG) received, butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV, followed by continuous infusion (40 ?g/kg/h). The placebogroup (PG) received only NaCl 0.9% in bolus, followed by venous infusion, in identical volume of the BG. Baseline hemodynamic measurements were performed before opioid or saline administration(M0) and immediately after, every 15 minutes (M15 to M75). Administration of butorphanol resultedin decrease of total peripheric resistance (TPR), arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP) and cardiacoutput (CO), without clinical relevance. The results allow us to conclude that association providessafe anesthesia for patients with ventilatory support.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos decorrentes da anestesia total intravenosa compropofol e butorfanol em cães. Para tal, foram utilizados 20 animais adultos hígidos, sem raçadefinida, distribuídos em dois grupos, designados como GB e GP, induzidos à anestesia com propofol(10 mg/kg). Após a intubação orotraqueal, instituiu-se ventilação controlada com oxigênio a 60%e fluxo de 30 mL/kg/min em circuito fechado, com volume controlado. A manutenção anestésicafoi realizada com a administração de 0,6 mg/kg/min de propofol. O grupo butorfanol (GB) recebeubutorfanol 0,1 mg/kg IV, seguido de infusão contínua (40 ?g/kg/h). O grupo placebo (GP) recebeusomente NaCl 0,9% em bolus, seguido de infusão venosa, em volume idêntico ao do GB. As variáveishemodinâmicas foram avaliadas antes da aplicação do opioide ou da solução de NaCl a 0,9% (M0)e imediatamente após, em intervalos de 15 minutos (M15 a M75). A administração de butorfanolresultou em redução da resistência periférica total (RPT), das pressões arteriais (PAS, PAD e PAM)e do débito cardíaco (DC), sem relevância clínica. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associaçãoproporciona anestesia segura para pacientes com suporte ventilatório.

Physiological and analgesic effects of continuous-rate infusion of morphine, butorphanol, tramadol or methadone in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced carpal synovitis.

BACKGROUND: Continuous-rate infusion (CRI) of drugs results in more stable plasma drug concentrations than administration of intermittent boluses, thus providing greater stability of physiological parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiologic and analgesic effects of the administration of morphine, butorphanol, tramadol or methadone by CRI in horses with induced synovitis of the radiocarpal joint. RESULTS: Increased values of cardiorespiratory parameters and body temperature were observed in all groups after initiation of opioid administration, and these increases were sustained throughout the CRI period. Morphine, butorphanol and methadone each caused a reduction in gut sounds, and this effect was greatest in animals that received morphine. Administration of morphine or methadone reduced the degree of lameness after the end of intravenous infusion. Administration of tramadol did not alter the degree of lameness in the animals. CONCLUSIONS: CRI of morphine or methadone, but not butorphanol or tramadol, provided analgesia in horses with carpal synovitis. All of these opioids increased cardiovascular and respiratory parameters and reduced gut sounds during CRI.

Effects of a continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized horses on cardiorespiratory parameters, recovery quality, gastrointestinal motility and serum cortisol concentrations.

PURPOSE: To assess the cardiorespiratory parametes, recovery, gastrointestinal motility and serum cortisol concentrations in horses anesthetized with isoflurane with or without a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of butorphanol for orchiectomy. METHODS: Twelve adult, intact, male horses weighing 332 ± 55 kg were included in the study. Xilazine was administered as premedication. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam and maintained with isoflurane. Butorphanol (0.025 mg kg-1 bolus) or an equivalent volume of saline (0.9%) was given intravenously followed by a CRI of butorphanol (BG) (13 µg kg-1 hour-1) or saline (CG). Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded before (T0) and every 15 minutes for 75 minutes after the start of infusion. Serum cortisol concentration was measured at T0 and 60 minutes, and 30 minutes and 19 hours after the horse stood up. Recovery from anesthesia was evaluated using a scoring system. Gastrointestinal motility was evaluated before anesthesia and during 24 hours after recovery. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups in cardiopulmonary variables, or recovery scores or serum cortisol concentrations. A reduction in gastrointestinal motility was recorded for 60 minutes in BG. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in horses anesthetized with isoflurane did not adversely affect the cardiopulmonary variables monitored, or recovery scores. A small but statistically significant reduction in gastrointestinal motility occurred in the butorphanol group.