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1.
Technol Cult ; 65(2): 473-495, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38766958

RESUMO

This article explores why white supremacists regard self-directed mobility by people of color as threatening by examining a controversy that unfolded in a mining town called Springs during the apartheid era in South Africa. Drawing on archives, oral histories, and testimonies, it shows how white residents of Selcourt and Selection Park, along with their allies in the town council, prevented Black workers from walking and cycling through the suburbs. Infrastructure and social disciplinary institutions proved effective in forcing Black workers to largely comply. It argues that the white supremacist disciplinary imperative against the workers arose directly from the characteristics of their mode of mobility. In their open embodiment, free from the confines of mechanized transport, and slow speeds, the workers engaged in a sustained refusal of spatial segregation. The article highlights how racial difference as an analytical category sheds light on mobility control within regimes of white supremacy.


Assuntos
Caminhada , África do Sul , História do Século XX , Humanos , Caminhada/história , População Negra/história , Ciclismo/história , Apartheid/história , Racismo/história , Relações Raciais/história
2.
Am J Phys Anthropol ; 162(4): 782-793, 2017 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28101944

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates biomechanical implications of walking with indigenous "Kolhapuri" footwear compared to barefoot walking among a population of South Indians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten healthy adults from South India walked barefoot and indigenously shod at voluntary speed on an artificial substrate. The experiment was repeated outside, on a natural substrate. Data were collected from (1) a heel-mounted 3D-accelerometer recording peak impact at heel contact, (2) an ankle-mounted 3D-goniometer (plantar/dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion), and (3) sEMG electrodes at the m. tibialis anterior and the m. gastrocnemius medialis. RESULTS: Data show that the effect of indigenous footwear on the measured variables, compared to barefoot walking, is relatively small and consistent between substrates (even though subjects walked faster on the natural substrate). Walking barefoot, compared to shod walking yields higher impact accelerations, but the differences are small and only significant for the artificial substrate. The main rotations of the ankle joint are mostly similar between conditions. Only the shod condition shows a faster ankle rotation over the rapid eversion motion on the natural substrate. Maximal dorsiflexion in late stance differs between the footwear conditions on an artificial substrate, with the shod condition involving a less dorsiflexed ankle, and the plantar flexion at toe-off is more extreme when shod. Overall the activity pattern of the external foot muscles is similar. DISCUSSION: The indigenous footwear studied (Kolhapuri) seems to alter foot biomechanics only in a subtle way. While offering some degree of protection, walking in this type of footwear resembles barefoot gait and this type of indigenous footwear might be considered "minimal".


Assuntos
Acelerometria/instrumentação , Fenômenos Biomecânicos/fisiologia , Pé/fisiologia , Sapatos/história , Caminhada , Acelerometria/métodos , Adulto , Povo Asiático/etnologia , História Antiga , Humanos , Índia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Caminhada/história , Caminhada/fisiologia
4.
Duodecim ; 131(21): 1995-2001, 2015.
Artigo em Finlandês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26677550

RESUMO

Bipedality evolved in hominids more than 4 million years ago. Bipedals were a diverse group including the lineage of obligatory walkers that finally lead to humans. Important anatomical changes in this group were: enhanced lumbar lordosis, shortening of the ilium, and emphasize on the parasagittal movements. Long-distance running evolved much later and it was associated with well-developed plantar arches, strengthening of muscles supporting the erect trunk, and decoupling of the pectoral girdle and head. In addition to anatomical changes, humans have many physiological adaptations to long-distance running. It is likely that the ability to run long-distance has been important for the survival of our species.


Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Hominidae/anatomia & histologia , Hominidae/fisiologia , Corrida/história , Corrida/fisiologia , Caminhada/história , Caminhada/fisiologia , Animais , História Antiga , Humanos
5.
Neurologia ; 30(4): 240-6, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22658456

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: People have been interested in movement analysis in general, and gait analysis in particular, since ancient times. Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen, Leonardo da Vinci and Honoré de Balzac all used observation to analyse the gait of human beings. The purpose of this study is to compare Honoré de Balzac's writings with a scientific analysis of human gait. SOURCES: Honoré de Balzac's Theory of walking and other works by that author referring to gait. DEVELOPMENT: Honoré de Balzac had an interest in gait analysis, as demonstrated by his descriptions of characters which often include references to their way of walking. He also wrote a treatise entitled Theory of walking (Théorie de la demarche) in which he employed his keen observation skills to define gait using a literary style. He stated that the walking process is divided into phases and listed the factors that influence gait, such as personality, mood, height, weight, profession and social class, and also provided a description of the correct way of walking. CONCLUSIONS: Balzac considered gait analysis to be very important and this is reflected in both his character descriptions and Theory of walking, his analytical observation of gait. In our own technology-dominated times, this serves as a reminder of the importance of observation.


Assuntos
Marcha , Literatura Moderna/história , Medicina na Literatura , Pessoas Famosas , Marcha/fisiologia , História do Século XIX , Ciências Humanas/história , Humanos , Masculino , Caminhada/história
6.
Am J Phys Anthropol ; 151(2): 265-79, 2013 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23640691

RESUMO

We report a Holocene human and animal footprint site from the Namib Sand Sea, south of Walvis Bay, Namibia. Using these data, we explore intratrail footprint variability associated with small variations in substrate properties using a "whole foot" analytical technique developed for the studies in human ichnology. We demonstrate high levels of intratrail variability as a result of variations in grain size, depositional moisture content, and the degree of sediment disturbance, all of which determine the bearing capacity of the substrate. The two principal trails were examined, which had consistent stride and step lengths, and as such variations in print typology were primarily controlled by substrate rather than locomotor mechanics. Footprint typology varies with bearing capacity such that firm substrates show limited impressions associated with areas of peak plantar pressure, whereas softer substrates are associated with deep prints with narrow heels and reduced medial longitudinal arches. Substrates of medium bearing capacity give displacement rims and proximal movement of sediment, which obscures the true form of the medial longitudinal arch. A simple conceptual model is offered which summarizes these conclusions and is presented as a basis for further investigation into the control of substrate on footprint typology. The method, model, and results presented here are essential in the interpretation of any sites of greater paleoanthropological significance, such as recently reported from Ileret (1.5 Ma, Kenya; Bennett et al.: Science 323 (2009) 1197-1201).


Assuntos
Pé/anatomia & histologia , Pé/fisiologia , Hominidae/anatomia & histologia , Hominidae/fisiologia , Caminhada/história , Caminhada/fisiologia , Animais , Antropologia Física , Fenômenos Biomecânicos/fisiologia , História Antiga , Humanos , Namíbia
9.
Geogr Anal ; 43(3): 241-60, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22073410

RESUMO

One of the main tasks in analyzing pedestrian movement is to detect places where pedestrians stop, as those places usually are associated with specific human activities, and they can allow us to understand pedestrian movement behavior. Very few approaches have been proposed to detect the locations of stops in positioning data sets, and they often are based on selecting the location of candidate stops as well as potential spatial and temporal thresholds according to different application requirements. However, these approaches are not suitable for analyzing the slow movement of pedestrians where the inaccuracy of a nondifferential global positioning system commonly used for movement tracking is so significant that it can hinder the selection of adequate thresholds. In this article, we propose an exploratory statistical approach to detect patterns of movement suspension using a local indicator of spatial association (LISA) in a vector space representation. Two different positioning data sets are used to evaluate our approach in terms of exploring movement suspension patterns that can be related to different landscapes: players of an urban outdoor mobile game and visitors of a natural park. The results of both experiments show that patterns of movement suspension were located at places such as checkpoints in the game and different attractions and facilities in the park. Based on these results, we conclude that using LISA is a reliable approach for exploring movement suspension patterns that represent the places where the movement of pedestrians is temporally suspended by physical restrictions (e.g., checkpoints of a mobile game and the route choosing points of a park).


Assuntos
Cidades , Saúde Pública , Comportamento Espacial , Meios de Transporte , Caminhada , Cidades/economia , Cidades/etnologia , Cidades/história , Cidades/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Saúde Pública/economia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Segurança/economia , Segurança/história , Segurança/legislação & jurisprudência , Meios de Transporte/economia , Meios de Transporte/história , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Caminhada/economia , Caminhada/educação , Caminhada/história , Caminhada/legislação & jurisprudência , Caminhada/fisiologia , Caminhada/psicologia
10.
Econ Inq ; 49(3): 935-57, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22022734

RESUMO

I find evidence of a negative association between gasoline prices and body weight using a fixed effects model with several robustness checks. I also show that increases in gas prices are associated with additional walking and a reduction in the frequency with which people eat at restaurants, explaining their effect on weight. My estimates imply that 8% of the rise in obesity between 1979 and 2004 can be attributed to the concurrent drop in real gas prices, and that a permanent $1 increase in gasoline prices would reduce overweight and obesity in the United States by 7% and 10%.


Assuntos
Peso Corporal , Custos e Análise de Custo , Gasolina , Obesidade , Saúde Pública , Peso Corporal/etnologia , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Custos e Análise de Custo/economia , Custos e Análise de Custo/história , Custos e Análise de Custo/legislação & jurisprudência , Gasolina/economia , Gasolina/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Obesidade/economia , Obesidade/etnologia , Obesidade/história , Obesidade/psicologia , Saúde Pública/economia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Meios de Transporte/economia , Meios de Transporte/história , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Caminhada/economia , Caminhada/educação , Caminhada/história , Caminhada/legislação & jurisprudência , Caminhada/fisiologia , Caminhada/psicologia
11.
Urban Stud ; 48(1): 101-27, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21174895

RESUMO

This research measures the influence of transit-oriented development (TOD) on the San Diego, CA, condominium market. Many view TOD as a key element in creating a less auto dependent and more sustainable transport system. Price premiums indicate a potential for a market-driven expansion of TOD inventory. A hedonic price model is estimated to isolate statistically the effect of TOD. This includes interaction terms between station distance and various measures of pedestrian orientation. The resulting model shows that station proximity has a significantly stronger impact when coupled with a pedestrian-oriented environment. Conversely, station area condominiums in more auto-oriented environments may sell at a discount. This indicates that TOD has a synergistic value greater than the sum of its parts. It also implies a healthy demand for more TOD housing in San Diego.


Assuntos
Habitação , Características de Residência , Mudança Social , Meios de Transporte , Saúde da População Urbana , Reforma Urbana , Condução de Veículo/educação , Condução de Veículo/legislação & jurisprudência , Condução de Veículo/psicologia , California/etnologia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/história , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Custos e Análise de Custo/economia , Custos e Análise de Custo/história , Custos e Análise de Custo/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Habitação/economia , Habitação/história , Habitação/legislação & jurisprudência , Estilo de Vida/etnologia , Estilo de Vida/história , Características de Residência/história , Comportamento Social/história , Mudança Social/história , Meios de Transporte/economia , Meios de Transporte/história , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde da População Urbana/história , População Urbana/história , Reforma Urbana/economia , Reforma Urbana/educação , Reforma Urbana/história , Reforma Urbana/legislação & jurisprudência , Caminhada/economia , Caminhada/educação , Caminhada/história , Caminhada/legislação & jurisprudência , Caminhada/fisiologia , Caminhada/psicologia
12.
Urban Stud ; 48(1): 129-59, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21174897

RESUMO

This paper reports results from a detailed travel diary survey of 2125 residents in the South Bay area of Los Angeles County - a mature, auto-oriented suburban region. Study areas were divided into four centres, typical of compact development or smart growth, and four linear, auto-oriented corridors. Results show substantial variation in the amount of walking across study areas. Trips are shorter and more likely to be via walking in centres. A key to the centres' increased walking travel is the concentration of local shopping and service destinations in a commercial core. Yet the amount of business concentration that is associated with highly pedestrian-oriented neighbourhoods is from three to four times as large as what can be supported by the local resident base, suggesting that pedestrian-oriented neighbourhoods necessarily import shopping trips, and hence driving trips, from larger surrounding catchment areas. The results suggest both land use and mobility strategies that can be appropriate for suburban regions.


Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Características de Residência , Mudança Social , Saúde Suburbana , Meios de Transporte , Caminhada , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/história , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Habitação/economia , Habitação/história , Habitação/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Los Angeles/etnologia , Características de Residência/história , Comportamento Social/história , Mudança Social/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Saúde Suburbana/história , População Suburbana/história , Meios de Transporte/economia , Meios de Transporte/história , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Caminhada/economia , Caminhada/educação , Caminhada/história , Caminhada/legislação & jurisprudência , Caminhada/fisiologia , Caminhada/psicologia
13.
Urban Stud ; 48(1): 177-95, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21174898

RESUMO

Contemporary planners see mixing residential, retail and other compatible uses as an essential planning principle. This paper explores the challenges that planners, developers and municipal councillors encounter in trying to implement retail uses as part of the mix in suburban areas in three Canadian cities. The study finds that planners employ evolutionary theories of urban development to naturalise their normative visions of walkable and sociable communities. By contrast, developers point to consumer behaviour to explain why planners' ideas on mix do not work. In a society where people shop at big-box outlets, making the local café or pub commercially viable proves increasingly challenging.


Assuntos
Planejamento de Cidades , Estilo de Vida , Características de Residência , Comportamento Social , Saúde Suburbana , Caminhada , Planejamento de Cidades/economia , Planejamento de Cidades/educação , Planejamento de Cidades/história , Planejamento de Cidades/legislação & jurisprudência , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Habitação/economia , Habitação/história , Habitação/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Estilo de Vida/etnologia , Estilo de Vida/história , Características de Residência/história , Restaurantes/economia , Restaurantes/história , Restaurantes/legislação & jurisprudência , Comportamento Social/história , Saúde Suburbana/história , População Suburbana/história , Meios de Transporte/economia , Meios de Transporte/história , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudência , Caminhada/economia , Caminhada/educação , Caminhada/história , Caminhada/legislação & jurisprudência , Caminhada/fisiologia , Caminhada/psicologia
15.
Ann Epidemiol ; 20(9): 661-9, 2010 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20579904

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To examine the association of leisure time physical activity, walking pace and resting heart rate with disease-specific mortality in a prospective cohort study by reporting updated analyses of an earlier report we produced with the British epidemiologist, Jerry N. Morris (1910-2009). METHODS: In the original Whitehall study, 19,019 male, nonindustrial, London-based government employees, aged from 40 to 69 years in 1967 and 1970, participated in a medical examination during which data on leisure time physical activity (N = 6715), self-rated walking pace (N = 6729), and resting heart rate (N = 1183) were collected. Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios for the relation between these exposures and disease-specific mortality. RESULTS: In models adjusted for a range of covariates including socioeconomic status, smoking, and obesity, high resting heart rate was associated with a modestly elevated rate of mortality from all causes (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval: tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: 1.17; 0.99, 1.37 p[trend]: 0.07) and respiratory disease (1.69; 1.04, 2.76 p[trend]: 0.03). Of the two markers of physical activity, walking pace was inversely related to mortality ascribed to all causes (slow vs. high walking pace 1.71; 1.53, 1.91 p[trend]: <0.001]), coronary heart disease (2.03; 1.68, 2.47 p[trend]: <0.001), and total cancers (1.25; 0.98, 1.59 p[trend]: 0.04). The corresponding associations for leisure time activity were typically weaker. For other mortality endpoints-respiratory disease (walking pace: 1.96; 1.48, 2.60 p[trend]: <0.001]), hematopoietic cancer (walking pace: 1.36; 0.52, 3.51 p[trend]: 0.03), stomach cancer (inactive versus active leisure time: 1.53; 0.88, 2.64 p[trend]: 0.04), and rectal cancer (walking pace: 4.85; 1.70, 13.8 p[trend]: 0.007)-individual activity indices revealed effects, but not both. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of physical activity indexed by the various markers herein appeared to confer protection against a range of mortality outcomes.


Assuntos
Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Atividades de Lazer , Mortalidade/tendências , Caminhada/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores , Intervalos de Confiança , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/epidemiologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/mortalidade , Epidemiologia/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Saúde Pública/história , Descanso/fisiologia , Medição de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Caminhada/história
17.
NTM ; 18(4): 523-35, 2010.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21249525

RESUMO

This essay focuses on the interaction between the new reproduction media and corresponding reconfiguration of research fields in anthropology using the case of the "techniques of the body" - a concept developed by Marcel Mauss (1872-1950). For Mauss, the initiator of this discipline in France, body skills constituted the most important anthropological entity resulting from the confrontation of technical images and his interest in walking techniques. Three scenarios are especially significant for Mauss's formulation of "body techniques" as a genuine concept: the front during the World War I, a New Yorke hospital in 1926, and an ethnographical field study conducted in Africa during the ate 1920s. Both, the photographic media as well as the Abyssinian expedition of his student Marcel Griaule, whose research publication Mauss co-authored (Silhouettes et graffiti abyssins) n 1933, take centre stage here.


Assuntos
Antropologia Cultural/história , Comparação Transcultural , Marcha , Corpo Humano , Medicina nas Artes , Fotografação/história , Caminhada/história , África , França , História do Século XX , Humanos
18.
J Med Biogr ; 17(4): 206-8, 2009 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20029077

RESUMO

Born and raised in the Orkney Islands, Dr John Rae joined the Hudson's Bay Company and rose to be Chief Factor. Unusually tough and intelligent, he explored much of northern Canada, mapping the north eastern shore and finding controversial evidence of the lost Franklin expedition of 1845. A talented botanist, geologist, anthropologist and cartographer, he was northern Canada's most distinguished explorer.


Assuntos
Expedições/história , Cirurgia Geral/história , Caminhada/história , Regiões Árticas , Canadá , História do Século XIX , Humanos
19.
Asclepio ; 61(1): 175-92, 2009.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19753691

RESUMO

This essay explores the significance that rehabilitation physicians and polio patients in the United States put on recovering the ability to walk. Polio often paralyzed or severely weakened the legs of those who contracted the disease. Regaining the ability to walk was thus a significant measure of recovery from the disease. However, walking meant more than the physical act itself. Regaining the ability to walk meant, in a symbolic sense, that one was no longer disabled, that one had again become normal. This attitude was shared by rehabilitation specialists and patients alike. This essay examines this attitude and the cultural values it embodied through a study of the efforts of selected polio survivors to learn to walk again and of the rehabilitation literature that held walking as an ideal. It also explores what happened when polio patients were unable to walk again because of the severity of their paralysis.


Assuntos
Pessoas com Deficiência , Paralisia , Poliomielite , Reabilitação , Caminhada , Cadeiras de Rodas , Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Pessoas com Deficiência/educação , Pessoas com Deficiência/história , Pessoas com Deficiência/psicologia , Educação Médica , Política de Saúde/economia , Política de Saúde/história , História da Medicina , História do Século XX , Paralisia/etnologia , Paralisia/história , Paralisia/psicologia , Pacientes/história , Pacientes/psicologia , Médicos/economia , Médicos/história , Médicos/psicologia , Poliomielite/etnologia , Poliomielite/história , Poliomielite/psicologia , Poliovirus/fisiologia , Vacinas contra Poliovirus/história , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Reabilitação/economia , Reabilitação/educação , Reabilitação/história , Reabilitação/psicologia , Centros de Reabilitação/economia , Centros de Reabilitação/história , Especialização , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Caminhada/história , Caminhada/fisiologia , Caminhada/psicologia , Cadeiras de Rodas/economia , Cadeiras de Rodas/história , Cadeiras de Rodas/psicologia
20.
Renaiss Q ; 61(4): 1167-1207, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19235286

RESUMO

This article explores the intellectual foundations for the development of princely art collections, and of Italian picture galleries in particular, as spaces for combined physical and mental exercise and recreation. This study then establishes the relationship between the therapeutic function of picture galleries and the manner in which landscape paintings produced for princely collectors at this moment in Italy embodied ideals of both exercise and repose.


Assuntos
Beleza , Transtorno Depressivo , Saúde Mental , Terapias Mente-Corpo , Pinturas , Estimulação Luminosa , Recreação , Caminhada , Atividades Cotidianas/psicologia , Arte/história , Transtorno Depressivo/etnologia , Transtorno Depressivo/história , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , História do Século XVII , Corpo Humano , Humanismo/história , Humanos , Itália/etnologia , Cura Mental/história , Cura Mental/psicologia , Saúde Mental/história , Terapias Mente-Corpo/educação , Terapias Mente-Corpo/história , Terapias Mente-Corpo/psicologia , Pinturas/educação , Pinturas/história , Pinturas/psicologia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Recreação/economia , Recreação/fisiologia , Recreação/psicologia , Virtudes , Caminhada/educação , Caminhada/história , Caminhada/fisiologia , Caminhada/psicologia
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