Combined effects of cadmium and simulated acid rain on soil microbial communities in the early cultivation of Populus beijingensis seedlings.

The combined cadmium (Cd) and acid rain pollution poses a significant threat to the global ecological environment. Previous studies on the combined adverse effects have predominantly focused on the aboveground plant physiological responses, with limited reports on the microbial response in the rhizosphere soil. This study employed Populus beijingensis seedlings and potting experiments to simulate the impacts of combined mild acid rain (pH=4.5, MA) or highly strong acid rain (pH=3.0, HA), and soil Cd pollution on the composition and diversity of microbial communities, as well as the physiochemical properties in the rhizosphere soil. The results showed that Cd decreased the content of inorganic nitrogen, resulting in an overall decrease of 49.10 % and 46.67 % in ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, respectively. Conversely, acid rain was found to elevate the content of total potassium and soil organic carbon by 4.68 %-6.18 % and 8.64-19.16 %, respectively. Additionally, simulated acid rain was observed to decrease the pH level by 0.29-0.35, while Cd increased the pH level by 0.11. Moreover, Cd alone reduced the rhizosphere bacterial diversity, however, when combined with acid rain, regardless of its intensity, Cd was observed to increase the diversity. Fungal diversity was not influenced by the acid rain, but Cd increased fungal diversity to some extend under HA as observed in bacterial diversity. In addition, composition of the rhizosphere bacterial community was primarily influenced by the inorganic nitrogen components, while the fungal community was driven mainly by soil pH. Furthermore, "Metabolism" was emerged as the most significant bacterial function, which was markedly affected by the combined pollution, while Cd pollution led to a shift from symbiotroph to other trophic types for fungi. These findings suggest that simulated acid rain has a mitigating effect on the diversity of rhizosphere bacteria affected by Cd pollution, and also alters the trophic type of these microorganisms. This can be attributed to the acid rain-induced direct acidic environment, as well as the indirect changes in the availability or sources of carbon, nitrogen, or potassium.

Inhibition of acid rock drainage with iron-silicate or phosphate film: in rainy and submerged environments.

Iron phosphate-based coating and iron silicate-based coating were used to inhibit the oxidation of sulfide minerals in rainy and submerged environments. The inhibiting effectiveness of coating agents on the oxidation of iron sulfide minerals was investigated using pyrite and rock samples resulting from acid drainage. The film formed with both surface-coating agents was identified by pyrite surface analysis. It was also confirmed that the formation of coatings varies depending on the crystallographic orientation. The inhibitory effects under rainy and submerged conditions were investigated using column experiments. Submerged conditions accelerated deterioration compared to that under rainy conditions. Iron phosphate coating had a significantly better oxidation-inhibitory effect (84.86-98.70%) than iron silicate coating (56.80-92.36%), and at a concentration of 300 mM, H+ elution was inhibited by more than 90% throughout the experiment. Furthermore, methods for effective film formation were investigated in terms of producing Fe3+; (1) application of coating agents mixed with oxidant (H2O2), (2) application of coating agent after the use of the oxidant. In a rainy environment, applying iron phosphate-based coating using the sequential method showed oxidation inhibition effects for cycles 1-9, whereas applying the mixed material showed effects for cycles 9-13. The use of a surface-coating agent after applying an oxidant did not inhibit oxidation. The surface coating agent and the oxidizing agent should be applied as a mixture to form a film.

Considering the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s for risk assessment of soils affected by different non-ferrous metal activities in Southwest China.

Toxic metal(loid)s released into the soil by non-ferrous metal mining and smelting activities pose a serious threat to residents and the surrounding ecosystem. Considering only total metal(loid) concentrations likely overestimates routine (eco)toxicological risk assessment of soil. We hypothesize that considering metal(loid) bioavailability/accessibility will improve the accuracy of risk assessment. To test this hypothesis, four mining areas in Southwest China, including mining and surrounding sites, were studied. Bioavailability was determined considering metal(loid)s leached by a simulated strong acid rain (SSAR) treatment. In the four areas, the mining site showed higher cumulative releases of metal(loid)s under SSAR treatment than the agricultural field located in the surrounding sites. Thus, the bioavailable metal(loid)s contents were continuously being released during SSAR treatment and likely increased the environmental risk. Ecological and health risk assessment of soil, calculated using total metal(loid)s content, was corrected considering bioavailable/accessible metal(loid)s, which was determined by the heavy metal(loid)s forms and in vitro simulated intestinal stages. Although the corrected indices indicated that the risk of metal(loid)s-contaminated soil was reduced, unfavorable ecological and health risks remained in the four areas. Our study provides new perspectives to better predict the risk of bioavailable/accessible metal(loid)s in non-ferrous metal contaminated and surrounding soils.

The impact of urban rain on the changes of bare and artificially patinated bronze during 9-year exposure.

Atmospheric pollutants in the air form acid rain which interacts with bronze surfaces exposed in urban outdoor environment. In this study, different types of patinas on bronze were investigated during and after 9 years of exposure to urban environment in moderately polluted continental city. Natural bronze patina and artificial brown sulphide, green chloride, and green-blue nitrate patinas were investigated. Visual assessment was carried out at defined periods. After 9 years of exposure, an electrochemical study was performed to investigate the electrochemical activity of the patinas in artificial urban rain. Additionally, the patinas were characterised using a variety of techniques, including metallographic examination, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray-photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to analyse the surface morphology, chemical composition, and stratigraphic features of the patinas. Evolution of the patinas was shown to be a result of both, the composition of the acid rain and the hydrophobicity of the patinated surfaces.

Acid rain reduced soil carbon emissions and increased the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration: A comprehensive meta-analysis.

Soil respiration the second-largest carbon flux in terrestrial ecosystems, has been extensively studied across a wide range of biomes. Surprisingly, no consensus exist on how acid rain (AR) impacts the spatiotemporal pattern of soil respiration. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis using 318 soil respiration and 263 soil respiration temperature sensitivity (Q10) data points obtained from 48 studies to assess the impact of AR on soil respiration components and their Q10. The results showed that AR reduced soil total respiration (Rt) and soil autotrophic respiration (Ra) by 7.41 % and 20.75 %, respectively. As the H+ input increased, the response rates of Ra to AR (RR-Ra) and soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) to AR (RR-Rh) decreased and increased, respectively. With increased AR duration, the RR-Ra increased, whereas the RR-Rh did not change. AR increased the Q10 of Rt (Rt-Q10) and Rh (Rh-Q10) by 1.92 % and 9.47 %, respectively, and decreased the Q10 of Ra (Ra-Q10) by 2.77 %. Increased mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and initial soil organic carbon increased the response rate of Ra-Q10 to AR (RR-Ra-Q10) and decreased the response rate of Rh-Q10 to AR (RR-Rh-Q10). However, as the AR frequency and initial soil pH increased, both RR-Ra-Q10 and RR-Rh-Q10 also increased. In summary, AR decreased Rt but increased Q10, likely due to soil acidification (soil pH decreased by 7.84 %), reducing plant root biomass (decreased by 5.67 %) and soil microbial biomass (decreased by 5.67 %), changing microbial communities (increased fungi to bacteria ratio of 15.91 %), and regulated by climate, vegetation, soil and AR regimes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the large-scale, varied response patterns of soil respiration components and their Q10 to AR. It highlights the importance of applying the reductionism theory in soil respiration research to enhance our understanding of soil carbon cycling processes with in the context of global climate change.

Mobility, speciation of cadmium, and bacterial community composition along soil depths during microbial carbonate precipitation under simulated acid rain.

An overexploitation of earth resources results in acid deposition in soil, which adversely impacts soil ecosystems and biodiversity and affects conventional heavy metal remediation using immobilization. A series of column experiments was conducted in this study to compare the cadmium (Cd) retention stability through biotic and abiotic carbonate precipitation impacted by simulated acid rain (SAR), to build a comprehensive understanding of cadmium speciation and distribution along soil depth and to elucidate the biogeochemical bacteria-soil-heavy metal interfaces. The strain of Sporosarcina pasteurii DSM 33 was used to trigger the biotic carbonate precipitation and cultivated throughout the 60-day column incubation. Results of soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and quantitative CdCO3/CaCO3 analysis concluded that the combination of biotic and abiotic soil treatment could reinforce soil buffering capacity as a strong defense mechanism against acid rain disturbance. Up to 1.8 ± 0.04 U/mg urease enzyme activity was observed in combination soil from day 10, confirming the sustained effect of urease-mediated microbial carbonate precipitation. Cadmium speciation and distribution analyses provided new insights into the dual stimulation of carbonate-bound and Fe/Mn-bound phases of cadmium immobilization under microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). As confirmed by the microbial community analysis, outsourcing urea triggered diverse microbial metabolic responses, notably carbonate precipitation and dissimilatory iron metabolism, in both oxygen-rich topsoil and oxygen-depleted subsurface layers. The overall investigation suggests the feasibility of applying MICP for soil Cd remediation under harsh environments and stratagem by selecting microbial functionality to overcome environmental challenges.

Monitoring of rainwater quality in Kandy and Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

The composition of atmospheric deposition is a measure of air quality, an important aspect of the health of the ecosystem. Consequently, continuous monitoring of atmospheric deposition is crucial to obtain remedial measures to avoid undesirable aspects that would affect living things. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the rainwater quality at selected locations in Kandy and Peradeniya area of Sri Lanka, namely, Kandy, Polgolla, and University of Peradeniya (UOP), and to identify possible correlations between quality parameters through statistical means. Forty (40) rainwater samples from the UOP site and seven (07) samples each from the Kandy and Polgolla sites were collected from 18 May 2020 to 28 April 2021. The volume-weighted average (VWA) pH values of UOP, Kandy, and Polgolla sites were determined to be 7.44, 7.19, and 7.19, respectively, and moreover, acid rain (pH < 5.6) occurrences were not detected during the sampling period. The VWA values of rainfall, conductivity, salinity, TDS, and hardness at the UOP site were 40.12 mm, 51.93 µS cm-1, 0.0300 ppt, 26.59 mg L-1, and 13.55 mg L-1, respectively. The corresponding values of the Kandy site were 16.52 mm, 64.04 µS cm-1, 0.0361 ppt, 30.80 mg L-1, and 19.49 mg L-1, respectively; and those of the Polgolla site were 33.10 mm, 53.90 µS cm-1, 0.0310 ppt, 25.76 mg L-1, and 19.31 mg L-1, respectively. The VWA values of conductivity, salinity, and TDS were the highest at the Kandy site. Further, the VWA values of hardness at Kandy and Polgolla sites were approximately equal, probably due to the spring of Ca2+ and Mg2+ particulates from the dolomite quarry located in Digana area. The most prominent anion was identified as Cl- in bulk deposition at all three sites, while NO3- showed the lowest concentration of all sites. Moreover, very strong significant positive correlations were identified between conductivity-TDS, conductivity-salinity, conductivity-hardness, TDS-hardness, TDS-salinity, salinity-hardness, SO42--Cl-, and NO3--Cl- according to the relevant Pearson correlation coefficients. It is thus concluded that the pollutants come from the same sources, either natural or anthropogenic.

In situ mycoremediation of acid rain and heavy metals co-contaminated soil through microbial inoculation with Pleurotus ostreatus.

The combined pollution of acid rain and heavy metals in soil is a pressing environmental problem, especially in the regions with large-scale heavy industrial production activities. Low remediation efficiency and weak long-lasting stability are major challenges when disposing the heavy metals contaminated soil in acid rain polluted sites. Herein, a specific microbe, strain CT13 was isolated and domesticated to exhibit high tolerance to both acid rain and cadmium (Cd). Then, an in situ mycoremediation method by adopting a bioaugmentation technology of strain CT13 inoculation with Pleurotus ostreatus was developed. The remediation performance was investigated in acidic conditions with Cd concentrations in soil ranging from 0 to 15 mg/kg. While most of the bacteria strains (e.g. strain CT6/13) significantly improved the dry weight of mushroom and Cd accumulation in neutral environment, the performance of strain CT6 was remarkably deteriorated in acid rain environment. In contrast, strain CT13 maintained its behavior in acidic conditions, displaying ∼30 % and 150 % enhancements (vs the neutral environment) in the dry weight of mushroom and Cd accumulation, respectively. In addition, inoculation of strain CT13 led to significant reductions in the content of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and lipid peroxidation in the fruiting body of P. ostreatus, indicating an improvement in the mushroom's tolerance to both acid rain and heavy metals. The synergistic effect of strain CT13 and P. ostreatus realized the significant improvement in soil remediation efficiency and long-lasting stability in acidic conditions, providing valuable insights into the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil in the regions affected by acid rain.

Potential risk, leaching behavior and mechanism of heavy metals from mine tailings under acid rain.

The leaching of heavy metals from abandoned mine tailings can pose a severe threat to surrounding areas, especially in the regions influenced by acid rain with high frequency. In this study, the potential risks of heavy metals in the tailings collected from a small-scale abandoned multi-metal mine was assessed, and their leaching behavior and mechanism were investigated by batch, semi-dynamic and in situ leaching experiments under simulated and natural rainfall conditions. The results suggested that Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in the tailings could cause high/very high risks. Both batch and semi-dynamic leaching tests consistently confirmed that the leaching of heavy metals (particularly Cd) could lead to serious pollution of the surrounding environment. The leaching rates of heavy metals were pH-dependent and related to their chemical speciations in the mine tailings. The leaching behavior of Cu and Cd was dominated by surface wash-off, Zn was controlled by diffusion initially and then surface wash-off, and the leaching mechanisms of Pb and As varied with the pH conditions. It was estimated that acid rain could greatly elevate the release fluxes of Zn (20.8%), Cu (36.7%), Pb (49.9%) and Cd (35.3%) in the study area. These findings could improve the understanding of the leaching behavior of heavy metals from mine tailings and assist in developing appropriate management strategies.

Cellular Cd2+ fluxes in roots confirm increased Cd availability to rice (Oryza sativa L.) induced by soil acidifications.

Soil acidifications become one of the main causes restricting the sustainable development of agriculture and causing issues of agricultural product safety. In order to explore the effect of different acidification on soil cadmium (Cd) availability, soil pot culture and hydroponic (soil potting solution extraction) were applied, and non-invasive micro-test technique (NMT) was combined. Here three different soil acidification processes were simulated, including direct acidification by adding sulfuric acid (AP1), acid rain acidification (AP2) by adding artificial simulated acid rain and excessive fertilization acidification by adding (NH4)2SO4 (AP3). The results showed that for direct acidification (AP1), DTPA-Cd concentration in field soils in Liaoning (S1) and Zhejiang (S2) increased by 0.167 - 0.217 mg/kg and 0.181 - 0.346 mg/kg, respectively, compared with control group. When soil pH decreased by 0.45 units in S1, the Cd content of rice stems, leaves and roots increased by 0.48 to 6.04 mg/kg and 2.58 to 12.84 mg/kg, respectively, When the pH value of soil S1 and S2 decreased by 0.20 units, the average velocity of Cd2+ at 200 µm increased by 10.03 - 33.11 pmol/cm2/sec and 21.33 -52.86 pmol/cm2/sec, respectively, and followed the order of AP3 > AP2 > AP1. In summary, different acidification measures would improve the effectiveness of Cd, under the same pH reduction condition, fertilization acidification increased Cd availability most significantly.

Chemical characteristics of long-term acid rain and its impact on lake water chemistry: A case study in Southwest China.

The chemical composition of acid rain and its impact on lake water chemistry in Chongqing, China, from 2000 to 2020 were studied in this study. The regional acid rain intensity is affected jointly by the acid gas emissions and the neutralization of alkaline substances. The pH of precipitation experienced three stages of fluctuating decline, continuous improvement, and a slight correction. Precipitation pH showed inflection points in 2010, mainly due to the total control actions of SO2 and NOx implemented in 2011. The total ion concentrations in rural areas and urban areas were 489.08 µeq/L and 618.57 µeq/L, respectively. The top four ions were SO42-, Ca2+, NH4+ and NO3-, which accounted for more than 90% of the total ion concentration, indicating the anthropogenic effects. Before 2010, SO42- fluctuated greatly while NO3- continued to rise; however, after 2010, both SO42- and NO3- began to decline rapidly, with the rates of -12.03 µeq/(L·year) and -4.11 µeq/(L·year). Because the decline rate of SO42- was 2.91 times that of NO3-, the regional acid rain has changed from sulfuric acid rain to mixed sulfuric and nitric acid rain. The lake water is weakly acidic, with an average pH of 5.86, and the acidification frequency is 30.00%. Acidification of lake water is jointly affected by acid deposition and acid neutralization capacity of lake water. Acid deposition has a profound impact on water acidification, and nitrogen (N) deposition, especially reduced N deposition, should be the focus of future research.

Variation characteristics of acid rain in Zhuzhou, Central China over the period 2011-2020.

Zhuzhou was one of the most polluted cities in China with the serious acid rain. Due to the implementation of air pollution control measures from 2016 to 2018, the acid rain pollution in this city has reduced. In order to understand the recent situation, a comprehensive study on the acid rain was carried out from January 2011 to December 2020. The pH values during the study period varied from 3.3 to 7.5, with a volume-weighted mean value of 4.7. The predominant acidic components of the precipitation were SO42- and NO3-, accounting for 89.3% of the total anions. The ratio of non-sea-salt SO42- to NO3- showed a decreasing trend, revealing that the pollution type of acid rain changed from sulfuric acid type to sulfuric acid and nitric acid compound type. The correlation analysis (p < 0.05) showed that SO42- was positively correlated with NH4+, Ca2+, and Mg2+; hence, it predominated in precipitation as (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, CaSO4, and MgSO4. Significant positive correlation of Ca2+ with Mg2+ shows that they may originated mainly from crust. Significant positive correlation between SO42- and F- and Cl- indicate that their source may be related to the non-ferrous metal smelting industry in Zhuzhou. Further correlation analysis shows that emissions from the non-ferrous metal smelting industry in the area have a large significant on SO42- and F- in precipitation, while Cl- may still be emitted from other anthropogenic sources.

Solidification of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash with alkali-activated technology.

Alkali-activation is effective municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) solidification/stabilization (S/S) technology. Percolation and migration of heavy metals in MSWIFA S/S matrix is a complicated and slow process. Here, several alkali-activated MSWIFA samples are selected to comparatively investigate the long-term leaching behavior and environmental availability of Pb, Zn and Cd when exposed in different erosion environment. Acid environment posed the more serious destroy to MSWIFA S/S matrices. RAC demonstrated that potential risk level of heavy metals is higher in acid rain environment, and Cd, Zn showed the prominent risk. When soaked in acid rain solution, the surface of alkali-activated MSWIFA S/S matrices was cracked seriously and a large number of hardened slurry peeled off. However, more stable structural properties and lower heavy metal leachability can be found in alkali-activated MSWIFA/aluminosilicate. The immobilization efficiency of Pb, Zn and Cd were all above 99.0%. Microstructure and morphology results indicated that there is new phase Friedel's salts generated and much more amorphous substance such as C-(A)-S-H gel with incorporation of aluminosilicate, which all contributed much to the formation of compact and stable microstructure, then significantly facilitated the encapsulation of heavy metal. These findings will provide theoretical basis and new insight for resource utilization and security landfill of MSWIFA.

Stabilization of Ni by rhamnolipid modified nano zero-valent iron in soil: Effect of simulated acid rain and microbial response.

Nickel (Ni), as one of the essential micronutrients, exists widely in nature, but high concentration of Ni in soil can pose certain biological toxicity. Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) and rhamnolipid modified nZVI (RL@nZVI) can effectively stabilize Ni in soil. In this study, the stabilization effect of nZVI and RL@nZVI on the Ni-polluted soil under simulated acid rain and the microbial community response during the soil remediation under different Ni levels (200, 600, and 1800 mg/kg) were investigated. The results show that the addition of nZVI and RL@nZVI increased the pH of leachate to neutral and decreased the amount of Ni in leachate (23.33%-47.06% by nZVI and 50.01%-70.47% by RL@nZVI), indicating that nZVI and RL@nZVI could reduce the potential radial migration risk of Ni in soil under simulated acid rain. The addition of RL@nZVI was beneficial to recover the soil bacterial community diversity, which was inhibited by Ni pollution, and rhamnolipid coating could reduce the toxicity of nZVI. The dominant bacteria in RL@nZVI-treated soil with low, medium, and high Ni pollution were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, respectively. Soil potential, total organic carbon, and pH were the main driving factors affecting the bacterial community structure, while Ni stress only caused changes in the relative abundance of some tolerant bacteria.

Response and driving factors of soil enzyme activity related to acid rain: a meta-analysis.

As a global pollution, acid rain can significantly alter soil physicochemical and biochemical processes, but our knowledge of how acid rain affects soil enzyme activity is still limited. To quantify the overall magnitude and direction of the response of soil enzyme activity to acid rain, we conducted a linear mixed model-based meta-analysis of 40 articles. Our analysis revealed that acid rain decreased enzyme activity by an average of 4.87%. Soil dehydrogenase and protease activities were particularly sensitive to acid rain, with significant inhibitions observed. The effect of acid rain was moderated by acid rain intensity (i.e., H+ addition rate, total H+ added, and acid rain pH) and soil fraction (i.e., rhizosphere and bulk soil). Structural equation modelling further revealed that acid rain suppressed soil microbial biomass by acidifying the soil and that the reduction in microbial biomass directly led to the inhibition of enzyme activity in bulk soil. However, the enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soil was not affected by acid rain due to the rhizosphere effect, which was also not impacted by the decreased soil pH induced by acid rain in rhizosphere. Our study gives an insight into how bulk soil enzyme activity is impacted by acid rain and highlights the need to incorporate rhizosphere processes into acid rain-terrestrial ecosystem models.

Leaching behavior of copper tailings solidified/stabilized using hydantoin epoxy resin and red clay.

Tailings produced by mining engineering and metal smelting industries have become a major challenge to the ecological environment and human health. Environmental compatibility, mechanical stability, and economic feasibility have restricted the treatment and reuse of tailings. A novel solidification/stabilization technology using hydantoin epoxy resin (HER) and red clay for copper tailing treatment was developed, and the leaching behaviors of solidified/stabilized copper tailings were investigated in this paper. The leaching characteristics were analyzed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) leaching tests. Besides, the influence of red clay content and acid rain on the permeability characteristics and leaching characteristics were investigated based on flexible-wall column tests and microstructure tests. The results showed that the copper tailings solidification/stabilization technology with HER and red clay had excellent performances in toxicity stabilization. The leaching concentration of Cu in TCLP tests and flexible wall column tests remained within the limit specified by the Chinese national standard, and the concentration of Cu decreased significantly with the increase of the red clay content. Moreover, acid rain leaching changed the mineral composition and microstructure of solidified tailings, and the porosity of the samples increased with the dissolution of soluble minerals. Additionally, the hydraulic conductivities decreased slightly with the increase in the pH value of acid rain, and the solidified sample with 5% red clay had the lowest hydraulic conductivity.

[Effects of Simulated Acid Rain and Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in the Masson Pine Forest].

By analyzing the effects of acid rain and nitrogen deposition on the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities, the response mechanism of Masson pine forests to environmental stress was investigated, providing a theoretical reference basis for resource management and conservation in Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve. Four treatments of the simulated acid rain and nitrogen deposition were set up in 2017 to 2021 in Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve (pH value of 5.5 and 0 kg·(hm2·a)-1, CK; pH value of 4.5 and 30 kg·(hm2·a)-1, T1; pH value of 3.5 and 60 kg·(hm2·a)-1, T2; pH value of 2.5 and 120 kg·(hm2·a)-1, T3). The differences in soil bacterial community composition and structure among treatments and their influencing factors were analyzed by collecting soils from four treatments, using the Illumina MiSeq PE300 second-generation high-throughput sequencing platform. The results showed that acid rain and nitrogen deposition significantly reduced soil bacterial α-diversity (P<0.05) in a Masson pine forest. The Masson pine forest soils consisted of 36 phylum groups of mycota, with Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi as the main bacterial phyla (relative abundance>1%) in the Masson pine forest soils. Flavobacterium, Nitrospira, Haliangium, Candidatus_Koribacter, Bryobacter, Occallatibacter, Acidipla, Singulisphaera, Pajaroellobacter, and Acidothermus, which showed significant changes in relative abundance under the four treatments, could be used as indicator species for changes in soil bacterial communities under acid rain and nitrogen deposition stress. Soil pH and total nitrogen were influential factors in the diversity of soil bacterial communities. As a result, acid rain and nitrogen deposition increased the potential ecological risk, and the loss of microbial diversity will change the ecosystem function as well as reduce the stability of the ecosystem.

Effects of acid rain and root exclusion on soil organic carbon in Cunninghamia lanceolata and Michelia macclurei plantations.

Acid rain is one of most serious environment problems in China. The types of acid rain have gradually transformed from sulfuric acid rain (SAR) to mixed acid rain (MAR) and nitric acid rain (NAR) in recent years. Roots are one source of soil organic carbon and play an important role in the formation of soil aggregates. However, the changes in acid rain type and the effect of root removal on soil organic carbon in forest ecosystems are poorly understood. In this study, we removed roots and simulated acid rain with different types (SO42-:NO3- ratio of 4:1, 1:1, and 1:4) for three years in Cunninghamia lanceolata (CP) and Michelia macclurei (MP) plantations to analyze the changes of soil organic carbon and physical properties and to measure the size and mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates. Results showed that root removal in C. lanceolata and M. macclurei remarkably reduced soil organic carbon pool by 16.7 % and 21.5%, and soil recalcitrant carbon by 13.5% and 20.0%, respectively. Root removal substantially decreased the MWD and proportion and organic carbon content of soil macroaggregates in M. macclurei, but not in C. lanceolata. Acid rain did not affect soil organic carbon pool and soil aggregate structures. Our results indicated that roots promote soil organic carbon stabilization and that their contribution to the stability of soil organic carbon varies with forest types. Moreover, soil organic carbon stabilization is not affected by different types of acid rain in the short term.

Evaluation on leachability of heavy metals from tailings: risk factor identification and cumulative influence.

The leachability of heavy metals (HMs) in tailings is significantly affected by multivariate factors associated with environmental conditions. However, the leaching patterns of HMs in molybdenum (Mo) tailings due to environmental change and cumulative influences of multi-leaching factors remain unclear. The leaching behaviors of HMs in Mo tailings were studied through static leaching tests. The key leaching factors were discussed via simulating acid rain leaching scenario in terms of global and local environmental conditions. The potential risk factors were identified, and their cumulative influences on the leachability of HMs were evaluated with boosted regression trees (BRT) and generalized additive model (GAM) analyses. Environmental factors showed interactive effects on the leachability of HMs in tailings. The leachability of HMs in tailings decreased significantly with the interaction of increasing liquid/solid (L/S) ratio and pH. Rebound of leachability was observed with high L/S ratio (> 60) and long-time leaching (> 30 h). L/S ratio and pH were the most sensitive factors to the leachability of HMs with the corresponding contribution of 40.8% and 27.1%, respectively, followed by leaching time and temperature (~ 16%). The total contribution of global climate-associated factors, i.e., L/S ratio, leaching time, and temperature to the leachability of HMs was up to 70%, while leachate pH shared the other 30%. With the increase of persistent heavy rain in summer globally, As and Cd were found to having higher leaching risks than the other HMs in tailings, although an obvious decrease in their leachability was obtained due to the improvement of acid rain pollution in China. The study provides a valuable method for the identification of potential risk factors and their associations with the leaching behaviors of HMs in tailings under the background of obvious improvement on acid rain pollution in China and global climate change.

Influence of acid rain and root reinforcement coupling factors on disintegration characteristics of expansive soil.

The effect of soil fixation and anti-scour instability of slope vegetation generally depends on the strength and anti-disintegration ability of slope soil due to increase of root system. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to study the disintegration characteristics of expansive soil related to slope instability under acidic conditions (simulated acid rain). In this paper, the response surface method (RSM) was used with the pH value, root diameter, root length, root coefficient, and distribution as independent variables, and the disintegration amount of root-soil (DARS) after 60min as the response value. Then X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to analyze the mineral composition changes of the sample under this environment. Simultaneously, the plasticity index of expansive soil at different values of pH was studied to discuss the disintegration mechanism of root compound expansive soil in an acid environments. The results show that the root system improves the anti-disintegration characteristics of the root-soil, and the effects of various factors on the amount of disintegration were as follows: root length > pH value > root distribution > root amount > root diameter. The DARS with a length of 20mm increased by 26.67% and 41.56% compared to the 30mm and 40mm. Compared to the horizontal distribution and horizontal + slant distribution, the DARS with slant distribution was increases by 11.39% and 20.24% respectively. The DARS with 2 roots is increased by 9.92% and 16.75% compared to 4 and 6 roots respectively. The 1mm diameter DARS is 6.65% and 15.49% higher than the 2mm and 3mm, respectively. In addition, an acidic environments can lead to an increase in the amount of disintegration or rate of disintegration. The disintegration at pH = 4.2 was increased by 11.4% and 22.4% compared to pH = 5.6 and pH = 7, respectively. The acidity affects soil disintegration is due to the hydrophilic minerals in the expansive soil react with H+ ion in the acid solution to form soluble salts. Due to the dissociation and leaching of free quartz and metal oxides in the soil to varying degrees, the ability of expansive soil to accumulate is reduced. The intensity of erosion and leaching decreases with increasing pH. In addition, the pH value can affects the plasticity index of the soil, which increases with the increasing pH, thus affects the disintegration properties of the expansive soil.