Food Choice Decisions of Collegiate Division I Athletes: A Qualitative Exploratory Study.

Limited research has examined athletes' food and health beliefs and decisions and the congruence of these decisions with recommendations from nutrition professionals. This study aimed to improve understanding of athletes' food-related beliefs and practices to enable nutrition professionals to more effectively enhance performance while protecting athletes' health. Division I college athletes (n = 14, 64% female) from a variety of sports were recruited to participate in 20-min semi-structured phone interviews about food and nutrition-related behaviors and cognitions. Data were content analyzed to identify themes and trends. Prominent factors influencing athletes' food choices were potential benefits to health and performance, availability of foods, and recommendations from sports dietitians. Foods commonly consumed by athletes, including fruits, vegetables, and lean protein, were generally healthy and aligned with sports nutrition recommendations. Athletes avoided energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, such as fast food and fried foods, with the goal of improving performance. Some athletes took supplements (i.e., multivitamin, iron, protein) on the premise that they would improve health and enhance performance or recovery. While athletes' nutrition behaviors are generally congruent with current recommendations, findings highlighted misconceptions held by athletes related to the benefits of some supplements and the belief that packaged/processed foods were inherently less healthy than other options. Nutrition misconceptions held by athletes and incongruities between athletes' nutrition knowledge and behaviors suggest that dietitians should aim to dispel misconceptions held by athletes and provide additional guidance and information to support athletes' current healthful behaviors to ensure these behaviors extend beyond their college athletic career.

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Revised 2021 Standards of Practice and Standards of Professional Performance for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (Competent, Proficient, and Expert) in Sports and Human Performance Nutrition.

Nutrition in sports and human performance incorporates knowledge of the intersection of human physiology and nutrition. Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) practitioners in sports and human performance focus on nutrition care that is specific to the individual and their sport/occupational requirements. The Dietitians in Sports, Cardiovascular and Wellness Dietetic Practice Group, along with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Management Committee, have updated the Standards of Practice (SOP) and Standards of Professional Performance (SOPP) for RDNs working in sports and human performance. The SOP and SOPP for RDNs in Sports and Human Performance Nutrition provide indicators that describe three levels of practice: competent, proficient, and expert. The SOP uses the Nutrition Care Process and clinical workflow elements for delivering care to athletic/professional populations. The SOPP describes the following six domains that focus on professional performance: Quality in Practice, Competence and Accountability, Provision of Services, Application of Research, Communication and Application of Knowledge, and Utilization and Management of Resources. Specific indicators outlined in the SOP and SOPP depict how these standards apply to practice. The SOP and SOPP are complementary resources for RDNs and are intended to be used as a self-evaluation tool for assuring competent practice in sports and human performance and for determining potential education and training needs for advancement to a higher practice level in a variety of settings.

Evolución de las variables antropométricas en relación con los parámetros de entrenamiento y nutricionales en corredores de ultrarresistencia de montaña / Evolution in anthropometric variables related to training and nutritional parameters in ultraendurance mountain runners

Introducción: los hábitos alimentarios y de entrenamiento provocan modificaciones en los parámetros antropométricos. Objetivos: analizar la evolución de las variables antropométricas en las once semanas previas a la competición en corredores de montaña populares e identificar los factores que explican dicha evolución. Métodos: veintidós varones (media de edad: 41,4 ± 4,1 años), corredores de montaña recreacionales de ultrarresistencia, participaron en el estudio. Se midieron las variables antropométricas once semanas antes (pre-test) y en los días previos (post-test) a la competición objetivo del año. Los corredores realizaron un registro de su entrenamiento diario durante este periodo. Además, autocumplimentaron la primera y la última semana de estudio el "recordatorio de 24 horas" sobre la ingesta de alimentos, registrando dos días laborales y uno festivo. Resultados: se encontró un descenso significativo en peso; índice de masa corporal; pliegues subescapular, supraespinal, abdominal y pierna; sumatorio de seis y ocho pliegues; perímetro del brazo corregido; área muscular transversal del brazo; porcentaje y peso graso; peso residual; y endomorfia. También hubo un aumento significativo del porcentaje de masa ósea y muscular, el índice ponderal y la ectomorfia. El análisis correlacional y la regresión lineal mostraron que estos cambios estaban relacionados con factores nutricionales, tales como el porcentaje de grasa consumida en el pre-test, las kilocalorías consumidas en el post-test y/o la diferencia en el porcentaje de grasas y kilocalorías consumidas entre ambas mediciones. No hubo relación con las variables de entrenamiento. Conclusiones: los cambios antropométricos están influenciados en mayor medida por los hábitos alimentarios que por el entrenamiento en corredores de montaña recreacionales

Introduction: eating and training habits induce modifications in the anthropometric parameters. Objectives: to analyze the evolution of the anthropometric variables in the eleven previous weeks to the competition in recreational mountain runners and to identify the factors that could explain those changes. Methods: twenty-two recreational ultra-endurance mountain runners (mean age: 41.4 ± 4.1 years) took part in the study. Anthropometric variables were measured in the eleventh week before (pre-test) and in the previous days before (post-test) the main competition of the year. Runners registered their daily training during the study. Furthermore, they self-filled the "24-hour reminder" test about food intake, two week days and a weekend day, the first and last week of the study. Results: it was found a significant decrease in weight; body mass index; subscapular, supraspinal, abdominal and calf skinfolds; six and eight skinfold sums; corrected arm girth, arm transversal muscle area; fat weight and percentage; residual mass; and endomorphy. Bone and muscle mass, ponderal index and ectomorphy showed a significant increase. Correlation analysis and linear regression showed that changes are due to nutritional factors, as fat percentage intake in pre-test, kilocalorie intake in the post-test and/or the differences in the fat percentage and kilocalorie intake between both measurements. Conclusions: changes in anthropometric variables are influenced by nutritional habits instead of training factors in recreational mountain runners

Análisis del consumo de suplementos nutricionales en jugadores de la liga EBA / Análise do consumo de suplementos nutricionais em jogadores da liga EBA / Analysis of the consumption of nutritional supplements by basketball players in EBA league

La bibliografía sobre el consumo de suplementos nutricionales (SN) en jugadores de baloncesto es escasa. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el consumo de SN en un grupo de jugadores del Grupo C de la liga española de baloncesto amateur (EBA). Se registraron un total de 79 cuestionarios de 9 equipos diferentes. Éste fue diseñado y evaluado previamente mediante un pilotaje en el que se observó la validez del contenido, su aplicación, su estructura y su presentación. Los resultados muestran que el 100% de la muestra está a favor del consumo de SN dentro de la legalidad, el 71,2% afirma haberlos consumido en alguna ocasión y el 56,1% los consume en la actualidad. Los SN más consumidos por la muestra son bebidas deportivas (60,8%), proteínas de suero (18,9%), barritas energéticas (16,5%), complejo vitamínico (15,2%), proteína (no suero) (12,6%), creatina (10,1%) e hidratos de carbono (8,9%). Un alto porcentaje de los consumidores de SN piensa que han obtenido resultados positivos en el consumo de estos. Aunque con algunos matices, el porcentaje y los resultados sobre el consumo de SN en el presente estudio son similares a las aportaciones realizadas por otros estudios que evalúan la suplementación en deportistas (AU)

There are a few studies on nutritional supplement (NS) use in basketball players. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of NS in a group of players from Group C of the Spanish amateur basketball league (EBA). A total of 79 questionnaires from 9 different teams was registered. It was designed and previously evaluated by a pilot study in which was observed the validity of the content, his application, his structure and his presentation. 100% of the sample is in favor of NS legal use, 71,2% had consumed it sometime and 56,1% use at present. The NS most consumed by the sample are sports drinks (60,8%), whey protein (18,9%), energy bars (16,5%), vitamin complex (15,2%), protein (no serum) (12,6%), creatine (10,1%) and carbohydrates (8,9%). A high percentage of NS consumers thought to have positive results. Although with some nuances, the percentage and the results on SN consumption in this study are similar to other studies evaluating supplementation in athletes (AU)

A literatura sobre o uso de suplementos nutricionais (SN) em jogadores de basquete é escassa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o consumo de SN em um grupo de jogadores de Grupo C da liga de basquete amador espanhol (EBA). Um total de 79 questionários a partir de 9 equipes diferentes registrado. Foi concebido e previamente avaliado por um estudo piloto no qual foi observada a validade do conteúdo, aplicação, e estrutura de apresentação. Os resultados mostram que 100% da amostra é a favor do consumo SN dentro da lei, 71,2% dizem que se houver consumido na ocasião e consome 56,1% hoje. O SN mais consumido pela amostra são bebidas esportivas (60,8%), proteínas de soro de leite (18,9%), barras energéticas (16,5%), complexo vitamínico (15,2%), proteínas (sem soro) (12,6%), creatina (10,1%) e hidratos de carbono (8,9%). Uma elevada percentagem de consumidores SN pensado para ter resultados positivos no consumo destes. Embora com algumas nuances, a percentagem e os resultados sobre o consumo SN neste estudo são semelhantes às contribuições feitas por outros estudos que avaliaram a suplementação em atletas (AU)

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise.

The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review related to the intake of protein for healthy, exercising individuals. Based on the current available literature, the position of the Society is as follows:An acute exercise stimulus, particularly resistance exercise, and protein ingestion both stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and are synergistic when protein consumption occurs before or after resistance exercise.For building muscle mass and for maintaining muscle mass through a positive muscle protein balance, an overall daily protein intake in the range of 1.4-2.0 g protein/kg body weight/day (g/kg/d) is sufficient for most exercising individuals, a value that falls in line within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range published by the Institute of Medicine for protein.Higher protein intakes (2.3-3.1 g/kg/d) may be needed to maximize the retention of lean body mass in resistance-trained subjects during hypocaloric periods.There is novel evidence that suggests higher protein intakes (>3.0 g/kg/d) may have positive effects on body composition in resistance-trained individuals (i.e., promote loss of fat mass).Recommendations regarding the optimal protein intake per serving for athletes to maximize MPS are mixed and are dependent upon age and recent resistance exercise stimuli. General recommendations are 0.25 g of a high-quality protein per kg of body weight, or an absolute dose of 20-40 g.Acute protein doses should strive to contain 700-3000 mg of leucine and/or a higher relative leucine content, in addition to a balanced array of the essential amino acids (EAAs).These protein doses should ideally be evenly distributed, every 3-4 h, across the day.The optimal time period during which to ingest protein is likely a matter of individual tolerance, since benefits are derived from pre- or post-workout ingestion; however, the anabolic effect of exercise is long-lasting (at least 24 h), but likely diminishes with increasing time post-exercise.While it is possible for physically active individuals to obtain their daily protein requirements through the consumption of whole foods, supplementation is a practical way of ensuring intake of adequate protein quality and quantity, while minimizing caloric intake, particularly for athletes who typically complete high volumes of training. Rapidly digested proteins that contain high proportions of essential amino acids (EAAs) and adequate leucine, are most effective in stimulating MPS. Different types and quality of protein can affect amino acid bioavailability following protein supplementation. Athletes should consider focusing on whole food sources of protein that contain all of the EAAs (i.e., it is the EAAs that are required to stimulate MPS). Endurance athletes should focus on achieving adequate carbohydrate intake to promote optimal performance; the addition of protein may help to offset muscle damage and promote recovery. Pre-sleep casein protein intake (30-40 g) provides increases in overnight MPS and metabolic rate without influencing lipolysis.

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine.

Creatine is one of the most popular nutritional ergogenic aids for athletes. Studies have consistently shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine concentrations which may help explain the observed improvements in high intensity exercise performance leading to greater training adaptations. In addition to athletic and exercise improvement, research has shown that creatine supplementation may enhance post-exercise recovery, injury prevention, thermoregulation, rehabilitation, and concussion and/or spinal cord neuroprotection. Additionally, a number of clinical applications of creatine supplementation have been studied involving neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease), diabetes, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, aging, brain and heart ischemia, adolescent depression, and pregnancy. These studies provide a large body of evidence that creatine can not only improve exercise performance, but can play a role in preventing and/or reducing the severity of injury, enhancing rehabilitation from injuries, and helping athletes tolerate heavy training loads. Additionally, researchers have identified a number of potentially beneficial clinical uses of creatine supplementation. These studies show that short and long-term supplementation (up to 30 g/day for 5 years) is safe and well-tolerated in healthy individuals and in a number of patient populations ranging from infants to the elderly. Moreover, significant health benefits may be provided by ensuring habitual low dietary creatine ingestion (e.g., 3 g/day) throughout the lifespan. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the current literature regarding the role and safety of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine and to update the position stand of International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN).

International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition.

Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of diet types (macronutrient composition; eating styles) and their influence on body composition. The ISSN has concluded the following. 1) There is a multitude of diet types and eating styles, whereby numerous subtypes fall under each major dietary archetype. 2) All body composition assessment methods have strengths and limitations. 3) Diets primarily focused on fat loss are driven by a sustained caloric deficit. The higher the baseline body fat level, the more aggressively the caloric deficit may be imposed. Slower rates of weight loss can better preserve lean mass (LM) in leaner subjects. 4) Diets focused primarily on accruing LM are driven by a sustained caloric surplus to facilitate anabolic processes and support increasing resistance-training demands. The composition and magnitude of the surplus, as well as training status of the subjects can influence the nature of the gains. 5) A wide range of dietary approaches (low-fat to low-carbohydrate/ketogenic, and all points between) can be similarly effective for improving body composition. 6) Increasing dietary protein to levels significantly beyond current recommendations for athletic populations may result in improved body composition. Higher protein intakes (2.3-3.1 g/kg FFM) may be required to maximize muscle retention in lean, resistance-trained subjects under hypocaloric conditions. Emerging research on very high protein intakes (>3 g/kg) has demonstrated that the known thermic, satiating, and LM-preserving effects of dietary protein might be amplified in resistance-training subjects. 7) The collective body of intermittent caloric restriction research demonstrates no significant advantage over daily caloric restriction for improving body composition. 8) The long-term success of a diet depends upon compliance and suppression or circumvention of mitigating factors such as adaptive thermogenesis. 9) There is a paucity of research on women and older populations, as well as a wide range of untapped permutations of feeding frequency and macronutrient distribution at various energetic balances combined with training. Behavioral and lifestyle modification strategies are still poorly researched areas of weight management.

Personal Trainer Perceptions of Providing Nutrition Care to Clients: A Qualitative Exploration.

Personal trainers are well placed to provide basic nutrition care in line with national dietary guidelines. However, many personal trainers provide nutrition care beyond their scope of practice and this has been identified as a major industry risk due to a perceived lack of competence in nutrition. This paper explores the context in which personal trainers provide nutrition care, by understanding personal trainers' perceptions of nutrition care in relation to their role and scope of practice. Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 15 personal trainers working within Australia. Thematic analysis was used to identify key themes. All personal trainers reported to provide nutrition care and reported that nutrition care was an important component of their role. Despite this, many were unaware or uncertain of the scope of practice for personal trainers. Some personal trainers reported a gap between the nutrition knowledge they received in their formal education, and the knowledge they needed to optimally support their clients to adopt healthy dietary behaviors. Overall, the personal training context is likely to be conducive to providing nutrition care. Despite concerns about competence personal trainers have not modified their nutrition care practices. To ensure personal trainers provide nutrition care in a safe and effective manner, greater enforcement of the scope of practice is required as well as clear nutrition competencies or standards to be developed during training.

Hydration practices of runners during training vs competition / Prácticas de hidratación en corredores durante el entrenamiento vs la competición

Background: Appropriate hydration ensures that the athlete is in ideal condition during exercise. Inadequate hydration practices are still present among athletes participating in different types of sports. This could be the result of a low level of knowledge concerning the importance of hydration for athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge and the hydration practices of the runners in training and competition. Method: This study used an exploratory method involving a questionnaire containing 19 objective questions related to hydration habits and level of knowledge about hydration, as reported in prior studies, which included questions categorized into three parts: demographic characteristics, hydration habits during competition and training, and hydration knowledge. A total of 412 athletes (36.1 ± 12.9 years old) with a high experience in the sport (11.2 ± 10.9 years) were evaluated. Results: A significant difference (p = 0.0012) was observed for reported hydration practices between training and competitions. Moreover, the data revealed that a large number of runners (41 % in competitions and 54.4% in training) had inadequate hydration habits because they did not always consume fluids. Increased consumption of fluids in the competitions was also observed. Only 35.4% of athletes consumed sports drinks, while 3.88 % had never consumed fluids during training, and 1.5% never consumed fluids in competition. Few athletes (23.2%) weighed themselves before and after exercising. Participants answered 66.6% of hydration knowledge questions correctly. Conclusion: Runners were not able to transfer their knowledge about proper hydration during both training and competition practices

Introducción: Una hidratación adecuada asegura que el atleta está en condición ideal durante el ejercicio. Se suelen presentar prácticas de hidratación inadecuadas entre los deportistas de diferentes disciplinas que podrían deberse a un bajo nivel de conocimiento sobre la importancia de una correcta hidratación para el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el nivel de conocimiento y las prácticas de hidratación en corredores durante el entrenamiento frente a la competición. Métodos: Este estudio utilizó un método exploratorio que incluía un cuestionario con 19 preguntas objetivas relacionadas con los hábitos de hidratación y el nivel de conocimiento sobre hidratación, según lo informado en estudios previos, cuyas preguntas estaban divididas en tres partes: características demográficas; hábitos de hidratación durante el entrenamiento y competición, y conocimientos sobre hidratación. Se evaluaron 412 corredores (36,1 ± 12,9 años) con una elevada experiencia en la práctica del atletismo (11,2 ± 10,9 años). Resultados: Hubo diferencia significativa (p = 0,0012) de las prácticas de hidratación durante los entrenamientos y la competición, con mayor consumo de líquidos durante las competiciones. Por otra parte, los datos revelaron que un gran número de corredores (41,0% en competición y 54,4 % en entrenamiento) tenían hábitos de hidratación inadecuados al no consumir siempre líquidos. Sólo el 35,4 % de los atletas declararon consumir bebidas deportivas. La ingesta de líquidos era inexistente en el 3,8% de los atletas durante el entrenamiento y el 1,5% en competiciones. Sólo el 23,2% de los encuestados controlaban el peso corporal antes y después del ejercicio. Los participantes respondieron correctamente al 66,6% de las preguntas sobre conocimiento de hidratación. Conclusiones: Los corredores participantes no fueron capaces de trasladar sus conocimientos sobre el tema de hidratación en prácticas adecuadas tanto en entrenamiento como en competición

Suboptimal Nutritional Characteristics in Male and Female Soldiers Compared to Sports Nutrition Guidelines.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient intake of male and female Soldiers in the 101 st Airborne Division (Air Assault) compared to sports nutrition standards for athletes, and to identify suboptimal eating characteristics that may impair physical performance and jeopardize military readiness. Male and female Soldiers from the 101 st Airborne Division (Air Assault) completed a 24-hour dietary recall and nutrition history questionnaire before anthropometric and body composition measurements were taken. Compared to sports nutrition guidelines, Soldiers of the 101 st under consume carbohydrates (males: 3.9 ± 2.0 vs. 5.0 g/kg, p < 0.001; females: 4.0 ± 2.1 vs. 5.0 g/kg, p = 0.001), male Soldiers eat too much fat (32.4% of kcal vs. <30% of kcal, p = 0.000) and saturated fat (males: 10.5 ± 3.9% of kcal vs. 10.0% of kcal, p = 0.044), and both males and females follow a meal pattern that may not optimize energy availability throughout the day. Eating too much fat and under fueling carbohydrate may negatively impact the adaptations to physical training and compromise overall health. Although Soldiers continue to participate in arduous training programs, future research should be aimed at determining the energy and macronutrient needs to fuel and recover from specific types of military training.

Methodological and Statistical Quality in Research Evaluating Nutritional Attitudes in Sports.

The assessment of dietary attitudes and behaviors provides information of interest to sports nutritionists. Although there has been little analysis of the quality of research undertaken in this field, there is evidence of a number of flaws and methodological concerns in some of the studies in the available literature. This review undertook a systematic assessment of the attributes of research assessing the nutritional knowledge and attitudes of athletes and coaches. Sixty questionnaire-based studies were identified by a search of official databases using specific key terms with subsequent analysis by certain inclusion-exclusion criteria. These studies were then analyzed using 33 research quality criteria related to the methods, questionnaires, and statistics used. We found that many studies did not provide information on critical issues such as research hypotheses (92%), the gaining of ethics approval (50%) or informed consent (35%), or acknowledgment of limitations in the implementation of studies or interpretation of data (72%). Many of the samples were nonprobabilistic (85%) and rather small (42%). Many questionnaires were of unknown origin (30%), validity (72%), and reliability (70%) and resulted in low (≤ 60%) response rates (38%). Pilot testing was not undertaken in 67% of the studies. Few studies dealt with sample size (2%), power (3%), assumptions (7%), confidence intervals (3%), or effect sizes (3%). Improving some of these problems and deficits may enhance future research in this field.

Efecto de la hepcidina en el metabolismo del hierro en deportistas / Effect of hepcidin on iron metabolism in atheletes

Las funciones del hierro en el organismo son esenciales, siendo uno de los objetivos del deportista mantener un estado férrico adecuado. La hepcidina, se ha propuesto como la principal hormona responsable de controlar las reservas corporales de hierro, a través de su capacidad para degradar la ferroportina. La acción de la hepcidina sobre la ferroportina provoca una disminución de la absorción del hierro proveniente de la dieta, así como de los macrófagos. Distintos factores como el estado férrico del individuo, la cantidad de hierro proveniente de la dieta, la inflamación, hipoxia, testosterona y el ejercicio, se han comprobado que afectan a la capacidad de síntesis de hepcidina. Los objetivos del presente trabajo han sido analizar las investigaciones que actualmente han estudiado la respuesta de la hepcidina al ejercicio, así como el diseño de un plan específico que tenga por objeto prevenir posibles estados ferropénicos en el deportista. Los principales hallazgos han sido una asociación entre el ejercicio a una intensidad superior al 65% VO2máx con incrementos transitorios en la síntesis de hepcidina, así como un posible efecto regulador de los estímulos de hipoxiaintermitente en la recuperación temprana postejercicio. Otros factores como el volumen de entrenamiento, sexo, modalidad de ejercicio o el tipo de superficie sobre la que se practica el ejercicio no parecen afectar a la respuesta de la hepcidina al ejercicio (AU)

The role of iron in the human body is essential, and athletes must always try to keep an adequate iron status. Hepcidin is proposed as the main hormone responsible for the control of iron reserves in the body, given its ability to induce degradation of ferroportin. The action of hepcidin on ferroportin leads to a decreased dietary iron absorption, as well as to a decrease in macrophages. Several factors such as the iron status, the amount of dietary iron, the inflammation, the hypoxia, the testosterone and the physical exercise have been pointed out as affecting the synthesis of hepcidin. This study has aimed at analysing the researches on hepcidin response to exercise, as well as designing a specific strategy to prevent a potential ferropenic status in athletes. The main findings are an association between exercise at an intensity over 65% VO2max and transient increases in the synthesis of hepcidin, and a possible regulatory effect of intermittent hypoxic stimuli in the early post-exercise recovery. Other factors such as the training volume, sex, kind of exercise or the type of surface where the training takes place do not seem to affect the response of hepcidin to exercise (AU)

Composición corporal en escolares de primaria y su relación con el hábito nutricional y la práctica reglada de actividad deportiva / Composição corporal em estudantes do ensino fundamental e sua relação com o hábito nutricional na prática regular de atividade física / Body composition in elementary school and its relationship with nutritional habits and formal practice sports activity

Objetivos. Presentar las relaciones encontradas en el primer año del estudio longitudinal de 6 años de duración entre la composición corporal, frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, nivel de actividad física y prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños y niñas de 6 años. Método. Mensualmente se midió el peso y la talla, se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y se pasó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos mediante el test Kidmed de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el cuestionario PAQ-C de actividad física. A partir de los datos de IMC se obtuvieron los valores correspondientes a la ecuación de regresión de Cole y los percentiles según las tablas del CDC de Atlanta y de la Fundación Orbegozo. Semestralmente se realizó una bioimpedancia monofrecuencia (BIA), cineantropometría completa y medición del gasto energético durante 2 días consecutivos con un calorímetro ArmBand. Resultados. Los principales hallazgos de este primer año son los siguientes: los datos obtenidos por BIA y por cineantropometría muestran una buena correlación, los datos del cuestionario Kidmed no muestran correlación con los datos antropométricos ni con el IMC, los datos del PAQ-C y la calorimetría muestran un mayor nivel de actividad en niños que en niñas incluso al corregirlo por la masa corporal total. Conclusiones. Las diferencias entre los 3 criterios de diagnóstico de obesidad son patentes, de forma que nuestros datos globales de sobrepeso oscilarían entre el 29 y el 44,9% para los niños o entre el 20,3 y el 32,4% para las niñas, según el criterio utilizado (AU)

Objetivos: Apresentar as relações encontradas no primeiro ano do estudo longitudinal de 6 anos de duração entre a composição corporal, frequência de consumo de alimentos, nível de atividade física e prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em meninos e meninas de 6 anos. Método: O peso e a altura foram medidos mensalmente, calculando o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e passou-se um questionário de frequência de consumo de alimentos mediante o teste Kidmed de adesão a dieta mediterrânea e o questionário PAQ-C de atividade física. A partir dos dados de IMC obtiveram-se os valores correspondentes da ação de regressão de Cole e os percentis segundo as tabelas do CDC de Atlanta e da Fundação Orbegozo. Semestralmente foram realizadas biopedância monofrequência (BIA), cineantropometria completa e medição do gasto energético durante 2 dias consecutivos com um calorímetro ArmBand. Resultados: Os principais achados desse primeiro ano foram os seguintes: os dados obtidos por BIA e por cineantropometria mostram uma boa correlação, os dados do questionário Kimed não mostram correlação com os dados antropométricos nem com o IMC, os dados do PAQ-C e da calorimetria mostram um maior nível de atividade em meninos que em meninas, inclusive depois de corrigido pela massa corporal. Conclusões: As diferenças entre os 3 critérios de obesidade são notórias, de forma que nossos dados globais de sobrepeso oscilam entre 29 e 44,9% para meninos e entre 20,3 e 32,4% para as meninas, segundo o critério utilizado

Objectives. To present the results of a longitudinal study of six years with a group of children throughout the primary stage of education based on the relationships between body composition, frequency of food consumption, level of physical activity and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 6 year-old children. Method. Monthly weight and height were measured, body mass index (BMI) was calculated and two questionnaires were administered: The Kidmed questionnaire of adherence to the Mediterranean diet for the frequency of food consumption, and the PAQ -C questionnaire for physical activity. Data corresponding to the regression equation of Cole and percentiles according to the tables of CDC Atlanta and the Foundation Orbegozo values were obtained from the BMI. Twice a year, a single frequency bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and a full kinanthropometry were assessed and measurement of energy expenditure was conducted over two consecutive days with an ArmBand calorimeter. Results. The main findings of this first year are as follows: Data obtained by BIA and kinanthropometry show a good correlation. The questionnaire data shows that KIDMED does not correlate with anthropometric data or BMI. Data from the PAQ- C and calorimetry show a higher level of activity in boys than in girls even when adjusted to the total body mass. Conclusions. The differences between the three diagnostic criteria of obesity are obvious, so that our global data overweight range between 29 and 44.9% for boys and between 20.3 and 32.4% for girls, depending on the criteria used (AU)

Evaluation of food provision and nutrition support at the London 2012 Olympic Games: the opinion of sports nutrition experts.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the food provision and nutrition support at the London 2012 Olympic (OG) and Paralympic Games (PG) from the perspective of sports nutrition experts attending the event. Participants (n = 15) were asked to complete an online survey and rate on a Likert scale menu qualities, food safety, sustainability practices, nutrition labeling, and provision for cultural needs, dietary regimes and specific situations. Open-ended responses were incorporated to explore expert opinion and areas for improvement. Participants rated their overall experience of the food provision as 7.6 out of 10 (range 5 to 10), with the majority (n = 11) rating it greater than 7. The variety, accessibility, presentation, temperature, and freshness of menu items rated as average to good. A below average rating was received for recovery food and beverages, provision of food for traveling to other venues, taking suitable snacks out of the dining hall and provision of food at other venues. However, the variety and accessibility of choices for Ramadan, and provision of post-competition food were rated highly. A number of comments were received about the lack of gluten free and lower energy/fat items. The inclusion of allergens on nutrition labeling was considered more important than nutrient content. While dietetic review of the menu in advance of the OG and PG is clearly a valuable process that has resulted in improvements in the food supply, there are still areas that need to be addressed that are currently not implemented during the event.

Standards of nutrition for athletes in Germany.

The Deutscher Olympische Sportbund (DOSB) founded recently an advisory board for German elite athlete nutrition, the 'Arbeitsgruppe (AG) Ernahrungsberatung an den Olympiastutzpunkten'. The 'Performance codex and quality criteria for the food supply in facilities of German elite sports' have been established since 1997. The biochemical equivalent (ATP) for the energy demand is calculated using the DLW (Double Labeled Water)-method on the basis of RMR (Resting Metabolic Rate) and BMR (Basic Metabolic Rate) at sport type specific exercises and performances. Certain nutraceutical ingredients for dietary supplements can be recommended. However, quality criteria for nutrition, cooking and food supply are defined on the basis of Health Food and the individual physiological/social-psychological status of the athlete. Especially food supplements and instant food have to be avoided for young athletes. The German advisory board for elite athlete nutrition publishes 'colour lists' for highly recommended (green), acceptable (yellow), and less recommended (red) food stuff.

Estudo de Rótulos Coletados pela VISA do Estado do Rio de Janeiro em Indústria de Alimentos para Praticantes de Atividades Física / Study of Labels Collected by VISA in the State of Rio de Janeiro in the Food Industry for Physical Activity Practitioners

O presente trabalho avaliou a rotulagem de alimentos para praticantes de atividades físicas coletados em uma indústria de alimentos no Rio de Janeiro, no ano de 2008. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, constatou-se que 81 % dos rótulos avaliados apresentavam não conformidades de acordo com as especificações legais, sendo comumente observado a não declaração no painel principal que o produto em questão é aromatizado artificialmente.