La ética de los agentes cibernéticos (Una ética de plástico para seres de plástico) / The ethics of cybernetic agents (A plastic ethics for plastic beings)

Entre las cuestiones que suscita la nueva tecnología de la IAtenemos la llamada Ética de la IA. De hecho, la reciente Resolución UE Marco de los aspectos éticos de la inteligencia artificial, la robótica y las tecnologías conexas de 20 de octubre 2020, declara que las cuestiones de carácter ético y jurídico relacionadas con la inteligencia artificial deben abordarse a través de un marco regulador del Derecho de la Unión efectivo, global y con visión de futuro que refleje los principios y valores de la Unión consagrados en los Tratados y en la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales. Es decir, se está pidiendo una reglamentación de la ética europea dela IA. Además, se adjunta como Anexo una Propuesta de Reglamento del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo sobre los principios éticos para el desarrollo, el despliegue y el uso de la IA, en 24 artículos. Este trabajo explora el significado de esta Ética para robots, Roboética o Ciberética, distinguiendo la ética que se dirige a los seres humanosen su relación con las máquinas de la que se programa en el sistema inteligente como medida de control y seguridad. (AU)

Among the issues raised by the new AI technology we have the so-called Ethics of AI. In fact, the recent EU Resolution Framework on the ethical aspects of artificial intelligence, robotics and related technologies of October 20, 2020, declares that ethical and legal issues related to artificial intelligence must be addressed through a framework an effective, comprehensive and forward-looking regulator of Union law that reflects the principles and values of the Union enshrined in the Treaties and in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. In other words, a regulation of the European ethics of AI is being requested. In addition, a Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the ethical principles for the development, deployment and use of AI, in 24 articles, is attached as an Annex. This work explores the meaning of this Ethics for robots, Roboethics or Cyberethics, distinguishing the ethics that addresses human beings in their relationship with machines from those that are programmed in the intelligent system as a control and security measure. (AU)

O ciborgue no limiar da humanidade: redefinindo a pessoa natural / El cíborg en el umbral de la humanidad: redefiniendo a la persona natural / The cyborg at the threshold of humanity: redefining the natural person / El ciborg en el llindar de la humanitat: redefinint la persona natural

dÉ a pessoa que inaugura a existência jurídica do ser: sem ela é difícil se chegar a acordos acerca das especificidades de direitos e deveres. No entremeio dessa relação, o transhumanismo, filosofia que advoga por um ser humano melhorado de modo a transcender sua natureza biológica, encontra respaldo prático na interação da tecnologia com a biologia, resultando na ampliação paulatina dos modos de "ser" humano, onde o ciborgue emerge como potencial humano diferenciado em vulnerabilidades e potencialidades em comparação ao Homo sapiens moderno. Assim, a personalidade jurídica contemporaneamente considerada é afetada e repensar sua formulação faz-se necessário. Sustenta-se que as inéditas possibilidades de proteção e responsabilização do ciborgue implicam sua existência jurídica através de uma nova pessoa, a pessoa não-natural

Es la persona que inaugura la existencia jurídica del ser: sin ella, es difícil llegar a acuerdos sobre las especificidades de derechos y deberes. En el centro de esa relación, el transhumanismo, filosofia que defiende un ser humano mejorado de manera a transcender su natureza biológica, encuentra respaldo práctico en la interacción de la tecnología con la biología, culminando en la ampliación paulatina de los modos de "ser" humano, donde el ciborg emerge como potencial humano diferenciado en vulnerabilidades y potencialidades en comparación al Homo sapiens moderno. Así, la personalidad jurídica contemporánea considerada es afectada y repensar su formulación se hace necesario. Se sustenta que las inéditas posibilidades de protección y responsabilización del ciborg implican su existencia jurídica a través de una nueva persona, la persona no-natural

It is the person who inaugurates the legal existence of the being: without it, it is difficult to reach agreements on the specificities of rights and duties. In the midst of this relationship, transhumanism, a philosophy that advocates an improved human being to transcend his biological nature, finds practical support in the interaction of technology with biology, resulting in the gradual expansion of human "being" modes, where the cyborg emerges as a human potential differentiated in vulnerabilities and potentialities in front of modern Homo sapiens. Thus, the contemporary legal personality is affected and it is necessary to rethink its formulation. It is argued that the possibilities of protection and responsibility of the cyborg imply an unprecedented legal existence through a new person, the non-natural person

És la persona que inaugura l'existència legal de l'ésser: sense ella és difícil arribar a acords sobre les especificitats dels drets i deures. Enmig d'aquesta relació, el transhumanisme, filosofia que advoca per un ésser humà millorat per a transcendir la seva naturalesa biològica, troba suport pràctic en la interacció de la tecnologia amb la biologia, resultant en l'expansió gradual de les maneres de "ser" humà, on el cyborg emergeix com un potencial humà diferenciat en vulnerabilitats i potencialitats enfront de l'Homo sapiens modern. Així, la personalitat jurídica contemporània es veu afectada i és necessari replantejar-se la seva formulació. S'argumenta que les possibilitats de protecció i responsabilitat del ciborg impliquen una existència jurídica sense precedents a través d'una nova persona, la persona no natural

The humane use of human beings?

The closing of loops exerts magical effects. This powerful act sculpts both the structural form and the functional expression of the systems which accrue from this ultimate connection. Systems and societies are each erected upon, and composed of, such intricate webs of self-correcting and self-shaping influences. However, without appropriate feedback regulation, these loops can become, in a utilitarian sense, dysfunctional. This is as true for social architectures as it is for any intentionally designed technological system. Here, a sequence of examples are used to expose an evident divergence between what is espoused for our social systems and what is actually enacted therein. Failure of regulation and associated diminution or even disconnection of such regulatory loops leads to an evident and growing dissonance between aspiration and reality. The first two of these examples used here are rather facile and even trivial while the third example is much more serious. All examples provide insight concerning, and expose the ways in which, a fuller understanding of cybernetic principles may rectify such discordant circumstances, at least in principle if not in practice.

Biohacking.

Biohacking is a do-it-yourself citizen science merging body modification with technology. The motivations of biohackers include cybernetic exploration, personal data acquisition, and advocating for privacy rights and open-source medicine. The emergence of a biohacking community has influenced discussions of cultural values, medical ethics, safety, and consent in transhumanist technology.

[The democratic side of science-fiction]. / Le côté démocratique de la science-fiction.

Suspicion towards technological advances has progressively grown during the xx(th) century. However, in the XXI(st) century, reading the NBIC (nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science) report of the National Science Foundation, we can note that science has caught up with science fiction. These changes in public mentality on one side and in scientific capacities on the other argue for an evolution of the debate on sciences. The recent example of the national debate on nanotechnology in France has clearly shown that the public is no longer waiting for additional sources of scientific knowledge but rather waiting for the recognition of its authority to participate in the definition of the national R&D priority and associated scientific strategies. This is all the more legitimate that these strategies will have profound impact on the future of our societies and therefore cannot be decided only by scientists. Hence, it is crucial to identify innovative tools promoting debate on sciences and their technological spin-off. Here, we contend that science fiction has major assets that could face this challenge and facilitate the dialogue between sciences and society.

Cyborgs and moral identity.

Neuroscience and technological medicine in general increasingly faces us with the imminent reality of cyborgs-integrated part human and part machine complexes. If my brain functions in a way that is supported by and exploits intelligent technology both external and implantable, then how should I be treated and what is my moral status-am I a machine or am I a person? I explore a number of scenarios where the balance between human and humanoid machine shifts, and ask questions about the moral status of the individuals concerned. The position taken is very much in accordance with the Aristotelian idea that our moral behaviour is of a piece with our social and personal skills and forms a reactive and reflective component of those skills.

The ethics of using cybernetics and cyborg technologies: what every rehabilitation nurse should know.

Cybernetics and cyborg technologies are rapidly developing in the field of biotechnology. Such developments have yielded a wide variety of devices and prosthetics that have promoted the quality of life for many individuals with physical limitations and generally have been applauded by society and the rehabilitation field. However, such rapid developments have given rise to multiple ethical concerns. Understanding these ethical concerns and the implications they have for rehabilitation nurses is imperative. While the potential benefits of advances in technology are great for those with disabilities and chronic conditions, ethicists suggest that skepticism must be balanced with the zeal that often accompanies cutting-edge developments. As Hook notes, "We must show not a fear of technology, but a courageous control of technology, and refuse to let technology control us" (2002, p. 67).