Streetonomics: Quantifying culture using street names.

Quantifying a society's value system is important because it suggests what people deeply care about-it reflects who they actually are and, more importantly, who they will like to be. This cultural quantification has been typically done by studying literary production. However, a society's value system might well be implicitly quantified based on the decisions that people took in the past and that were mediated by what they care about. It turns out that one class of these decisions is visible in ordinary settings: it is visible in street names. We studied the names of 4,932 honorific streets in the cities of Paris, Vienna, London and New York. We chose these four cities because they were important centers of cultural influence for the Western world in the 20th century. We found that street names greatly reflect the extent to which a society is gender biased, which professions are considered elite ones, and the extent to which a city is influenced by the rest of the world. This way of quantifying a society's value system promises to inform new methodologies in Digital Humanities; makes it possible for municipalities to reflect on their past to inform their future; and informs the design of everyday's educational tools that promote historical awareness in a playful way.

The persistence of ancient settlements and urban sustainability.

We propose a dedicated research effort on the determinants of settlement persistence in the ancient world, with the potential to significantly advance the scientific understanding of urban sustainability today. Settlements (cities, towns, villages) are locations with two key attributes: They frame human interactions and activities in space, and they are where people dwell or live. Sustainability, in this case, focuses on the capacity of structures and functions of a settlement system (geography, demography, institutions) to provide for continuity of safe habitation. The 7,000-y-old experience of urbanism, as revealed by archaeology and history, includes many instances of settlements and settlement systems enduring, adapting to, or generating environmental, institutional, and technological changes. The field of urban sustainability lacks a firm scientific foundation for understanding the long durée, relying instead on narratives of collapse informed by limited case studies. We argue for the development of a new interdisciplinary research effort to establish scientific understanding of settlement and settlement system persistence. Such an effort would build upon the many fields that study human settlements to develop new theories and databases from the extensive documentation of ancient and premodern urban systems. A scientific foundation will generate novel insights to advance the field of urban sustainability.

Integrated vaccination and physical distancing interventions to prevent future COVID-19 waves in Chinese cities.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed substantial challenges to the formulation of preventive interventions, particularly since the effects of physical distancing measures and upcoming vaccines on reducing susceptible social contacts and eventually halting transmission remain unclear. Here, using anonymized mobile geolocation data in China, we devise a mobility-associated social contact index to quantify the impact of both physical distancing and vaccination measures in a unified way. Building on this index, our epidemiological model reveals that vaccination combined with physical distancing can contain resurgences without relying on stay-at-home restrictions, whereas a gradual vaccination process alone cannot achieve this. Further, for cities with medium population density, vaccination can reduce the duration of physical distancing by 36% to 78%, whereas for cities with high population density, infection numbers can be well-controlled through moderate physical distancing. These findings improve our understanding of the joint effects of vaccination and physical distancing with respect to a city's population density and social contact patterns.

Are urban landscapes associated with reported life satisfaction and inequalities in life satisfaction at the city level? A cross-sectional study of 66 European cities.

With more than half the world's population residing in urban areas and this proportion rising, it is important to understand how well-planned urban environments might improve, and reduce inequalities in, quality of life (QoL). Although studies suggest city-level characteristics hold independent influence on QoL, they generally lack a theoretically informed approach to understanding how the whole city landscape might be implicated, have paid scant attention to inequalities in QoL and often focus on small numbers of cities or countries. We applied theory and methods from landscape ecology to explore associations between cities' land cover/use, residents' reported life satisfaction and within-city socio-economic inequalities in life satisfaction. We joined individual-level responses to the European Urban Audit (EUA) Perception Surveys (2012, 2015) with city-level data from the European Urban Atlas classifying land cover/use into 26 different classes. Our sample included 63,554 people from 66 cities in 28 countries. Multilevel binary logistic models found that specific land use measures were associated with life satisfaction, including the amount of a city which was: residential (OR:0.991, 95%CI 0.984-0.997); isolated structures (OR:1.046, 95 CI 1.002-1.091); roads (OR:0.989, 95%CI 0.982-0.996); pastures (OR: 1.002, 95% CI 1.002-1.003) and herbaceous vegetation (OR:0.998, 95%CI 0.997-0.100). A more even distribution of land cover/use (ß: 1.561, 95%CI -3.021 to -0.102) was associated with lower inequality in life satisfaction. This is the first study to theorise and examine how the entire urban landscape may affect levels of and inequalities in wellbeing in a large international sample. Our finding that more equal distribution of land cover/use is associated with lower levels of socio-economic inequality in life satisfaction supports the idea that city environments could be equigenic - that is, could create equality. Our findings can aid urban planners to develop and build cities that can contribute to improving, and narrowing inequalities in, residents' life satisfaction.

Distinct Influences of Urban Villages on Urban Heat Islands: A Case Study in the Pearl River Delta, China.

Widely scattered urban villages (UVs) and increasingly serious urban heat islands (UHIs) are common urban problems in highly urbanized regions, especially in the developing countries. However, the influences of UVs on UHIs remain little understood. In this study, different methodologies are performed to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) from thermal bands and the nearest object-oriented method with spectral, texture, shape metrics using ZY-3 high-resolution satellite imagery, and road network data are used to extract UVs and other land-use types in the Guangzhou⁻Foshan (GF) core areas of Pearl River Delta (PRD). Moreover, the relationship between LST and land-use types is then analyzed on the multiple scales. The results show that five land-use types (vegetation, normal construction land (NCL), UVs, water, and unused land) extracted by the object-oriented method were qualified for subsequent analysis because of satisfactory overall accuracy (0.887) and the Kappa coefficient (0.863). In the GF core areas presenting the most outstanding UHI effect across the PRD region, about 60.5% of the total area is covered by the impervious surfaces, including NCL (50.4%) and UVs (10.1%). The average LST of UVs was 1.89⁻2.97 °C lower than that of NCL. According to the average contribution index of thermal effect and the Pearson's correlation coefficients, UVs present a relatively lower contribution to UHI and a weaker warming effect than NCL, but possess a higher contribution to UHI and a stronger warming effect than other land-use types, resulting in some slightly lower LST-valleys in the UVs adjacent to the NCL and distinct LST-peaks of UVs close to vegetation and water on the surface temperature profile lines. This work increases our understanding of the relationship between increasingly serious UHIs and widely distributed UVs, and would be valuable for local authorities to monitor and improve urban environment in metropolitan regions.

Urban networks among Chinese cities along "the Belt and Road": A case of web search activity in cyberspace.

"The Belt and Road" initiative has been expected to facilitate interactions among numerous city centers. This initiative would generate a number of centers, both economic and political, which would facilitate greater interaction. To explore how information flows are merged and the specific opportunities that may be offered, Chinese cities along "the Belt and Road" are selected for a case study. Furthermore, urban networks in cyberspace have been characterized by their infrastructure orientation, which implies that there is a relative dearth of studies focusing on the investigation of urban hierarchies by capturing information flows between Chinese cities along "the Belt and Road". This paper employs Baidu, the main web search engine in China, to examine urban hierarchies. The results show that urban networks become more balanced, shifting from a polycentric to a homogenized pattern. Furthermore, cities in networks tend to have both a hierarchical system and a spatial concentration primarily in regions such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta region. Urban hierarchy based on web search activity does not follow the existing hierarchical system based on geospatial and economic development in all cases. Moreover, urban networks, under the framework of "the Belt and Road", show several significant corridors and more opportunities for more cities, particularly western cities. Furthermore, factors that may influence web search activity are explored. The results show that web search activity is significantly influenced by the economic gap, geographical proximity and administrative rank of the city.

[Municipalities Stratification for Health Performance Evaluation]. / Estratificação de municípios brasileiros para avaliação de desempenho em saúde.

OBJECTIVE: to propose and present a stratification of Brazilian municipalities into homogeneous groups for evaluation studies of health management performance. METHODS: this was a methodological study, with selected indicators which classify municipalities according to conditions that influence the health management and population size; data for the year 2010 were collected from demographic and health databases; correlation tests and factor analysis were used. RESULTS: seven strata were identified - Large-sized; Medium-sized with favorable, regular or unfavorable influences; and Small-sized with favorable, regular or unfavorable influences -; there was a concentration of municipalities with favorable influences in strata with better purchasing power and funding, as well as a concentration of municipalities with unfavorable influences in the North and Northeast regions. CONCLUSION: the proposed classification grouped similar municipalities regarding influential factors in health management, which allowed the identification of comparable groups of municipalities, setting up a consistent alternative to performance evaluation studies.

Rate of dementia diagnoses according to the degree of aging of the population.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of information regarding geographical differences in the incidence and prevalence of dementia diagnosis according to the degree of aging of the population. The objectives of this study were to analyze the rate of dementia diagnoses, and to compare the dementia subtypes and the clinical characteristics of the patients depending on the degree of aging of their municipalities. METHODS: We used data from the Registry of Dementias of Girona (ReDeGi), containing the cases of dementia diagnosed in the memory clinics of the Health Region of Girona, in Catalonia (Spain), during 2007-2012. The municipalities were classified by a cluster analysis as aged or young municipalities according to their proportion of older people using population ageing indicators. The incidence rates of dementia diagnosis in each type of municipality were compared. RESULTS: The ReDeGi registered 4,314 cases in the municipalities under surveillance. The clinical incidence of dementia was lower in aged municipalities (4.5 vs. 6.1 cases per 1,000 person-years aged 65 and over). Patients from young municipalities had an increased frequency of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The environment may influence the clinical manifestations of dementia that predispose people to visit health specialists and obtain a diagnosis.

A framework for rating environmental value of urban parks.

In this study, indicators are proposed to characterize the intrinsic environmental properties and external value of urban parks. The intrinsic properties involve both acoustic factors and non-acoustic factors, such as visual aspects and size. To assess external value, the restoration level is defined, which measures the nearby presence of a quiet, 'green' area at residential areas outside parks. The restoration levels of green areas are based on intrinsic properties and the distances of each dwelling to urban park areas. The overall environmental value of a park, the group restoration level, is defined as a logarithmic summation of the restoration levels over its surrounding residential areas. Restoration levels were determined for sixteen public parks in the city of Rotterdam and compared with survey data from questionnaires. Results show that the investigated parks display a large variation in the group restoration level levels, mainly due to differences in size and average noise levels. To validate the proposed method, survey data from questionnaires are investigated as to correlation with restoration levels.

Validity of an ecometric neighborhood physical disorder measure constructed by virtual street audit.

Neighborhood physical disorder is thought to affect mental and physical health, but it has been difficult to measure objectively and reliably across large geographical areas or multiple locales. Virtual street audits are a novel method for assessing neighborhood characteristics. We evaluated the ecometric properties of a neighborhood physical disorder measure constructed from virtual street audit data. Eleven trained auditors assessed 9 previously validated items developed to capture physical disorder (e.g., litter, graffiti, and abandoned buildings) on 1,826 block faces using Google Street View imagery (Google, Inc., Mountain View, California) dating from 2007-2011 in 4 US cities (San Jose, California; Detroit, Michigan; New York, New York; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). We constructed a 2-parameter item response theory scale to estimate latent levels of disorder on each block face and defined a function using kriging to estimate physical disorder levels, with confidence estimates, for any point in each city. The internal consistency reliability of the resulting scale was 0.93. The final measure of disorder was positively correlated with US Census data on unemployment and housing vacancy and negatively correlated with data on owner-occupied housing. These results suggest that neighborhood physical disorder can be measured reliably and validly using virtual audits, facilitating research on possible associations between physical disorder and health.

Assessing the validity of health impact assessment predictions regarding a Japanese city's transition to core city status: a monitoring review.

BACKGROUND: The validity of health impact assessment (HIA) predictions has not been accurately assessed to date. In recent years, legislative attempts to promote decentralization have been progressing in Japan, and Kurume was designated as a core city in April 2008. An HIA into the transition of Kurume to a core city was conducted before the event, but the recommendations were not accepted by city officials. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the validity of predictions made in the HIA on Kurume by conducting a monitoring review into the accuracy of the predictions. METHOD: Before Kurume was designated as a core city, the residents completed an online questionnaire and city officials were interviewed. The findings and recommendations were presented to the city administration. One year after the transition, a monitoring review was performed to clarify the accuracy of the HIA predictions by evaluating the correlation between the predictions and reality. RESULTS: Many of the HIA predictions were found to conflict with reality in Kurume. Prediction validity was evaluated for two groups: residents of Kurume and city officials. For the residents, 17% (2/12 items) of the predictions were found to be compatible, 58% (7/12) were incompatible and 25% (3/12) were difficult to evaluate. For city officials, the analysis was divided into those whose department was directly involved in tasks transferred to them (transfer tasks) and those whose department was not. For the city officials in departments responsible for conducting core city transfer tasks, 33% (3/9 items) of the predictions were found to be compatible, 33% (3/9) were incompatible and 33% (3/9) were difficult to evaluate. However, for the city officials whose responsibilities were unrelated to core city transfer tasks, 11% (1/9) of predictions were found to be compatible, 78% (7/9) were incompatible and 11% (1/9) were difficult to evaluate. CONCLUSION: Although it was possible to validate some of the HIA predictions, the results of this monitoring review found substantial discrepancies between the predictions and reality 1 year after the transition of Kurume to a core city. This suggests that the accuracy of HIA predictions may be called into question. However, it should be noted that the review was conducted very soon after the transition and the steering group was very small, which may explain why the HIA predictions were inaccurate. Further, long-term studies may be needed to assess the accuracy of HIA predictions in similar contexts.

Custo-benefício do serviço de telecardiologia no Estado de Minas Gerais: projeto Minas Telecardio / Cost-benefit of the telecardiology service in the state of Minas Gerais: Minas Telecardio Project

FUNDAMENTO: A telecardiologia é instrumento que pode auxiliar na atenção cardiovascular, principalmente em municípios localizados em áreas remotas. Entretanto, as avaliações econômicas sobre o assunto são escassas e com resultados controversos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o custo-benefício da implantação do serviço de telecardiologia em municípios remotos, de pequeno porte, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. MÉTODOS: O estudo utilizou a base de dados do Projeto Minas Telecardio (MTC), desenvolvido de junho/2006 a novembro/2008, em 82 municípios do interior do estado. Cada município recebeu um microcomputador com eletrocardiógrafo digital, com possibilidade de envio dos traçados e comunicação com plantão de cardiologia em pólo universitário. A análise custo-benefício foi realizada comparando o custo de realização de um ECG no projeto MTC ao custo de realizar este exame por encaminhamento em outra localidade. RESULTADOS: O custo médio de um ECG no projeto MTC foi de R$ 28,92, decomposto em R$ 8,08 referente ao custo de implantação e R$ 20,84 ao de manutenção do programa. A simulação do custo do ECG com encaminhamento variou de R$ 30,91 a R$ 54,58, sendo a relação custo-benefício sempre favorável ao programa MTC, independente da forma de cálculo da distância de encaminhamento. Nas simulações, foram consideradas as abordagens do financiador e da sociedade. A análise de sensibilidade com variação dos parâmetros de calibração confirmou esses resultados. CONCLUSÃO: A implantação de sistema de telecardiologia como apoio a atenção primária em cidades brasileiras de pequeno porte é factível e economicamente benéfica, podendo ser transformada em programa regular do sistema público de saúde.

BACKGROUND: Telecardiology is a tool that can aid in cardiovascular care, mainly in towns located in remote areas. However, economic assessments on this subject are scarce and have yielded controversial results. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-benefit of implementing a Telecardiology service in remote, small towns in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: The study used the database from the Minas Telecardio (MTC) Project, developed from June 2006 to November 2008, in 82 towns in the countryside of the state. Each municipality received a microcomputer with a digital electrocardiograph, with the possibility of transmitting ECG tracings and communicating with the on-duty cardiologist at the University hospital. The cost-benefit analysis was carried out by comparing the cost of performing an ECG in the project versus the cost of performing it by patient referral to another city. RESULTS: The average cost of an ECG in the MTC project was R$ 28.92, decomposed into R$ 8.08 for the cost of implementation and R$ 20.84 for maintenance. The cost simulation of the ECG with referral ranged from R$ 30.91 to R$ 54.58, with the cost-benefit ratio being always favorable to the MTC program, regardless of the type of calculation used for referral distance. The simulations considered the financial sponsor's and society's points-of-view. The sensitivity analysis with variation of calibration parameters confirmed these results. CONCLUSION: The implementation of a Telecardiology system as support to primary care in small Brazilian towns is feasible and economically beneficial, and can be used as a regular program within the Brazilian public health system.

Cost-benefit of the telecardiology service in the state of Minas Gerais: Minas Telecardio Project.

BACKGROUND: Telecardiology is a tool that can aid in cardiovascular care, mainly in towns located in remote areas. However, economic assessments on this subject are scarce and have yielded controversial results. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-benefit of implementing a Telecardiology service in remote, small towns in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: The study used the database from the Minas Telecardio (MTC) Project, developed from June 2006 to November 2008, in 82 towns in the countryside of the state. Each municipality received a microcomputer with a digital electrocardiograph, with the possibility of transmitting ECG tracings and communicating with the on-duty cardiologist at the University hospital. The cost-benefit analysis was carried out by comparing the cost of performing an ECG in the project versus the cost of performing it by patient referral to another city. RESULTS: The average cost of an ECG in the MTC project was R$ 28.92, decomposed into R$ 8.08 for the cost of implementation and R$ 20.84 for maintenance. The cost simulation of the ECG with referral ranged from R$ 30.91 to R$ 54.58, with the cost-benefit ratio being always favorable to the MTC program, regardless of the type of calculation used for referral distance. The simulations considered the financial sponsor's and society's points-of-view. The sensitivity analysis with variation of calibration parameters confirmed these results. CONCLUSION: The implementation of a Telecardiology system as support to primary care in small Brazilian towns is feasible and economically beneficial, and can be used as a regular program within the Brazilian public health system.

Aesthetics of streetscapes: influence of fundamental properties on aesthetic judgments of urban space.

This experiment was designed to investigate the relationship between the fundamental visual, spatial properties of existing complex streetscapes and aesthetic judgments. Participants performed aesthetic judgments over 35 photographs of typical spatial situations taken along the Meissner Strasse in Radebeul, Germany. In a modified Q-Sort procedure, the participants assigned the pictures to five categories, including 1 (beautiful) and 5 (not beautiful). Vegetation, Stylistic Uniformity, Homogeneity of Scale, and Symmetry were identified as primary components of aesthetic judgment by using principal component analysis. Stimuli, photographically edited according to these factors, were then tested using the same Q-Sort procedure, which confirmed these determinants. These results are intended to help the development of the theoretical understanding of the link between the influence of selected spatial properties and the aesthetic judgment of the visual quality of urban spaces.

Municipal mortality due to thyroid cancer in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid cancer is a tumor with a low but growing incidence in Spain. This study sought to depict its spatial municipal mortality pattern, using the classic model proposed by Besag, York and Mollié. METHODS: It was possible to compile and ascertain the posterior distribution of relative risk on the basis of a single Bayesian spatial model covering all of Spain's 8077 municipal areas. Maps were plotted depicting standardized mortality ratios, smoothed relative risk (RR) estimates, and the posterior probability that RR > 1. RESULTS: From 1989 to 1998 a total of 2,538 thyroid cancer deaths were registered in 1,041 municipalities. The highest relative risks were mostly situated in the Canary Islands, the province of Lugo, the east of La Coruña (Corunna) and western areas of Asturias and Orense. CONCLUSION: The observed mortality pattern coincides with areas in Spain where goiter has been declared endemic. The higher frequency in these same areas of undifferentiated, more aggressive carcinomas could be reflected in the mortality figures. Other unknown genetic or environmental factors could also play a role in the etiology of this tumor.

American Podiatric Medical Association Best Walking City Competition, 2004.

In 2004, the American Podiatric Medical Association conducted its third annual "Best Walking City Competition." This study improved on the 2002 and 2003 studies by increasing the number of cities competing for the title of "Best Walking City" and by including a variety of new measures of walking activities to provide a more comprehensive and equitable basis for comparing cities. The top 20 best walking cities in 2004 were identified from among the 200 largest cities across the United States. Lists of top cities were also developed by city population size and geographic region and by three different types of walking activities prevalent in each city.