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1.
Ann Oncol ; 17 Suppl 5: v142-7, 2006 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16807444

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The study determined pharmacokinetic parameters, toxicity profile and preliminary clinical activity of gemcitabine administered i.v. at different infusion rates in patients with a range of solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients were enrolled for both pharmacokinetic and clinical studies. Gemcitabine 300 mg/m(2) was administered during 1 h, 2 h or 3 h, and as a conventional dose of 1000 mg/m(2) during 30 min infusion. Administration was on days 1, 8 and 15 every 4 weeks. RESULTS: Patients were randomly assigned to one of the four arms. After 30 min infusion of 1000 mg/m(2) gemcitabine the plasma concentration remained above the saturation level of 10-20 microM, whereas after 1, 2 or 3 h infusion 300 mg/m(2) gemcitabine it remained below the saturation level for most of the time (being in the range 2.5-10 microM). Gemcitabine triphosphate was determined in the four arms in white blood cells; for infusion times from 0.5 to 3 h there was a progressive enhancement of gemcitabine triphosphate levels. In all evaluable patients the toxicity was mild, myelosuppression being the main toxicity. No grade 3 or 4 toxicities occurred. Clinical response was similar in patients receiving 300 mg/m(2) gemcitabine in 2 and 3 h and in the 1000 mg/m(2) arm. CONCLUSIONS: 300 mg/m(2) gemcitabine during 3 h infusion produced the highest accumulation of gemcitabine triphosphate. Thus, to achieve the highest possible gemcitabine triphosphate level, prolonged infusion time would appear to be more important than a high dose administered as a short infusion. However, there was no substantial difference in toxicity or antitumoral activity in the all different patient groups.


Assuntos
Citidina Trifosfato/análogos & derivados , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Citidina Trifosfato/administração & dosagem , Citidina Trifosfato/efeitos adversos , Citidina Trifosfato/farmacocinética , Desoxicitidina/administração & dosagem , Desoxicitidina/efeitos adversos , Desoxicitidina/farmacocinética , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Análise de Sobrevida , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Gencitabina
3.
J Biol Chem ; 276(26): 23832-7, 2001 Jun 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11328813

RESUMO

Several of the nucleoside analogs used in the treatment of AIDS exhibit a delayed clinical toxicity limiting their usefulness. The toxicity of nucleoside analogs may be related to their effects on the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase (Pol gamma), the polymerase responsible for mitochondrial DNA replication. Among the AIDS drugs approved by the FDA for clinical use, two are modified cytosine analogs, Zalcitabine (2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC)) and Lamivudine (beta-d-(+)-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine ((-)3TC])). (-)3TC is the only analog containing an unnatural l(-) nucleoside configuration and is well tolerated by patients even after long term administration. In cell culture (-)3TC is less toxic than its d(+) isomer, (+)3TC, containing the natural nucleoside configuration, and both are considerably less toxic than ddC. We have investigated the mechanistic basis for the differential toxicity of these three cytosine analogs by comparing the effects of dideoxy-CTP), (+)3TC-triphosphate (TP), and (-)3TC-TP on the polymerase and exonuclease activities of recombinant human Pol gamma. This analysis reveals that Pol gamma incorporates (-)3TC-triphosphate 16-fold less efficiently than the corresponding (+)isomer and 1140-fold less efficiently than dideoxy-CTP, showing a good correlation between incorporation rate and toxicity. The rates of excision of the incorporated analogs from the chain-terminated 3'-end of the DNA primer by the 3'-5'-exonuclease activity of Pol gamma were similar (0.01 s(-)1) for both 3TC analogs. In marked contrast, the rate of exonuclease removal of a ddC chain-terminated DNA occurs at least 2 orders of magnitude slower, suggesting that the failure of the exonuclease to remove ddC may play a major role in its greater toxicity. This study demonstrates that direct analysis of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase structure/function relationships may provide valuable insights leading to the design of less toxic inhibitors.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Síntese de Ácido Nucleico , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/metabolismo , Citidina Trifosfato/efeitos adversos , Citidina Trifosfato/análogos & derivados , Citidina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Citidina Trifosfato/farmacologia , DNA/biossíntese , DNA Polimerase gama , Replicação do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos de Desoxicitosina/efeitos adversos , Nucleotídeos de Desoxicitosina/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos de Desoxicitosina/farmacologia , Didesoxinucleotídeos , Exodesoxirribonucleases/antagonistas & inibidores , Humanos , Cinética , Lamivudina/efeitos adversos , Lamivudina/análogos & derivados , Lamivudina/metabolismo , Lamivudina/farmacologia , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/metabolismo , Zalcitabina/efeitos adversos , Zalcitabina/metabolismo , Zalcitabina/farmacologia
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