Coca (Erythroxylum coca) Control is Affected by Glyphosate Formulations and Adjuvants.

The aerial spray program for the eradication of coca in Colombia uses Glyphos, a local formulation of glyphosate tank-mixed with an adjuvant product, Cosmo-Flux. There are some potential risks to amphibians from direct overspraying of shallow waters. In order to evaluate potential alternative mixtures, a field experiment was conducted at the Center of National Training of Police Operations in Tolima province, Colombia. Plants of coca were established with irrigation and grown to 75 cm tall. A randomized split-plot design experiment was laid out and sprayed with a range of glyphosate formulations and different adjuvants using an experimental ground sprayer. Assessments were made of plant vigor, height, and above-ground standing crop (fresh weight) 3 wk after application. Resprouting of plants was assessed at 9 wk after treatment. Unformulated glyphosate applied as the product Rodeo gave poorer control of coca than two formulated products, Roundup Biactive (from Europe) and Colombian Glyphos. In general, these products performed well without added adjuvants, giving control similar to that of the eradication mixture with Cosmo-Flux. There was some evidence that addition of the adjuvant Silwet L-77 and to a lesser extent Mixture B (from the United Kingdom) gave more rapid herbicide symptoms. There were also indications that glyphosate rates of less than 3.69 kg acid equivalents (a.e.)/ha could give control in the range of 95%. Depending on the environmental risk requirements, the experiment indicates that, should other spray mixtures be required, there are potential alternatives. These would require extensive field testing to cover different environmental conditions, different coca varieties, and particularly aerial application, prior to a recommendation. Should the glyphosate product require changing, Roundup Biactive may be considered. Should the adjuvant require changing, then on the basis of this research, Silwet L-77 and Mixture B would be good candidates for further evaluation.

Análise comparativa, ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura, de esmalte bovino exposto a diferentes soluçöes ácidas: um estudo in vitro / Scanning electron microscopy analysis of bovine enamel exposed to different acid solutions: an in vitro study

O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar as possíveis alteraçöes ocorridas na superfície de esmalte bovino, hígido ou desmineralizado, exposto por 40 minutos à Coca-cola em fórmula original, ao suco de limäo diluído em água destilada na razäo 1:5 e ao suco de laranja natural integral (Parmalat). Com esse fim, 40 blocos de esmalte bovino de 16 mm² foram previamente limpos com pedra-pomes e água destilada, em baixa rotaçäo. Desse total, 20 foram artificialmente descalcificados. Tanto os blocos hígidos quando os descalcificados foram colocados 6 a 6 em dispositivos de cera, perfazendo um total de 3 dispositivos com 6 blocos de esmalte hígido (Grupo I) e 3 dispositivos com 6 blocos de esmalte descalcificado (Grupo II). Análises comparativas ao Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura demonstraram que o suco de limäo foi o responsável por padröes de erosäo mais acentuados, seguido pela Coca-cola e pelo suco de laranja, tanto no esmalte hígido quanto no desmineralizado. Os resultados evidenciam o potencial erosivo do suco de limäo, da Coca-cola e do suco de laranja

Razones atribuídas al uso de sustancias psicoactivas / Reasons reasons for the use of psychoactive substances

Se puso a prueba la teoría de León (1986) según la cual el público peruano concibe la existencia de diferentes motivos para el uso de los distintos tipos de sustancias psicoactivas. El estudio 1 solicitó a 50 maestros calificar motivos respecto a grupos de sustancias. En el estudio 2, 148 maestros escogieron un motivo para cada sustancia individual. Un modelo tridimensional surgió de los datos, teniendo a la hoja de coca en el extremo de eficiencia, el alcohol en el de extraversión, y las drogas (marihuana, PBC, etc.) en el de sensaciones

Implicancias farmacológicas en el uso de las hojas de coca en el Perú / Pharmacological implications in the use of the leaves of coca in Peru

Dates taken from the official statisti, from the ch emical laboratory and latest pharmacological investigation clear up the incognito to the theme cocaine and its divulgation and effect in the rural indian population.

Se llama la atención acerca de las consecuencias activas de cocaína en los niveles de impregnación orgánica del sujeto masticular de hojas de coca, sujeción a una estricta repercución de las raciones verosímilmente usuales de consumo y a la luz del conocimiento científico actual en la materia, posibilitando una clara distinción entre lo inconfundible tóxico y subtóxico de dichos patrones de consumo entre las comunidades campesinas del Perú.

Study of the concentration of the herbicide (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid in coca leaves and paste obtained from plants treated with this herbicide.

The herbicide (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid (2,4-D) is considered to be the most cost-effective for eradicating illicit coca plants. Since coca leaves are chewed by the natives of coca producing areas, and, since coca paste and cocaine are widely abused, a study was undertaken to determine whether 2,4-D is translocated into the leaves and transferred to coca paste when coca plants are treated with this herbicide. The study concluded that basal treatment of coca plants with 2,4-D ester resulted in translocation of 2,4-D into the leaves, and this herbicide was detected in high concentrations one week after treatment. Coca paste prepared from leaves obtained from basally treated plants did not contain 2,4-D. Foliage spraying resulted in extremely high concentrations of 2,4-D in the leaves, with significantly high concentrations of the herbicide found one week after spraying. Trace amounts of 2,4-D were detected in coca paste prepared from plants sprayed by the foliage method.