European surveillance study on antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive anaerobic cocci.

Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms frequently isolated from local and systemic infections. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical strains isolated in 10 European countries were investigated. After identification of 299 GPAC to species level, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole, vancomycin and linezolid were determined by the agar dilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The majority of isolates were identified as Finegoldia magna and Parvimonas micra (formerly Peptostreptococcus micros), isolated from skin and soft tissue infections. All isolates were susceptible to imipenem, metronidazole, vancomycin and linezolid. Twenty-one isolates (7%) were resistant to penicillin (n=13) and/or to clindamycin (n=12). Four isolates were resistant to both agents. The majority of resistant isolates were identified as F. magna and originated from blood, abscesses and soft tissue infections.

[Metabolism of rumen microbial populations formed on biosubstrates with different assimilation under the effect of pentachlorophenol]. / Metabolizm mikrobnykh populiatsii rubtsia, sformovanykh na biosubstratakh riznoï dostupnosti, za diï pentakhlorfenolu.

It has been established that metabolism of mixed microbial population formed on easy assimilated sources of energy and nitrogen (concentrate diet) progressed on higher level. There is increase of amilolytic activity, formation of lactate, ammonia, low molecular carbonic acids with predomination of propionate molar fraction. The increased resistance to effect of pentachlorophenol (PCP) is characteristic nature of the latter. The role of the most resistant synthrophic bacteria to PCP increases. The pure strains of Streptococcus bovis and Megasphaera elsdenii do not stop metabolism at 100 microM of PCP. Mixed population of microorganisms formed on hard accessible biosubstrates (cellulose) and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens have the increased cellulosolytic activity and while the high sensibility even to low doses of PCP (10-40 microM) is observed. It has been supposed that mechanism of PCP effect is ambiguous for various species of microbial complex of rumen. It's effect strength on all main chains of metabolism (membrane transport, energetic exchange, protein biosynthesis, etc.) significantly depends on capacity of pool of metabolic intermediates formed as a result of definite program of biotechnology of nurture, but significantly decreases the harmful effect of biocides.

Inflammatory diseases of the sinuses: bacteriology and antibiotics.

This article provides an overview of the antimicrobial agents most commonly employed against the bacteria that cause infections in the ear, nose, throat, head, and neck. Because new bacterial resistances appear so regularly, as do new antibiotics, the reader is encouraged to supplement the information provided within this article with current information from the available literature. Specific treatment strategies for both acute and chronic sinusitis also are reviewed.

Antibacterial susceptibility of anaerobes by agar dilution method.

Of the 9 antibacterials, vancomycin alone at its break-point (optimum blood level) revealed highest (93.3%) efficacy on Gram-positive cocci. The remarkable activity of carbenicillin, chloramphenicol and vancomycin on Gram-positive cocci (95.4 to 96.9%), carbenicillin and chloramphenicol on Gram-positive bacilli (94.8% to 98.2%) and chloramphenicol on Gram-negative bacilli (95.4%) was noted by increasing their concentrations 1.5 to 2.5 times above their break-points. These (and even higher) concentration, however, showed relatively lower efficacy of metronidazole, rifampicin, penicillin, clindamycin and erythromycin on Gram-positive cocci (76 to 84.1%), rifampicin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin and vancomycin on Gram-positive bacilli (81 to 87.9%) and clindamycin, metronidazole, rifampicin and carbenicillin in Gram-negative bacilli (72.7 to 84%). By and large, rifampicin, chloramphenicol and carbenicillin are also quite effective (72.1 to 75.1%) at lower concentration.