Perfil diagnóstico de pacientes sometidos a retirada de órgano fundamentado en escalas de evaluación / Perfil diagnóstico de pacientes submetidos à retirada de órgão fundamentado em escalas de avaliação / Profile diagnosis in patients submitted to organ removal based on assessment scales

OBJETIVO: Identificar el perfil de los diagnósticos de enfermería de la NANDA-I de pacientes quirúrgicos sometidos a la retirada de órgano fundamentado por el uso de las escalas de evaluación y trazar el perfil socio clínico demográfico de esa población. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal. Población compuesta por 60 pacientes quirúrgicos hospitalizados en postoperatorio de cirugía de retirada de órgano, después del cálculo muestral. El análisis fue realizado por medio de medidas de tendencia central, media y mediana, y de dispersión, frecuencia absoluta y simple de las variables cuantitativas. Se utilizó el software Excel (R) 2016. Los resultados fueron expresados por medio de tablas. RESULTADOS: Se aplicaron cinco escalas de evaluación. Se obtuvieron 1022 diagnósticos de enfermería basados en la NANDA-I, 93 diagnósticos diferentes, con media de 16,39 por paciente. Siendo 67 co foco en el problema, 23 de riesgo y 3 de promoción de la salud. Los diagnósticos con frecuencia superiores al 50% totalizaron 11, los cuales fueron discutidos. Los dominios sobresalientes fueron: Actividad/Hogar y Seguridad/Protección. CONCLUSIÓN: Se identificó una alta concentración de diagnósticos en esa población. La cantidad de diagnósticos planteados y su diversidad identifican las diferentes áreas del cuidado que el enfermero debe estar apto para prestar sus cuidados, además identificar esas informaciones deposita en el enfermero mayor poder de cuidado sobre el paciente. El estudio demostró la importancia del uso de escalas de evaluación que subsidien los diagnósticos de enfermería. La investigación aún apunta la importancia del uso del diagnóstico de enfermería como forma de cuidado efectivo

OBJETIVO: Realizar o levantamento do perfil dos diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA-I de pacientescirúrgicos submetidos à retirada de órgão fundamentado pelo uso das escalas de avaliação e traçar operfil sócio clínico demográfico dessa população. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal. População composta por 60 pacientes cirúrgicos hospitalizados em pósoperatóriode cirurgia de retirada de órgão, após cálculo amostral. A análise foi realizada por meio demedidas de tendência central, média e mediana, e de dispersão, frequência absoluta e simples dasvariáveis quantitativas. Utilizou-se o software Excel (R) 2016. Os resultados foram expressos por meiode tabelas. RESULTADOS: Foram aplicadas cinco escalas de avaliação. Obtiveram-se 1022 diagnósticos deenfermagem baseados na NANDA-I, 93 títulos diagnósticos distintos, com média de 16,39 porpaciente. Sendo 67 com foco no problema, 23 de risco e 3 de promoção da saúde. Os diagnósticoscom frequência superior a 50% totalizaram onze, os quais foram discutidos. Os domínios queconcentraram a maior parte dos diagnósticos de enfermagem foram: Atividade/Repouso eSegurança/Proteção. CONCLUSÃO: Foi identificada uma alta concentração de diagnósticos nessa população. A quantidade dediagnósticos levantadas e sua diversidade identificam as diferentes áreas do cuidado que o enfermeirodeve estar apto para prestar seus cuidados, além de que o levantamento dessas informações depositano enfermeiro maior poder de cuidado sobre o paciente. O estudo demonstrou a importância do uso deescalas de avaliação que subsidiem os diagnósticos de enfermagem. A pesquisa ainda aponta aimportância do uso do diagnóstico de enfermagem como forma de cuidado efetivo

MAIN GOAL: Perform the survey of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses profile of surgical patients submitted toorgan removal based on the use of the evaluation scales and to trace the socio-demographic clinicalprofile of this population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. The population comprised of 60 surgical patients hospitalized inpostoperative of organ removal surgery, after sample calculation. The analysis was performed bymeans of central, middle and median trend measures, and dispersion, absolute and simple frequency ofquantitative variables. Excel (R) 2016 software was used. The results were expressed by means oftables. RESULTS: Five scales of evaluation were applied. There were 1022 nursing diagnoses based onNANDA-I, with 93 different diagnostic titles, with an average of 16.39 per patient. Being 67 focused onthe problem, 23 risk and 3 health promotion. The diagnoses with frequency greater than 50% totaledeleven, which were discussed. The domains that concentrated the majority of the nursing diagnoseswere: Activity/Rest and Safety/Protection. CONCLUSION: A high concentration of diagnoses in this population was identified. The number ofdiagnoses raised and their diversity identifies the different areas of care that the nurse must be able toprovide care, and the collection of this information places the nurse greater power of care on the patient.The study demonstrated the importance of the use of evaluation scales that subsidize nursingdiagnoses. The research also points out the importance of using nursing diagnosis as a form of effectivecare

Intervenções de enfermagem na deteção e tratamento ativo do potencial dador de órgãos / Nursing interventions in the detection and active treatment of potential organ donors

A redução do sofrimento e inerente melhoria da qualidade de vida, dos doentes com determinadas doenças crónicas, estão fortemente ligados à transplantação, por esta ser a solução que confere, por vezes, a única opção de tratamento. No entanto, a escassez de órgãos disponíveis para doação limita o número de transplantes, contribuindo para o aumento da lista de espera, com o consequente aumento de morbilidade e mortalidade dos doentes, portadores de doença crónica (Direção Geral de Saúde, 2010). Segundo o Despacho nº 5480/2017 de 23 de junho, a atividade de doação, estável e consolidada é imprescindível para assegurar a resposta às necessidades dos doentes que aguardam em lista de espera para transplante, ainda assim, essa atividade proveniente de dadores em morte cerebral em Portugal, comparativamente a outros países, é insuficiente face à grande carência de órgãos. No nosso país existe uma significativa perda de dadores por não identificação da condição, ou não referenciação adequada. Para Day (2001), os enfermeiros de cuidados ao doente crítico são frequentemente responsáveis pela deteção de potenciais dadores de órgãos e pelo seu tratamento ativo. A identificação de um potencial dador em morte cerebral é consensual e a existência de algumas condições prévias ao diagnóstico definitivo é fundamental. A presença vinte e quatro horas por dia do enfermeiro junto do doente, torna-o no elemento mais competente para reconhecer os primeiros sinais de morte cerebral (Peiffer, 2007). A avaliação e monitorização do potencial dador, pelo enfermeiro, assumem vital importância no resultado do transplante. A prevenção e deteção precoce das principais complicações, advindas da morte cerebral, permitem ao enfermeiro, dentro da equipa multidisciplinar, instituir medidas terapêuticas adequadas, de modo a assegurar a viabilidade dos órgãos (Guetti & Marques, 2008).

Reducing suffering and inherently improving the quality of life of patients with certain chronic diseases is strongly linked to transplantation because this is sometimes the only treatment option. However, the shortage of organs available for donation limits the number of transplants, contributing to increase the waiting list, with the consequent increase in morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic disease (Directorate General of Health, 2010). According to Order No. 5480/2017 of June 23, the donation activity, stable and consolidated is essential to ensure the response to the needs of patients waiting on transplant waiting lists, yet this activity from donors in brain death in Portugal, compared to other countries, is insufficient due to the great lack of organs. In our country there is a significant loss of donors for not identifying the condition, or not adequate referral. For Day (2001), critical care nurses are often responsible for the detection of potential organ donors and for their active treatment. The identification of a potential donor in brain death is consensual and the existence of some conditions prior to the definitive diagnosis is fundamental. The 24- hour presence of the nurse next to the patient makes him the most competent element to recognize the first signs of brain death (Peiffer, 2007). The evaluation and monitoring of the potential donor, by the nurse, are of vital importance in the transplant result. The prevention and early detection of the main complications, caused by brain death, allow the nurse, within the multidisciplinary team, to institute appropriate therapeutic measures, so as to ensure the viability of the organs (Guetti and Marques, 2007).

Organ Donation After Circulatory Death and Before Death: Ethical Questions and Nursing Implications.

Scientific advances have enabled thousands of individuals to extend their lives through organ donation. Yet, shortfalls of available organs persist, and individuals in the United States die daily before they receive what might have been lifesaving organs. For years, the legal foundation of organ donation in the United States has been known as the Dead Donor Rule, requiring death to be defined for organ donation purposes by either a cardiac standard (termination of the heartbeat) or a neurological one (cessation of all brain function). In this context, one solution used by an increasing number of health care facilities since 2006 is donation after circulatory death, generally defined as when care is withdrawn from individuals who have known residual brain function. Despite its increased use, donation after circulatory death remains ethically controversial. In addition, some ethicists have advocated forgoing the Dead Donor Rule altogether and allowing donation before or near death in certain circumstances. However, nurses and other health professionals must carefully consider the practical and ethical implications of broadening the Dead Donor Rule-as may be already occurring-or removing it entirely. Such changes could harm both the integrity of the health care system as well as efforts to secure organ donation commitments from the public and are outweighed by the moral and pragmatic cost. Nurses should be prepared to confront the challenge posed by the ongoing scarcity of organs and advocate for ethical alternatives including research on effective care pathways and education regarding organ donation.

Remoção de órgãos sólidos para transplante: protocolo para a enfermagem / Removal of solid organs for transplantation: protocol for nursing

Objetivos: elaborar um instrumento na modalidade de protocolo que permita a uniformidade das ações de Enfermagem em remoção de órgãos sólidos para transplantes. Método: trata-se de estudo qualitativo, descritivo, com foco na construção de um instrumento tecnológico do tipo protocolo, respeitando-se as seguintes etapas: revisão integrativa; coleta de dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas; apreciação dos dados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo; elaboração da proposta de protocolo e utilização do Índice de Validade do Conteúdo para a validação. Resultados esperados: espera-se disponibilizar, para os centros transplantadores, um protocolo que auxilie o enfermeiro na sistematização das ações de Enfermagem em cirurgias de remoção de órgãos para transplantes, contribuindo para a qualidade e segurança da assistência prestada a adultos e crianças submetidos a transplantes.(AU)

Objectives: to elaborate an instrument in the protocol modality that allows uniformity of Nursing actions in the removal of solid organs for transplants. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive study, focusing on the construction of a protocol-type technological instrument, respecting the following steps: integrative review; data collection through semi-structured interviews; data appreciation through Content Analysis; elaboration of the protocol proposal and use of the Content Validity Index for validation. Expected results: It is expected to make available to transplantation centers a protocol that assists nurses in the systematization of Nursing actions in transplantation organ removal surgeries, contributing to the quality and safety of care provided to adults and children undergoing transplantation.(AU)

Objetivos: elaborar un instrumento en la modalidad de protocolo que permita la uniformidad de las acciones de enfermería en la extracción de órganos sólidos para trasplante. Método: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, centrado en la construcción de un instrumento tecnológico de tipo protocolo, respetando los siguientes pasos: revisión integradora; recopilación de datos a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas; apreciación de datos a través del Análisis de Contenido; elaboración de la propuesta de protocolo y uso del índice de validez de contenido para la validación. Resultados esperados: se espera que se ponga a disposición para los centros de trasplante, un protocolo que ayude el enfermero en la sistematización de las acciones de Enfermería en cirugías de extracción de órganos de trasplante, contribuyendo para la calidad y seguridad de la atención prestada en adultos y niños sometidos a trasplantes.(AU)

Coping and caring: support resources integral to perioperative nurses during the process of organ procurement surgery.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To discuss and explore the levels of support provided to perioperative nurses when participating in multi-organ procurement surgery and the impact to their overall well-being. BACKGROUND: Assisting within multi-organ procurement surgical procedures has been recognised to impact on the well-being of perioperative nurses leaving little opportunity for them to recover from their participation or to seek available support resources. To date, this area has remained largely unexplored with limited evidence of how nurses manage and cope with these procedures, in addition to the support received in the workplace. DESIGN: A qualitative grounded theory method. METHODS: The study was informed by perioperative nurses (n = 35) who had previous participatory experience in these surgical procedures from two Australian states. Theoretical sampling directed the collection of data via semistructured in-depth interviews. Data were analysed using the constant comparative method. RESULTS: Three components of levels of support were identified from the data: lacking support within the operating room organisation; surgical team support and access to external professional support. CONCLUSION: These findings offer new insights into how nurses manage and cope with their participation in organ procurement surgical procedures and what types of support resources can be seen as barriers or enablers to their overall experiences. The need for timely and adequate support is vital to their overall well-being and future participation in organ procurement surgery. These findings have the potential to guide further research with implications for clinical initiatives and practices, looking at new ways of supporting perioperative nurses within the clinical environment both locally and internationally. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Healthcare organisations need to acknowledge the emotional, psychosocial and psychological health and well-being of nurses impacted by these surgical procedures and provide appropriate and timely clinical support within the work environment.

[Nursing management of a refractory cardiac death donor]. / Prise en charge infirmière d'un donneur décédé par arrêt circulatoire réfractaire.

The nursing management of a refractory circulatory death donor is a new procedure which forms an integral part of patient care. It comprises technical and organisational aspects, and requires a conceptual, ethical and deontological effort.

Captação do fígado do doador para o transplante: uma proposta de protocolo para o enfermeiro / Liver harvesting from the donor to the transplantee: a proposed protocol for nurses / Captación del hígado del donante para el trasplante: una propuesta de protocolo para el enfermero

Objetivo: Propor um modelo de protocolo assistencial para o enfermeiro da captação do fígado para transplante. Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva, de natureza qualitativa, realizada em Fortaleza, no período de junho a agosto de 2014. Foram realizadas entrevistas e observação do trabalho dos enfermeiros em hospital de referência do Ceará. Os dados foram trabalhados por meio da análise temática e subsidiaram a construção da proposta piloto do protocolo, apreciado pelos enfermeiros para versão final. Resultados: O estudo permitiu a construção de um protocolo, apresentando ações específicas, que permeiam o procedimento de captação, especificamente a etapa da retirada do órgão, dinamizando as intervenções e tornando os procedimentos mais seguros e uniformes no processo captação-transplante de fígado. Conclusões: A proposta de um protocolo referente à captação do fígado para transplante é um modelo de sistematização da assistência com potencial para instrumentalizar as ações do enfermeiro no programa captação-transplante.

Objective: To propose a clinical protocol model for nurses in liver harvesting for transplant. Methods: A descriptive study,qualitative in nature, held in Fortaleza, in the period from June to August 2014. Interviews were carried out and observing the workof nurses in a referral hospital in Ceará. The data was processed through the thematic analysis and provided the construction ofthe proposed Protocol pilot, analysed by nurses for the final version. Results: The study allowed the construction of a protocol,with specific actions that permeate the harvesting procedure, specifically the stage of organ removal, streamlining interventionsand making them safer and more uniform in the liver harvest-transplantation process. Conclusions: The proposal of a protocolconcerning liver harvesting for transplant is a systematization assistance model with the potential to codify the actions of thenurse in the harvesting and transplantation process.

Objetivo: Proponer un modelo de protocolo clínico para enfermeros para el proceso de captación de hígado para trasplante.Métodos: Investigación descriptiva, cualitativa, realizada en Fortaleza, entre Junio y Agosto de 2014. Fueron realzadas entrevistasy observación del trabajo de los enfermeros en un hospital de referencia en Ceará. Los datos fueron procesados a través delanálisis temático y subsidiaron la construcción de la propuesta piloto del protocolo, apreciado por los enfermeros para la versiónfinal. Resultados: El estudio permitió la construcción de un protocolo, con acciones específicas sobre el procedimiento decaptación, específicamente la etapa de extracción del órgano, dinamizando las intervenciones y haciéndolas más seguras yuniformes en el proceso captación-trasplante. Conclusión: La propuesta de un protocolo relativo a la captura del hígado paratrasplante es un modelo de sistematización de la asistencia con potencial para instrumentalizar las acciones del enfermero enel programa captación-trasplante.

Experiential learning not enough for organ procurement surgery: implications for perioperative nursing education.

CONTEXT: Perioperative nurses play a vital role in assisting in surgical procedures for multiorgan procurement, receiving little education apart from on-the-job experiential learning when they are asked to participate in these procedures. OBJECTIVES: Within an Australian context and as part of a larger study, this article describes issues that hindered perioperative nurses' participatory experiences as a result of lacking education, previous exposure, and preparation for assisting in surgical procedures for organ procurement. DESIGN: The grounded theory method was used to develop a substantive theory of perioperative nurses' experiences of participating in surgical procedures for multiorgan procurement. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-five perioperative nurses who had experience in surgical procedures for organ procurement from regional, rural, and metropolitan hospitals of 2 Australian states, New South Wales and Western Australia, participated in the research. RESULTS: Levels of knowledge and experience emerged from the data as an influencing condition and was reported to affect the perioperative nurses' participatory experiences when assisting in procurement surgical procedures. Six components of levels of knowledge and experience were identified and are described. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study provide a unique contribution to the existing literature by providing an in-depth understanding of the educational needs of perioperative nurses in order to assist successfully in multiorgan procurement procedures. These findings could guide further research with implications for clinical initiatives or education programs specifically targeting the perioperative nursing profession both locally and internationally.

Atención de enfermería en el proceso de donación de órganos (respuestas al test del vol. 23 - n.° 1) / Nursing care in the organ donation procedure (test answer vol. 23 - n 1)

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Pre- and post-transplant care: nursing management of the renal transplant recipient: part 2.

This is the second article in a three part continuing education series on renal transplantation which addresses the specialised knowledge and skills required in order to prepare a patient admitted to hospital for renal transplantation and then how to care for that patient afterwards. The first article in this series addressed patient health and well-being while waiting for a renal transplant. The third article will look at the long-term care of kidney recipients.

The RN first assistant: an expert resource for surgical site infection prevention.

The role of the RN first assistant (RNFA) has expanded and evolved during the past three decades. Studies that have examined patient care outcomes relative to RNFAs substituting for surgeons as first assistants have noted no resulting adverse consequences, and the use of RNFAs in surgery may improve patient outcomes. This article reports on an intervention to improve surgical outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery that involved replacing surgical residents with RNFAs for the harvesting of saphenous vein grafts. The resulting benefits were a significant decrease in surgical times as well as improvement in surgical site infection rates.

Donante potencial de órganos: identificación por los enfermeros en urgencias: Hospital de San José de Bogotá D.C. agosto a noviembre de 2007 / Identification of potential organ donors by emergency room nurses: San José Hospital of Bogotá d.c. august - november 2007

Las intervenciones que el profesional de enfermería realiza al donante potencial de órganos son primordiales para asegurar una óptima utilización de los órganos a trasplantar. Debe tener muy claro los aspectos básicos concernientes a la donación y trasplante de órganos, para así convertirse en un promotor de esta modalidad terapéutica. Es necesario identificar los vacíos en el conocimiento y la actitud de estos profesionales con el fin de motivar, sensibilizar e incrementar la población potencial de donantes en el servicio de urgencias para adultos. Objetivo: describir los elementos teóricos en la identificación de donantes potenciales de órganos en el servicio de urgencias del Hospital de San José. Metodología: estudio de tipo cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, en el período comprendido entre agosto y noviembre de 2007. Se diseñó una encuesta con diez preguntas basada en la legislación colombiana que rige la donación de órganos; la muestra estuvo conformada por diez profesionales de enfermería que laboran en un hospital de nivel III en el servicio de urgencias para adultos, sala de reanimación y unidad de cuidado intermedio. Resultados: el 60% del personal se había desempeñado en el servicio de urgencias durante un tiempo menor a un año, cinco entre dos y seis meses y uno solo 15 días. El otro 40% había laborado más de un año. Se observó que quienes respondieron la encuesta no conocen las leyes que regulan la donación de órganos en Colombia o no recuerdan el objeto de las mismas. Acerca del conocimiento de las contraindicaciones absolutas y relativas, el concepto no es claro. Conclusión: como la donación de órganos es un tema que genera expectativa dado el gran número de pacientes que ingresan a programas de diálisis, es necesaria la implantación de un programa de garantía de calidad del proceso de donación-extracción en instituciones hospitalarias, proporcionando una metodología de trabajo que se convierta en herramienta útil para el desempeño de esta labor. La utilización de un protocolo de detección e identificación de donante potencial que sea organizado y que involucre en forma directa al profesional de enfermería, contribuiría al aumento de posibles candidatos para la donación y trasplante de órganos.

Interventions carried out by nursing personnel on the potential organ donor are critical to assure op-timal use of transplantation organs. These professionals must have appropriate expertise on the basic aspects of organ donation and transplantation in order to become advocates of this treatment modality. Identification of knowledge and attitude gaps is required in order to promote, sensitize and increase the number of potential donors in the adult emergency room. Objective: to describe the theoretical elements involved in the identification of potential organ donors in the emergency room of the San José Hospital. Methodology: this was an observational quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study conducted between August and November, 2007. A 10-question survey based on the Colombian laws on organ donation was designed. The sample included 10 nurses who worked in the adult emergency room, resuscitation area and intermediate care unit of a level III hospital. Results: Sixty percent of the nursing personnel had worked in the emergency room for less than one year, 5 had worked there between 2 - 6 months and 1 only 15 days. The other 40% had worked there for more than a year. We observed that those who answered the survey were not familiar with, or did not recall the purpose of, the laws regarding organ donation in Colombia. The concept on absolute and relative contraindica-tions was not clear. Conclusion:as organ donation gives rise to expectation due to the large number of patients admitted to the dialysis programs, a quality assurance plan on the process of donation/procurement in hospitals needs to be established, providing a methodology which will be a useful tool to perform this work. Using an organized detection and identification protocol of the potential donor which directly involves the nursing professional, would contribute to increase the number of possible candidates for organ donation and transplantation.

Brain death and organ procurement.

Patients with severe brain injuries (as can result from trauma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or brain tumor) are monitored closely by nursing staff. It's often the nurse who first recognizes clinical signs of decompensation and begins the process of determining whether the patient is a potential organ donor. When a person is declared brain dead, it's the nurse who maintains hemodynamic stability so that donor organs remain viable. It's therefore crucial for nurses to know how brain death is determined in adults and how potential organ donors are identified, and to know the major physiologic changes that occur upon brain death, as well as essential nursing interventions.