RESUMO
Among the objectives of the WHO Global Vaccination Action Plan 2020-2025, there is the establishment, in all countries, of a National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG), an independent body with the aim of supporting and harmonising vaccination policies. Italy firstly established a NITAG in 2017; it contributed to the nation's immunization policies but fell short of its goal of becoming a true reference group. The newly appointed NITAG, made up of 28 independent experts, has the ambitious goal to promote the new National Immunization Prevention Plan (PNPV), to harmonise the current vaccination schedule with the anti-COVID-19 campaign, and to recover the vaccination coverage decline that occurred during the pandemic. The contact with the ECDC EU/EEA, the WHO Global NITAG networks, and all the national stakeholders needs to be reinforced in order to accomplish these aims. This paper describes the structure, organisation, and strategy of the new Italian NITAG.
Assuntos
Comitês Consultivos , COVID-19 , Programas de Imunização , Vacinação em Massa , Comitês Consultivos/história , Comitês Consultivos/organização & administração , Itália/epidemiologia , Programas de Imunização/ética , Programas de Imunização/organização & administração , Programas de Imunização/normas , Programas de Imunização/tendências , COVID-19/epidemiologia , História do Século XXI , Objetivos , Vacinação em Massa/ética , Vacinação em Massa/organização & administração , Vacinação em Massa/normas , Vacinação em Massa/tendências , Conflito de Interesses , HumanosAssuntos
Serviços Médicos de Emergência/normas , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/normas , National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division/história , Padrão de Cuidado/tendências , Comitês Consultivos/história , Comitês Consultivos/normas , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/história , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/organização & administração , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/tendências , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/história , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/organização & administração , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/tendências , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Comitês Consultivos/organização & administração , Pesquisa Biomédica/organização & administração , Empoderamento , Defesa do Paciente , Grupos de Autoajuda , Comitês Consultivos/história , Comitês Consultivos/normas , Pesquisa Biomédica/história , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Política de Saúde/história , Política de Saúde/tendências , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Inovação Organizacional , Defesa do Paciente/história , Defesa do Paciente/normas , Defesa do Paciente/tendências , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Grupos de Autoajuda/história , Grupos de Autoajuda/organização & administração , Grupos de Autoajuda/normasRESUMO
The segregation and isolation of people with disabilities are global problems, rooted in legislation and policy, social norms and traditional practices. The right to live independently and be included in the community, contained in article 19 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, was created to combat the phenomenon of institutionalization and to spur efforts towards its eventual eradication. This essay offers a commentary on article 19, drawing on its drafting history, on the interpretation provided by the responsible UN body and on the efforts by that body to monitor and encourage compliance. It emphasizes the extent of the transformation required to realize the full ambition of the article and the need for cooperation across UN treaty bodies.
Assuntos
Desinstitucionalização/normas , Pessoas com Deficiência/legislação & jurisprudência , Direitos Humanos/legislação & jurisprudência , Vida Independente/legislação & jurisprudência , Inclusão Social , Nações Unidas , Comitês Consultivos/história , Comitês Consultivos/organização & administração , Desinstitucionalização/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Vida Independente/históriaRESUMO
Introduction: Tobacco control policies have helped to reduce the health, social, and economic burden of commercial tobacco use worldwide. Little is known about the long-term impact of regulatory policies and functioning bodies that make recommendations to inform policies. The Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was formed in 2009 to evaluate the safety, health, and dependence of tobacco products and provide related advice and recommendations to the FDA and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. This article describes the first 10 years of the TPSAC activities and reflects on the impact of their service on regulatory actions.Methods: We reviewed public documents from the 2010-2019 TPSAC meetings to examine the purposes, TPSAC decisions, public health participation in meetings, and concordance of the TPSAC recommendations with regulatory actions. Meeting agendas, transcripts, public testimony, and presentations were reviewed to obtain this information.Results: Since 2010, the TPSAC held 25 public meetings with 178 speakers who provided oral public testimony. Sixty-four percent of meetings were held from 2010 to 2012, when three congressionally mandated reports were due on the topics of menthol cigarettes, harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products, and dissolvable tobacco products. Forty-four percent of meetings focused on menthol cigarettes, 32% on modified risk tobacco products, 16% on harmful and potentially harmful constituents, 12% on dissolvable tobacco, and 4% on tobacco addiction/dependence. FDA regulatory actions were largely nonconcordant with voting decisions by TPSAC.Conclusions: The TPSAC has evaluated an enormous amount of science during the first 10 years, but their influence on regulatory policies has been limited. The TPSAC roles and functioning should be reevaluated to determine how TPSAC can better fulfill its mandate to inform the FDA's regulatory decision making, which could ultimately reduce the burden of tobacco use in the United States.