RESUMO
The Lake Titicaca basin was one of the major centers for cultural development in the ancient world. This lacustrine environment is unique in the high, dry Andean altiplano, and its aquatic and terrestrial resources are thought to have contributed to the florescence of complex societies in this region. Nevertheless, it remains unclear to what extent local aquatic resources, particularly fish, and the introduced crop, maize, which can be grown in regions along the lakeshores, contributed to facilitating sustained food production and population growth, which underpinned increasing social political complexity starting in the Formative Period (1400 BCE to 500 CE) and culminating with the Tiwanaku state (500 to 1100 CE). Here, we present direct dietary evidence from stable isotope analysis of human skeletal remains spanning over two millennia, together with faunal and floral reference materials, to reconstruct foodways and ecological interactions in southern Lake Titicaca over time. Bulk stable isotope analysis, coupled with compound-specific amino acid stable isotope analysis, allows better discrimination between resources consumed across aquatic and terrestrial environments. Together, this evidence demonstrates that human diets predominantly relied on C3 plants, particularly quinoa and tubers, along with terrestrial animals, notably domestic camelids. Surprisingly, fish were not a significant source of animal protein, but a slight increase in C4 plant consumption verifies the increasing importance of maize in the Middle Horizon. These results underscore the primary role of local terrestrial food resources in securing a nutritious diet that allowed for sustained population growth, even in the face of documented climate and political change across these periods.
Assuntos
Agricultura/tendências , Dieta/tendências , Condições Sociais/tendências , Agricultura/história , Animais , Antropologia Física , Arqueologia/métodos , Restos Mortais/química , Bolívia/etnologia , Osso e Ossos/química , Camelídeos Americanos , Isótopos de Carbono/análise , Chenopodium quinoa , Alimentos , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Lagos , Isótopos de Nitrogênio/análise , Peru/etnologia , Tubérculos , Condições Sociais/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Solanum tuberosumRESUMO
This analysis uses trial records from the 1860s to explore a same-sex male relationship that devolved into panic and murder. The paper's goal is to better understand how, during the middle of the nineteenth century, men who had sexual feeling for other men were forced into spaces that were qualitatively different than our current understanding of "the closet." The paper concludes that what we now call "coming out" was not an option during this era. In telling the story of how Samuel Andrews killed his best friend, Cornelius Holmes, this paper shows that the categories ordinarily presented as symmetrical binary oppositions in contemporary times-homo/heterosexual, closeted/out-did not work for Andrews and Holmes, and probably did not and could not have worked for others living under similar conditions.
Assuntos
Homossexualidade/história , Autorrevelação , Adulto , Heterossexualidade , História do Século XIX , Homicídio , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , New England , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Condições Sociais/históriaRESUMO
Resumo Objetivo refletir sobre a figura pública de Florence Nightingale, suas realizações, Reforma Sanitária e a criação da Escola de Enfermeiras, e compreender o nascimento da enfermagem como profissão. Método partiu-se da literatura de um quadro das pressões sociais que agiam sobre o comportamento individual de Florence Nightingale e dos marcos divisórios aparentes, que entendemos como a densidade das relações sócio-históricas, e o seu tempo social. Análise sócio-histórica da história de vida de Florence Nightingale e da literatura social de Charles Dickens. O marco temporal compreendeu da promulgação da New Poor Law (1.834) à revogação (1.601). Resultados Florence Nightingale foi uma mulher adiante do seu tempo que, contrariando as teorias do Darwinismo social de sua época, criou a profissão da enfermeira, e produziu uma clivagem na profissão definindo-a como ciência e arte. Conclusão e implicações para a enfermagem ao criar a figura emblemática da Dama da Lâmpada, Florence Nightingale gravou no cuidado de enfermagem, o zelo, o desvelo e a compaixão, aqui entendida como empatia e piedade com o sofrimento do outro acompanhada do desejo de minorá-lo, uma participação espiritual na dor do outro.
Resumen Objetivo reflexionar sobre la figura pública de Florence Nightingale, sus logros, Reforma Sanitaria y la creación de la Escuela de Enfermeras, y comprender el nacimiento de la enfermería como profesión. Método se partió de la literatura de un cuadro de las presiones sociales sobre el comportamiento individual de Florence Nightingale y de los marcos divisorios aparentes que se entiende como la densidad de las relaciones socio histórico y su tiempo social. Análisis socio histórico de la historia de vida de Florence Nightingale y de la literatura social de Charles Dickens. El marco temporal se comprendió entre la promulgación del New Poor Law en 1834 y su revocación promulgada en 1601. Resultados Florence Nightingale fue una mujer adelante a su tiempo que, contrariando las teorías del Darwinismo social de su época, creó la profesión de enfermera, y produjo una mirada embrionaria en la profesión definiéndola como ciencia y arte. Conclusión e implicaciones para la enfermería al crear la figura emblemática de la Dama de la Lámpara, Florence Nightingale registró en el cuidado de enfermería, el celo, el cuidado y la compasión, entendido aquí como empatía y piedad con el sufrimiento del otro acompañado del deseo de una disminución, una participación espiritual en el dolor del otro.
Abstract Objective to reflect on Florence Nightingale's public figure, her achievements, Health Care Reform and the creation of the School for Nurses, and understand the birth of nursing as a profession. Method a framework of the social pressures acting on Florence Nightingale's individual behavior and the apparent dividing marks, which we understand as the density of socio-historical relations, and her social time, was drawn from the literature. This is a socio-historical analysis of Florence Nightingale's life story and Charles Dickens' social literature. The time frame spanned from the enactment of the New Poor Law (1834) to the repeal (1601). Results Florence Nightingale was a woman ahead of her time who, going against the theories of social Darwinism of her time, created the nurse profession, and produced a divide in the profession by defining it as science and art. Conclusion and implications for nursing by creating the emblematic figure of the Lady of the Lamp, Florence Nightingale engraved in nursing care, zeal, devotion, and compassion, here understood as empathy and pity for the suffering of others accompanied by the desire to alleviate it, a spiritual participation in the pain of others.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , História do Século XIX , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/história , Descoberta do Conhecimento/história , História da Enfermagem , Profissionais de Enfermagem/história , Pobreza/história , Condições Sociais/história , Identificação Social , Higiene/história , Agressão , Alcoolismo , LondresRESUMO
From the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th, the province of Mendoza presented problematic sanitary conditions due to rapid demographic and urban growth, the scarcity of public services, and the poor state of the old colonial city (destroyed by the 1861 earthquake), which facilitated the spread of various infectious diseases. The objective of this article is to inquire into the ways in which the healthcare system in the province of Mendoza both expanded and became increasingly professionalized from the late 19th to early 20th century. We explore how these factors, along with the predominant social representations of disease that permeated the discourses of governing elites, influenced public policy aimed at combating the diseases of the time. To that end, we consulted a wide range of written documents and photographic material that allowed us to analyze changes in discourse as well as public policy.
Entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, la provincia de Mendoza presentaba un estado sanitario marcado por el crecimiento demográfico y urbanístico, la escasez de los servicios públicos y la destrucción de la antigua ciudad colonial como consecuencia del terremoto de 1861, lo que propiciaba un ambiente favorable para el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades infectocontagiosas. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar cómo se fue profesionalizando y expandiendo el sistema de salud en la provincia de Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, y cómo esos factores, junto con las representaciones sobre la enfermedad que predominaban en el discurso de la elite gobernante, incidieron en las políticas públicas para combatir las dolencias de la época. Para ello se consultaron diversos documentos escritos y fotográficos que permitieron analizar las modificaciones del discurso y las políticas públicas implementadas.
Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/história , Setor de Assistência à Saúde/história , Profissionalismo/história , Argentina , Doenças Transmissíveis/história , Doenças Transmissíveis/transmissão , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Atenção à Saúde/normas , Epidemias/história , Setor de Assistência à Saúde/organização & administração , Setor de Assistência à Saúde/normas , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Higiene/história , Política , Crescimento Demográfico , Política Pública/história , Quarentena/história , Condições Sociais/história , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Reforma Urbana/históriaRESUMO
The Second World War lent impetus to the creation of new models and explanatory frameworks of risk, encouraging a closer reading of the relationship between individual psychiatric disorder and social disarray. This article interrogates how conceptions of psychiatric risk were animated in debates around abortion reform to forge new connections between social conditions and psychiatric vulnerability in post-war Britain. Drawing upon the arguments that played out between medical practitioners, I suggest that abortion reform, culminating in the 1967 Abortion Act, was both a response to and a stimulus for new ideas about the interaction between social aetiologies and medical pathologies; indeed, it became a site in which the medical and social domains were recognised as mutually constitutive. Positioned in a landscape in which medical professionals were seeking to assert their authority and to defend their areas of practice, abortion reform offered new opportunities for medical professionals to intervene in the social sphere under the guise of risk to women's mental health. The debate in medical journals around the status of issues that were seen to bridge the social and the medical were entangled with increasing anxiety about patient agency and responsibility. These concerns were further underscored as conversations about psychiatric risk extended towards considerations of the potential impact on women's existing families, bringing domestic conditions and the perceived psychosocial importance of family life into relief within medical journals. This article, then, argues that conceptions of psychiatric risk, as refracted through the creation of new synapses connecting the social and the medical domains, were critical to medical debates over abortion reform in post-war Britain.
Assuntos
Aborto Legal/história , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/história , Saúde Mental/história , Condições Sociais/história , Saúde da Mulher/história , Aborto Legal/psicologia , Feminino , História do Século XX , Humanos , Gravidez , Reino UnidoRESUMO
OBJETIVO: reconstruir las condiciones sociosanitarias experimentadas durante la Guerra Civil a través de la historia oral de sus últimos testigos vivos, los nonagenarios que entonces eran niños. METODOLOGÍA: se empleó un enfoque fenomenológico utilizando como diseño de investigación los testimonios focalizados recogidos a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a seis nonagenarios que durante la Guerra Civil presentaban entre seis y diez años. Resultados principales: los informantes hacen una reconstrucción oral del recuerdo centrado en aspectos como las experiencias traumáticas (bombardeos, reclutamientos, ejecuciones), las condiciones sociales (hambre, refugiados, educación), el cuidado, y la vivencia de la infancia. Conclusión principal: los relatos muestran las dramáticas situaciones vividas durante este complicado periodo de la historia de España, experiencias que, sin embargo, no lograron robar totalmente la infancia a aquellos niños que ahora son nonagenarios
OBJECTIVE: the objective of the article has been to reconstruct the social and health conditions experienced during the Civil War through the oral history of its last living witnesses, the nonagenarians who were then children. METHODS: A phenomenological approach was used, using as research design the focused testimonies collected through semi-structured interviews carried out with six nonagenarians who were between six and ten years old during the Civil War. RESULTS: the informants make an oral reconstruction of the memory focused on aspects such as traumatic experiences (bombings, recruits, executions), social conditions (hunger, refugees, education), care, and the experience of childhood. CONCLUSIONS: the stories show the dramatic situations experienced during this complicated period in the history of Spain, experiences that, however, did not completely steal childhood from those children who are now in their early thirties
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , História do Século XX , Antropologia Médica/história , Guerra/história , Comunicação/história , Condições Sociais/história , História da Enfermagem , Distúrbios de Guerra/história , Antropologia/história , Serviços de Saúde/história , Hermenêutica , Entrevistas como Assunto , Transtornos Relacionados a Trauma e Fatores de Estresse/história , Família/história , Família/psicologiaRESUMO
RESUMEN Entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, la provincia de Mendoza presentaba un estado sanitario marcado por el crecimiento demográfico y urbanístico, la escasez de los servicios públicos y la destrucción de la antigua ciudad colonial como consecuencia del terremoto de 1861, lo que propiciaba un ambiente favorable para el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades infectocontagiosas. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar cómo se fue profesionalizando y expandiendo el sistema de salud en la provincia de Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, y cómo esos factores, junto con las representaciones sobre la enfermedad que predominaban en el discurso de la elite gobernante, incidieron en las políticas públicas para combatir las dolencias de la época. Para ello se consultaron diversos documentos escritos y fotográficos que permitieron analizar las modificaciones del discurso y las políticas públicas implementadas.
ABSTRACT From the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th, the province of Mendoza presented problematic sanitary conditions due to rapid demographic and urban growth, the scarcity of public services, and the poor state of the old colonial city (destroyed by the 1861 earthquake), which facilitated the spread of various infectious diseases. The objective of this article is to inquire into the ways in which the healthcare system in the province of Mendoza both expanded and became increasingly professionalized from the late 19th to early 20th century. We explore how these factors, along with the predominant social representations of disease that permeated the discourses of governing elites, influenced public policy aimed at combating the diseases of the time. To that end, we consulted a wide range of written documents and photographic material that allowed us to analyze changes in discourse as well as public policy.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Setor de Assistência à Saúde/história , Atenção à Saúde/história , Profissionalismo/história , Argentina , Política , Política Pública/história , Condições Sociais/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Reforma Urbana/história , Quarentena/história , Higiene/história , Doenças Transmissíveis/história , Doenças Transmissíveis/transmissão , Crescimento Demográfico , Setor de Assistência à Saúde/normas , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Epidemias/história , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/história , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/históriaRESUMO
Este trabajo pretende realizar un contraste histórico del sentido de la reparación en salud en pacientes sobrevivientes de represión política de la dictadura cívico militar en Chile; para ello se realizó una revisión y análisis sistemático y simultáneo de los documentos y otros antecedentes e información secundaria relacionada con el fenómeno; caracterizando el mismo en dos momentos: la resistencia, signada por la reivindicación de verdad y justicia, y la institucionalización, identificada como verdad y reconciliación, traducida en compensación material; mostrando como la reparación transita desde la solidaridad, a transmutar en dispositivo de gobernanza y control, instrumental al modelo de sociedad neoliberal en construcción en Chile y en desmedro de la verdad y la justicia como objetivos de la reparación(AU)
This work aims to make a contrast historical consciousness of repair in patients surviving for health political repression of civic dictatorship military in Chile; it conducted a review and systematic and simultaneous analysis of documents and other records, and secondary information related to the phenomenon; characterizing the same at two times: resistance, marked by the demand for truth and justice, and institutionalization, identified as truth and reconciliation, translated into material compensation; showing how to repair goes since solidarity, to transmute into governance and control, instrumental to the model of neoliberal society under construction in Chile and at the expense of truth and justice as objectives of repair(AU)
Assuntos
Condições Sociais/história , Violência/história , Chile , Distúrbios Civis/história , Dissidências e Disputas , Sistemas Nacionais de Saúde/históriaRESUMO
We study the practice of self-control in an organizational social dilemma when the stakes are large, using 47 years of vital census data from 18th century Sweden. From 1750 to 1800, eighty percent of Sweden lived in a simple-structure organization called a bytvång or village commons. The amount of resources a village family received was a function of their size. During this period, crop failures left the population facing starvation. Using autoregressive time-series modeling, we test whether the people of Sweden continued to take steps toward increasing the stress on the commons by marrying and birthing children or practiced self-control. We find evidence that the peasantry-with little education, archaic agricultural practices, strong barriers to abortion and infanticide, and pressures by the Church and State to procreate-were less likely to marry and birth children (in or outside of wedlock) when the quality of the previous year's harvest was poor compared to when it was bounteous. Post hoc analyses support the idea that the reason behind declining fertility after a famine was human decision rather than human physiology. Our findings are consistent with the idea that human population growth is not a social dilemma called a collective trap-which has been the assumption for 50 years. Rather, human population growth may be an individual dilemma-suggesting that members of simple-structured organizations can unilaterally exercise self-control and manage resources through self-organizing.
Assuntos
Autocontrole/psicologia , Condições Sociais/história , Redes Comunitárias/história , Comportamento Cooperativo , Feminino , Fertilidade , História do Século XVIII , Humanos , Masculino , Crescimento Demográfico , Gravidez , Normas Sociais/história , Inanição/história , SuéciaRESUMO
La historia de Cuba la han hecho sus mejores hijos. Entre los que contribuyeron protagónicamente a la etapa que condujo al triunfo de 1959 y la construcción de la sociedad socialista se destaca Faustino Pérez Hernández, fruto de la tierra espirituana ligado a la historia matancera por más de una página de honestidad y entrega. El principal hospital de la provincia de Matanzas, ubicado en su capital, lleva su nombre. El presente trabajo pretende, en su brevedad, despertar la necesidad de conocer más profundamente su vida y su obra (AU).
Cuban history has been made by its best children. Faustino Perez, born in Sancti Spiritus and linked to Matanzas by more than one page of honesty and devotion, is among the ones who played the most important roles in the stage leading to the triumph of 1959 revolution and the socialist construction. The main hospital of the province of Matanzas, located in its capital, is named after him. The current work pretends to arouse the necessity of knowing deeply his life and his work (AU).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , História do Século XX , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Médicos , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida/história , Organização e Administração , Condições Sociais/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Biografias como Assunto , Equilíbrio Trabalho-Vida/história , Equilíbrio Trabalho-Vida/tendências , Instalações de Saúde/história , História da Medicina , Estilo de Vida/históriaRESUMO
La historia de Cuba la han hecho sus mejores hijos. Entre los que contribuyeron protagónicamente a la etapa que condujo al triunfo de 1959 y la construcción de la sociedad socialista se destaca Faustino Pérez Hernández, fruto de la tierra espirituana ligado a la historia matancera por más de una página de honestidad y entrega. El principal hospital de la provincia de Matanzas, ubicado en su capital, lleva su nombre. El presente trabajo pretende, en su brevedad, despertar la necesidad de conocer más profundamente su vida y su obra (AU).
Cuban history has been made by its best children. Faustino Perez, born in Sancti Spiritus and linked to Matanzas by more than one page of honesty and devotion, is among the ones who played the most important roles in the stage leading to the triumph of 1959 revolution and the socialist construction. The main hospital of the province of Matanzas, located in its capital, is named after him. The current work pretends to arouse the necessity of knowing deeply his life and his work (AU).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , História do Século XX , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Médicos , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida/história , Organização e Administração , Condições Sociais/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Biografias como Assunto , Equilíbrio Trabalho-Vida/história , Equilíbrio Trabalho-Vida/tendências , Instalações de Saúde/história , História da Medicina , Estilo de Vida/históriaRESUMO
El jesuita expulso Juan José Tolrá (Badajoz, 1739 - Madrid, 1830) fue un competente profesor de Humanidades y uno de los restauradores de la Compañía de Jesús (1812-1830) más influyentes. Retornado a España en 1798 y habiendo logrado eludir la segunda expulsión (1801), residió en Palencia en compañía de la familia de una hermana, donde contempló la hambruna y paludismo en el quinquenio 1800-1805. Ante este desastre humanitario compuso el Canto Votivo al Santísimo Cristo del Otero, que analizamos en el presente artículo. En bellas octavas reales narra el difícil contexto social, económico y sanitario palentino de la época. Al mismo tiempo aporta sinceras reflexiones morales, propias del ideario jesuítico y de su carácter personal, eminentemente reservado y conservador (AU)
The exiled Jesuit Juan José Tolrá (Badajoz, 1739-Madrid, 1830) was a competent teacher of Humanities and one of the restorers of the Society of Jesus (1812-1830) most influential. Returned to Spain in 1798 and having eluded the second expulsion (1801), in Palencia he lived in the company of the family of a sister, where he was witness to famine and malaria between 1800 and 1805. Considering this humanitarian disaster, he composed the Votive Canto to the Holy Christ of Otero, discussed in this article. In beautiful real octave, he narrated the hard social, economic and healthy context of the time. At the same time, he provides deep moral reflections, typical of Jesuit ideology and his personal nature, eminently reserved and traditionalist (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XIX , Malária/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , 50334/história , Malária/epidemiologia , Condições Sociais/históriaRESUMO
Introducción: La obra de Fidel Ilizástigui Dupuy ha sido estudiada en su relación con la educación médica, sus aportes a la Didáctica y la conceptualización de la educación en el trabajo como forma de organización del proceso de enseñanzaaprendizaje; sin embargo, no han sido investigadas con profundidad las condiciones histórico-sociales que modelaron su pensamiento pedagógico.Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de estas condiciones histórico-sociales sobre el pensamiento pedagógico de Fidel Ilizástigui Dupuy. Material y Métodos: Esta es una investigación cualitativa de tipo biográfico. Se pudo acceder a documentos inéditos tales como actas de reuniones, epistolario y bocetos de artículos y discursos. Se revisaron artículos y libros publicados e impresos. Para la bibliografía activa y pasiva digitalizada publicada en revistas nacionales, se utilizó como buscador Google Académico. Desarrollo: En este artículo se delimitan las siguientes condiciones: entorno familiar, militancia comunista, formación bajo la tutoría del profesor Dr. Pedro Iglesias Betancourt, la Revolución Cubana, la Revolución Científico-Técnica y la interrelación con sus coetáneos. Conclusiones: Las condiciones históricosociales influyeron en Fidel Ilizástigui Dupuy y su interés por asumir la cultura de su época, sus valores y carácter, en su afán de cambiar la realidad de la educación médica que conoció, apoyado en un proceso de pensamiento y acción, contribuyeron a la modelar su pensamiento pedagógico(AU)
Introduction: The work of Fidel Ilizástigui Dupuy has been studied in its relation with medical education, its contributions to didactics and the conceptualization of education at work as a form of organization of the teaching-learning process; However, the historical-social conditions that shaped his pedagogical thinking have not been thoroughly investigated. Objective: To determine the influence of these historical-social conditions on the pedagogical thinking of Fidel Ilizástigui Dupuy. Material and Methods: This is a qualitative biographical research. Unpublished documents such as minutes of meetings, epistolary and sketches of articles and speeches could be accessed. Published and printed articles and books were reviewed. For the active and passive digitized bibliography published in national magazines, it was used as a Google Scholar search engine. Development: This article outlines the following conditions: family environment, communist militancy, training under the mentorship of Dr. Pedro Iglesias Betancourt, the Cuban Revolution, the Scientific-Technical Revolution and the interrelation with his contemporaries. Conclusions: Historical and social conditions influenced Fidel Ilizástigui Dupuy and his interest in assuming the culture of his time, his values and character, in his eagerness to change the reality of medical education he knew, supported by a process of thought and action , Contributed to the modeling of their pedagogical thinking(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Condições Sociais/história , Educação Médica/métodos , Ensino/métodos , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto/métodosRESUMO
A pesar de los avances de las últimas décadas, en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires persisten situaciones de desigualdad y de fragmentación del territorio urbano. Es la zona sur el territorio en el que viven los grupos sociales más vulnerables y donde se concentra un conjunto de derechos incumplidos; allí, distintos indicadores presentan importantes distancias al compararlos con la Ciudad en su conjunto. En este trabajo, se identifican los territorios de mayor vulnerabilidad recortando el área comprendida por las Comunas 4, 8 y 9, además de las dos grandes villas de la Ciudad: la Villa 1-11-14 y la Villa 31 y 31 bis. A partir de esta diferenciación, se abordan aspectos de la conformación histórica y de la situación social, demográfica y educativa en clave espacial sobre la base de diferentes recursos de información (censos de población, encuesta de hogares, censo de infraestructura escolar, georreferenciación) y de un conjunto de entrevistas. (AU)
Assuntos
Condições Sociais/história , Condições Sociais/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Áreas de Pobreza , Dinâmica Populacional/história , Dinâmica Populacional/tendências , Dinâmica Populacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Censos , /análise , /estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Today, in my view, we can on the basis of the psychohistorical research understand the dynamic line of historical processes, and in particular the process of the development of our modern way of viewing the world. I try to describe in this development by bringing together European and American psychohistorical research. A deeper understanding of the psychic and social dimensions of historical development can be a resource for political action. In the global world it is important to both manage the mutual dealings between diverse cultural regions and support constructive interactions. This is only possible when the internal dynamics and the individual characteristics of the cultural developments in the regions can be taken into account. At the present stage of discussion, which talks of a "clash of cultures" and ultimately ends in military intervention, it is blatantly obvious that every potential for understanding and dealing relevantly with each other, should be exploited as provided for by the contributions of psychohistory.
Assuntos
Emoções , Parto/psicologia , Psicologia/história , Condições Sociais/história , Meio Social , Cultura , Ego , Europa (Continente) , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , América do NorteRESUMO
A indiferença humana no Brasil desde o início da colonização tem produzido e perpetuado o fenômeno da exclusão social. Um exemplo é a escravidão que durou cerca de 350 anos. Esse fenômeno excludente materializa-se ao produzir uma diversidade de fatores de risco biopsicossociais impactantes desde a gestação e em todos os períodos do ciclo de vida, acumulando e deixando sequelas profundas. Na década de 80 ocorreu interação sinérgica perversa entre o fenômeno da exclusão social e a entrada das drogas no nosso meio. A criança maior, o adolescente e o adulto jovem, muitas vezes socialmente vulneráveis, encontraram nas drogas duas possibilidades: a primeira, usar e abusar de drogas por várias razões, entre elas, baixa autoestima, para aliviar ansiedade e depressão, raiva; devido a uma personalidade extrovertida, impulsividade e inclinação ao comportamento de risco. E a segunda possibilidade, "empoderadora", entrar para o tráfico como meio de subir na vida e também por razões subjetivas. Esses caminhos quase sempre resultam em dependência química, "overdose", hospitalizações, práticas de atos infracionais, prisões, mortes e homicídios. O estudo indica que primariamente ocorreu violência histórica contra esse contingente populacional e que, muitas vezes, essa violência desencadeia um fenômeno também complexo, a contraviolência. A abordagem da violência/contraviolência deve focar, simultaneamente, sua origem (cultura da indiferença) e as consequências (fatores de risco e impactos biopsicossociais).(AU)
The human indifference in Brazil since the beginning of colonization has produced and perpetuated the phenomenon of social exclusion. The example is the slavery, which lasted about 350 years. This exclusive phenomenon has materialized itself as it has produced a diversity of biopsychosocial risk factors, which has impacted the individuals in all their life cycle periods from the gestation, accumulating and leaving their effects. In the 80's there was a perverse synergic interaction between the phenomenon of social exclusion and the entrance of drugs in our environment. The older child, the teenager and the young adult, socially vulnerables, find in drugs two possibilities: first, use and abuse of drugs for many reasons such as low self-esteem, to alleviate depression, anxiety and anger; due to an outgoing personality, impulsivity and more inclined to take risks; second possibility, "empowering", entering the drug trade as a way of getting ahead in life and also for subjective reasons. These pathways often always result in addiction, "overdose", hospitalization, infraction acts practice and also, arrests, deaths and homicides. The study of these cases in our history context shows that we face a primary historical violence against a huge population group that often this violence triggers a complex phenomenon, the counter-violence. The approach of violence/counter-violence should focus, simultaneously, on both the origin (culture of indifference) and the consequences (risk factors and biopsychosocial impacts).(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Condições Sociais/história , Marginalização Social/história , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/história , Desenvolvimento Humano , Assunção de Riscos , Violência/etnologia , Violência/história , Drogas Ilícitas/história , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Comportamento Perigoso , Tráfico de Drogas/etnologia , Tráfico de Drogas/história , Exposição à Violência/etnologia , Exposição à Violência/históriaRESUMO
This article questions the historical awareness of the DSM-5 by investigating first the treatment of prostitution from the Victorian period to today as a means of medicalizing desire; and second, by looking at the category of hebephilia, where modern medicalizing classifications are criticized for ignoring ancient evidence. By this comparative method, the article shows how ignoring historical evidence allows the social and ideological elements in the work of defining psychological sexual diseases to remain concealed.
Assuntos
Pedofilia/história , Sexualidade/história , Condições Sociais/história , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos/história , Pedofilia/diagnóstico , Comportamento Sexual/históriaRESUMO
This paper arises out of my research which I have been conducting in the context of my dissertation project. It explores the relationship between teaching, research and collecting practices in Viennese anatomy during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. In a time in which Viennese medicine tried to reinvent itself through both the creation of a new curriculum and several other institutional measures the practice of establishing comparative and human anatomical collections can be seen as a strategic key field of action. By concentrating on scientific journals, popular texts, catalogues, correspondences and specimens this paper aims at revealing specific social systems which must be understood as parts of the 'social history' of Viennese anatomy. By looking closely at these social aspects of anatomical teaching and research, this work tries to contribute to recent discussions addressed by historians of science and medicine.