Conjugal transfer between Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus strains is not directly correlated with growth of recipient strains.

Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus belong to the B. cereus species group. The two species share substantial chromosomal similarity and differ mostly in their plasmid content. The phylogenetic relationship between these species remains a matter of debate. There is genetic exchange both within and between these species, and current evidence indicates that insects are a particularly suitable environment for the growth of and genetic exchange between these species. We investigated the conjugation efficiency of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki KT0 (pHT73-Em) as a donor and a B. thuringiensis and several B. cereus strains as recipients; we used one-recipient and two-recipient conjugal transfer systems in vitro (broth and filter) and in Bombyx mori larvae, and assessed multiplication following conjugation between Bacillus strains. The B. thuringiensis KT0 strain did not show preference for genetic exchange with the B. thuringiensis recipient strain over that with the B. cereus recipient strains. However, B. thuringiensis strains germinated and multiplied more efficiently than B. cereus strains in insect larvae and only B. thuringiensis maintained complete spore germination for at least 24 h in B. mori larvae. These findings show that there is no positive association between bacterial multiplication efficiency and conjugation ability in infected insects for the used strains.

Análisis de transferencia horizontal de genes en ensayos de biorremediación con grasas recalcitrantes / Analysing horizontal gene transfer in bioremediation trials using recalcitrant grease

El empleo de microorganismos como herramienta para la mineralización de contaminantes orgánicos es una práctica que ha tomado mucha fuerza gracias a su eficiencia y bajo costo. La transferencia horizontal vía conjugación de genes es un requerimiento básico para optimizar procesos de biorremediación, por esta razón, además de conocer la diversidad metabólica es fundamental entender las interacciones que ocurren en una comunidad bacteriana para potenciar los procesos de biorremediación en campo.En este estudio se busca evaluar el potencial de transferencia horizontal (TH), tanto in vitro como en microcosmos de suelo, de aislamientos de bacterias obtenidas de un pasivo ambiental de grasas provenientes de la explotación carbonífera del Cerrejón. Inicialmente se agruparon los aislamientos de acuerdo con sus patrones de resistencia a antibióticos: ampicilina, cloramfenicol, gentamicina, tetraciclina y kanamicina. El potencial de TH de las cepas Vlf4, Ot3, Ot6, Pgt4, Blf11 y Vlf13 fue evaluado in vitro en medio sólido Luria-Bertani (LB) donde se obtuvieron nuevos fenotipos a partir de los cruces Vlf13xOt6 y Pgt4xOt6, el nuevo fenotipo indica resistencia a los dos marcadores (ampR, kanR) y su morfología sugiere que el receptor, en los dos casos, es la cepa Ot6. Los parentales Vlf13, Pgt4 y Ot6 fueron identificados por amplificación del gen RNAr 16S como Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. y Chryseobacterium sp., respectivamente, y los transconjugantes como Chryseobacterium sp. Posteriormente, estos dos cruces fueron sometidos a ensayos de transferencia horizontal en microcosmos de suelos, donde se hizo evidente nuevamente la presencia de TH a una menor tasa. Los resultados obtenidos indican la posibilidad de un potencial de transferencia horizontal de genes entre los aislamientos seleccionados, dando lugar a la probabilidad de formular en futuros estudios un consorcio de bacterias que demuestran tener esta ventaja adaptativa.

The use of microorganisms as a tool for the mineralization of organic pollutants is a practice that has begun to gain strength due to its efficiency and low cost. Horizontal gene transfer by conjugation is important for the optimization of bioremediation processes. For this reason it is fundamental to study the metabolic diversity of catabolic pathways, but we must also understand the microbial interactions occurring in bioremediation consortia. This will help us improve bioremediation in field.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) potential, in vitro and in soil microcosms, of bacterial strains isolated from grease samples obtained from a disposal site situated in the coal mine “Cerrejon”. Initially the isolates were grouped by selective markers: Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline and kanamycin. The HGT potential of strains: Vlf4, Ot3, Ot6, Pgt4, Blf11 y Vlf13 was evaluated in vitro on Luria-Bertani LB agar. New phenotypes were obtained from matings between Vlf13xOt6 and Pgt4xOt6. The new phenotype indicates resistances to both antibiotic markers and its morphology suggests that isolate Ogt6 is the receptor in both cases. The parental strains Vlf13, Pgt4 and Ot6 were identified by RNAr 16S as Pseudomonas sp. Pseudomonas sp. and Chryseobacterium sp. respectively and the transconjugants as Chryseobacterium sp. Subsequently soil microcosms were conducted with Vlf13xOt6 and Pgt4xOt6 and new phenotypes were detected at a lower rate again but with the same possible receptor but. These results suggest the possibility of horizontal gene transfer potential within the selected isolates, giving the possibility of formulating, in future studies, a bacterial consortium with an adaptive advantage.

Phage-mediated transfer of tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cattle in Brazil.

Tetracycline-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cattle in Brazil, were used as prospective donors for the transfer of resistance to laboratory strains, using mixed-culture and filter-mating protocols. Three lysogenic donors transferred tetracycline resistance in both mixed culture and during filter mating. In contrast, when a non-lysogenic strain was used as prospective donor, transfer was not detected using either mating protocol. In order to evaluate the involvement of phage, successful transfer experiments were repeated with the addition of sodium citrate, which sequestered calcium ions. Mixed-culture and filter-mating protocols did not result in the transfer of resistance. These results support the notion that transfer of the resistance determinant under both sets of conditions described here involve the same bacteriophage-mediated mechanism. Although transfer of tetracycline resistance was detected, without any attempt to create specialized transduction agents or to extract phages, the co-transfer of additional resistance markers indicated that it could not be conventional transduction.