Advocacy for Equitable Recess in Washington State.

Recess in schools is a critical opportunity for children to engage in important behaviors that can promote their health and well-being, and daily recess is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and other national organizations. In Washington state, school recess is not equitably provided, with parents reporting a wide range from as little as 10 minutes to >45 minutes daily. State laws can help promote equitable and high-quality recess, but most states in the United States do not have recess laws. In 2023, a bill (Senate Bill 5257) mandating a minimum of 30 minutes of daily recess for all elementary students with provisions for other recess best practices (including not withholding recess as punishment and encouraging movement breaks for middle/high-schoolers) passed with bipartisan support in the Washington state Legislature and was signed into law. In this case study, we describe the process undertaken and lessons learned by the cross-sector coalition that spearheaded the advocacy efforts, which included pediatricians, parents, educators, community organizations, and youth.

Children's participation rights and the role of pediatric healthcare teams: A critical review.

AIM: A critical review examined how childrens participation rights as represented in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child inform the work of pediatric teams in healthcare settings. METHODS: We systematically searched peer-reviewed literature on the enactment of child participation rights, within the context of pediatric teams. Articles were evaluated using the LEGEND (Let Evidence Guide Every New Decision) tool. Data extraction and analysis highlighted themes and disparities between articles, as well as gaps. A total of 25 studies were selected. RESULTS: We reviewed studies from around the globe, with the majority of papers from the UK. Qualitative and mixed methods approaches were administered. The following observations were made: (1) limited language of children's rights exists in the literature, (2) lack of information regarding the composition of pediatric healthcare teams and how they work with children, (3) children's perspectives on what constitutes good interactions with healthcare providers are replicated, (4) minimal references to theory or philosophical underpinnings that can guide practice. CONCLUSION: Explicit references to children's participation rights are lacking in the literature which may reflect the absence of rights language that could inform pediatric practice. Descriptive understandings of the tenets of pediatric interprofessional team composition and collaboration are necessary if we are to imagine the child as part of the team along with their family. Despite these shortcomings, the literature alludes to children's ability to discern desirable interactions with healthcare providers.

Quantas infâncias? um estudo exploratório sobre discursos institucionais em defesa da primeira infância / How many childhoods? an exploratory study on institutional discourses in defense of early childhood

A defesa da Primeira Infância tem despontado no Brasil nos últimos anos com importante mobi-lização e militância dentro de um conjunto de lutas por direitos da infância e juventude mais amplo e que têm como matriz os Direitos Humanos e as conquistas de movimentos sociais que permitiram o advento do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA). Neste artigo, com o ob-jetivo de analisar especificidades do movimento pela Primeira Infância, apresentamos uma pesquisa documental exploratória sobre discursos de instituições e organizaçõesligadas a essa frente por meio de materiais veiculados em seus sítios eletrônicos. O material selecionado foi submetido à análise de conteúdo, meio pelo qual sistematizamos três categorias temáticas. Os resultados sugerem que parte das reivindicações dos grupos pela Primeira Infância concorrem com a Proteção Integral quanto à concepção do sujeito criança e adolescente e de seu desen-volvimento. Os achados foram discutidos criticamente e pela perspectiva da Psicologia Jurídica. (AU)

Early childhood has emerged in Brazil in recent years with important mobilization and mili-tancy within a set of struggles for the rights of the child embedded on Human Rights and the social movements that allowed the Brazil’s Child and Adolescent Statute to surge. In this arti-cle, and aiming to analyze Early Childhood movement specificities, we present an exploratory research on institutional and organizational discourses from Brazil’s Early Childhood move-ment on websites on the Internet. The collected data were submitted to content analysis, in a way that three analytical categories were created. The results suggest that some of those groups demands conflict with Full Protection advocacy regarding the very idea about children and adolescents and their development. The findings were discussed critically and from the perspective of Forensic Psychology. (AU)

Infancias y política

Reflexión alrededor de las infancias como constructo social, que en cada época y contexto histórico es permeable a múltiples sentidos. La infancia es considerada una producción nacida del Estado moderno, de las políticas sociales por él generadas, y de las instituciones que operaron como piezas en dicho momento histórico: la familia y la escuela principalmente.

Violence Against Children: Recognition, Rights, Responses.

All forms of violence against children (VAC) are violations of children's rights. Traditional definitions of child maltreatment do not address the rapidly evolving global spectrum of VAC. In this article, we offer an expanded definition of VAC that integrates the principles of child rights, clinical medicine, and public health. The authors further expand the socioecological model to establish a trans-societal sphere, composed of root-cause determinants of VAC, including climate change, globalization, armed conflict, etc. A child rights-based taxonomy of VAC is also presented. The authors conclude with recommendations to address VAC in the domains of clinical practice, systems development, and policy generation.

Forcible Displacement, Migration, and Violence Against Children and Families in Latin America.

In Latin America, violence is a major public health issue causing many families to flee to the United States to seek safety. Current US immigration policies fail to address why families are forced to depart their home country or the needs of families once arriving in the United States. This article identifies root causes of family displacement, examines the insufficient protections for children in families during US immigration processing, and provides practice and policy recommendations on how to transform the US immigration system so that it is more humane for children and families forcibly displaced by violence.

Depoimento especial, testemunho judicial, diretrizes internacionais: dissonâncias / Special testimony, judicial testimony, international guidelines: dissonances / Declaración especial, testimonio judicial, directrices internacionales: disonancias

Resumo O depoimento especial de crianças e adolescentes e a Lei 13.431/2017 questionam a interface entre a psicologia e a justiça. Essa lei tem em suas fontes a Resolução 20/2005, do Conselho Econômico e Social das Nações Unidas, que traça diretrizes para a justiça em casos de crianças vítimas ou testemunhas de crime. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa, baseada em levantamento bibliográfico e documental, tendo por eixo as legislações mencionadas e os procedimentos e papéis profissionais nelas previstos. Avalia-se a dissonância entre os dois documentos e suas consequências, bem como as definições de vitimização secundária, revitimização, pessoa de apoio e intermediário, não adotadas na Lei 13.431/2017. Algumas práticas estrangeiras alinhadas à Resolução 20/2005 são descritas e comentadas, mostrando diferenças significativas em relação ao que é realizado no Brasil. Conclui-se que uma dessas diferenças entre um e outro documento é o aspecto da proteção, que perde sua força e revela o limite do funcionamento do judiciário no acolhimento daquele que demanda cuidado.(AU)

Abstract The special testimony of children and adolescents and the Law 13431/17 question the interface between psychology and justice. This law results from the Resolution 20/2005 of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, which outlines guidelines for justice in matters involving child victims or witnesses of crime. Considering the aforementioned legislation and their provisions for procedures and professional roles, a qualitative research based on bibliographic and documentary surveys was conducted to evaluate the dissonances between the two documents and their consequences, as well as the definitions of secondary victimization, revictimization, support person, and mediator - not provided in the Law 13431/17. This paper describes and comments some foreign practices aligned with the Resolution 20/2005, showing significant differences with the practices employed in the Brazilian scenario. The results indicate that the protection aspect loses its strength between one document and the other, revealing the limit of the judiciary functioning in hosting those who demand care.(AU)

Resumen La declaración especial de niños y adolescentes y la Ley 13.431/2017 cuestionan la relación entre psicología y justicia. Esta ley tiene en sus fuentes la Resolución 20/2005, del Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas, relativa a directrices sobre la justicia para los niños víctimas o testigos de delitos. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, basada en levantamiento bibliográfico y documental, cuyos ejes fueron las mencionadas legislaciones y los procedimientos y roles profesionales previstos en ellas. Se evalúa la disonancia entre los dos documentos y sus consecuencias, así como las definiciones de victimización secundaria, re-victimización, persona de apoyo e intermediario, no adoptadas en la Ley 13.431/2017. Algunas prácticas extranjeras acorde a la Resolución 20/2005 se describen y comentan, subrayando diferencias significativas con lo que se realiza en Brasil. Se concluye que una de estas diferencias es la protección que pierde su fuerza y evidencia el límite del funcionamiento del sistema judicial en la protección de quien demanda cuidado.(AU)

COVID-19: agora mais do que nunca, protejam crianças e adolescentes do trabalho infantil

O dia 12 de junho, Dia Mundial contra o Trabalho Infantil, foi instituído pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) em 2002, e desde então, convoca-se a sociedade, os trabalhadores, os empregadores e os governos do mundo todo a se mobilizarem contra o Trabalho Infantil. Em 2020, a campanha tem por objetivo alertar para o risco de crescimento do trabalho infantil motivado pelos impactos da pandemia do novo coronavírus por meio do slogan “Covid-19: agora mais do que nunca, protejam crianças e adolescentes do trabalho infantil”. Assim, a SESA promove LIVE em conjunto com o Ministério Público do Trabalho (MPT), e a Secretaria de Estado da Justiça, Família e Trabalho (SEJUF), com apoio da Superintendência Regional do Trabalho do Paraná (SRTb-PR).

Before Saying "I Do": Legal and Policy Considerations for Facilitating Clarity on Human Trafficking and the Protection of Children in Albania.

Data available on victims of human trafficking in Albania does not appear to point to a significant problem of human trafficking in the country. For example, from the years 2016 to 2018, 61 persons were officially determined to be victims of human trafficking, in a context where the average population for that period was 2,871,978 persons. However, beneath this representation of an ostensible average level of trafficking in Albania are signs which seem to be suggestive of a more serious problem in the country. Reports, for example, indicate that authorities have sometimes associated trafficking with a transnational element, while challenges have continued to be posed to the identification of those involved in forced begging, particularly unaccompanied children, street children, and children crossing borders. In addition to highlighting and assessing evident challenges that exist in the identification of real and potential victims of trafficking and the gaps that exist in the protection of children and vulnerable groups in law and in practice, this report provides clarity on the meaning of human trafficking and what could be done to provide a clearer picture of victims of trafficking in Albania. As Albania is being considered for accession negotiations in respect of entry into the European Union, the time is opportune to address challenges and gaps to the prevention and response to trafficking particularly given the European Commission's concerns on human trafficking and child trafficking in Albania.

A imunização de crianças no Brasil: Panorama jurídico e reflexão bioética / La inmunización de niños en Brasil: Panorama jurídico y reflexión bioética / The immunization of children in Brazil: Legal overview and bioethical análysis / La immunització de nens al Brasil: Panorama jurídic i reflexió bioètica

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os aspectos jurídicos e bioéticos da vacinação obrigatória de crianças brasileiras. Primeiro, apresentamos a vacinação como um dever decorrente do direito fundamental à saúde de crianças. Depois, realiza-se uma discussão bioética sobre o citado dever jurídico, abordando os principais problemas bioéticos envolvendo a vacinação, com destaque para os eventos adversos pós-vacinação. Concluímos que a Bioética não se propõe a estabelecer normas coercitivas, mas que ela contribui para a solução dos conflitos morais identificados em cada caso concreto ao oferecer parâmetros. Já o direito brasileiro busca assegurar o direito à saúde em sua dimensão coletiva ao estabelecer a obrigatoriedade da imunização para as crianças

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los aspectos jurídicos y bioéticos de la vacunación de niños brasileños. En primer lugar, presentamos la vacunación como un deber derivado del derecho fundamental a la salud de los niños. Después, se realiza una discusión bioética sobre el citado deber jurídico, abordando los principales problemas bioéticos involucrando la vacunación, destacando los eventos adversos post-vacunación. Concluimos que la Bioética no se propone a establecer normas coercitivas, sino que contribuye a la solución de los conflictos morales identificados en cada caso concreto al ofrecer parámetros. El derecho brasileño busca asegurar el derecho a la salud en su dimensión colectiva al establecer la obligatoriedad de la inmunización para los niños

The objective of this article is to analyze the legal and bioethical aspects of mandatory vaccination of Brazilian children. First, we present vaccination as a duty arising from fundamental right to health of children. Afterwards, it makes a bioethical discussion about the legal duty of children's vaccination, addressing the main bioethical problems involving vaccination, especially the postvaccination adverse events. We conclude that Bioethics does not propose to establish coercive norms, but that it contributes to the solution of the moral conflicts identified in each concrete case by offering parameters. Brazilian law seeks to ensure the right to health in its collective dimension when establishing the mandatory immunization for children

L'objectiu d'aquest article és analitzar els aspectes jurídics i bioètics de la vacunació de nens brasilers. En primer lloc, presentem la vacunació com un deure derivat del dret fonamental a la salut dels nens. Després, es realitza una discussió bioètica sobre el citat deure jurídic, abordant els principals problemes bioètics involucrant la vacunació, destacant els esdeveniments adversos post-vacunació. Concloem que la Bioètica no es proposa a establir normes coercitives, sinó que contribueix a la solució dels conflictes morals identificats en cada cas concret en oferir paràmetres. El dret brasiler busca assegurar el dret a la salut en la seva dimensió col·lectiva en establir l'obligatorietat de la immunització per als nens

El protocolo de actuación en la atención a menores víctimas en los Institutos de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses / Guidelines for professional conduct in the care of child victims in Institutes of Legal Medicine and Forensic Science

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Protective and Supportive Injunctions for Children Exposed to Sexual Abuse: The First Data from Turkey.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) requires multidisciplinary approach by forensic, social, and medical services, thus Child Advocacy Centers (CACs) have been established to evaluate CSA cases in Turkey. At CACs the social needs of children are assessed by social workers. Protective and supportive injunctions (PSIs) are considered at each step of evaluation and are proposed to child courts. This study aimed to evaluate PSIs at a local CAC, which is one of the leading CACs in Turkey. The study group consisted of children and adolescents exposed to CSA admitted to Izmir CAC between April 2014 and April 2015. Socio-demographic characteristics, social investigation reports, psychiatric reports, and proposed PSIs were evaluated. The rate of social investigation necessity was 28.3% (n = 113), and the rate of being proposed for at least one PSI was 24.3% (n = 97). The most common proposed injunctions were maintenance care injunctions (n = 47; 48%) and counseling injunctions (n = 46; 47%). The rate of proposed PSIs was significantly higher in adolescents, incest cases and abuse types including penetration than in the other groups. This is the first study to evaluate PSIs in the child protection system. Our results provide data about the risk groups that need PSIs among the victims of CSA cases.

Worker Perceptions of the Multi-Agency Investigation & Support Team (MIST): A Process Evaluation of a Cross-Agency Response to Severe Child Abuse.

The Multi-agency Investigation & Support Team (MIST) was a new approach to abuse investigations that aimed to minimize the distress and uncertainty experienced by children and non-abusive caregivers in dealing with the many agencies typically involved in a case post-disclosure, while also attempting to improve the accessibility of supportive and therapeutic services. As part of a broader evaluation, this study examined worker perceptions early in the implementation of this new approach. Thirty-three (33) interviews were conducted with workers affected by this new pilot. The interviews identified almost exclusively positive perceptions of the changes relative to practice as usual, particularly in terms of improvements to collaboration and communication across agencies, and the benefits of providing support alongside the investigation process. Some areas of difficulty and areas for improvement were identified, particularly the need for stronger governance of the cross-agency protocol and improved connection to some of the groups involved in the response that were not co-located. The study suggests professionals working in the MIST model consider the model beneficial to the quality of the response to severe child abuse while highlighting that the process of change into this new way of working was challenging at times.

Ensuring the rights of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities within child justice systems.

A recent UN general comment on criminal justice systems includes guidance to state parties regarding the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child for children with developmental delays or neurodevelopmental disorders or disabilities. This guidance asserts that these children "should not be in the child justice system at all", but when present "should be individually assessed" to enable appropriate safeguards and accommodations to ensure the protection of their rights without discrimination. In this Viewpoint, we examine the significant barriers faced by children who are affected by neurodevelopmental disabilities to the realisation of their rights under international law and standards. These barriers include systemic and cultural barriers created by a lack of awareness among justice professionals about how to identify and work with children who have neurodevelopmental disabilities, as well as procedural barriers, which arise from the complexity and rigidity of many criminal justice processes. The effect of these barriers is that the child is denied their rights on an equal basis with other children without such disabilities.