Identification of genus Deinococcus strains by PCR detection using the gyrB gene and its extension to Bacteria domain.

In radiation-resistant bacteria belonging to the genus Deinococcus, transposition events of insertion sequences (IS elements) leading to phenotypic changes from a reddish color to white were detected following exposure to gamma irradiation and hydrogen peroxide treatment. This change resulted from the integration of IS elements into the phytoene desaturase gene, a key enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. To facilitate species identification and distinguish among Deinococcus strains, the gyrB gene encoding the B subunit of DNA gyrase was utilized. The s gnificance of the gyrB gene is well recognized not only in genome replication through the regulation of supercoiling but also in phylogenetic analysis providing support for 16S rRNA-based identification. Its mutation rate surpasses that of the 16S rRNA gene, offering greater resolution between closely related species, particularly those exhibiting >99% similarity. In this study, phylogenetic analysis was conducted comparing the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences of Deinococcus species. Species-specific and genus-specific primers targeting Deinococcus species were designed and experimentally validated for selective amplification and rapid identification of the targeted species. This approach allows for the omission of 16S rRNA sequencing in the targeted Deinococcus species. Therefore, the gyrB gene is useful for identifying bacterial species and genus-level detection from individual microbes or microbial consortia using specialized primer sets for PCR amplification.

Deinococcus arenicola sp. nov., a novel radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from sandy soil in Antarctica.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-mobile and spherical strain, designated ZS9-10T, belonging to the genus Deinococcus was isolated from soil sampled at the Chinese Zhong Shan Station, Antarctica. Growth was observed in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7.0-8.0 and at 4-25 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ZS9-10T formed a lineage in the genus Deinococcus. It exhibited highest sequence similarity (97.4 %) to Deinococcus marmoris DSM 12784T. The major phospholipids of ZS9-10T were unidentified phosphoglycolipid, unidentified glycolipids and unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), C16 : 0 and C16 : 1 ω7c. MK-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain ZS9-10T and its close relative D. marmoris DSM 12784T were 27.4 and 83.9 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, a novel species, named Deinococcus arenicola sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain iis ZS9-10T (=CCTCC AB 2019392T=KCTC43192T).

A multidomain connector links the outer membrane and cell wall in phylogenetically deep-branching bacteria.

Deinococcus radiodurans is a phylogenetically deep-branching extremophilic bacterium that is remarkably tolerant to numerous environmental stresses, including large doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and extreme temperatures. It can even survive in outer space for several years. This endurance of D. radiodurans has been partly ascribed to its atypical cell envelope comprising an inner membrane, a large periplasmic space with a thick peptidoglycan (PG) layer, and an outer membrane (OM) covered by a surface layer (S-layer). Despite intense research, molecular principles governing envelope organization and OM stabilization are unclear in D. radiodurans and related bacteria. Here, we report a electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the abundant D. radiodurans OM protein SlpA, showing how its C-terminal segment forms homotrimers of 30-stranded ß-barrels in the OM, whereas its N-terminal segment forms long, homotrimeric coiled coils linking the OM to the PG layer via S-layer homology (SLH) domains. Furthermore, using protein structure prediction and sequence-based bioinformatic analysis, we show that SlpA-like putative OM-PG connector proteins are widespread in phylogenetically deep-branching Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, combining our atomic structures with fluorescence and electron microscopy of cell envelopes of wild-type and mutant bacterial strains, we report a model for the cell surface of D. radiodurans. Our results will have important implications for understanding the cell surface organization and hyperstability of D. radiodurans and related bacteria and the evolutionary transition between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Genome based reclassification of Deinococcus swuensis as a heterotypic synonym of Deinococcus radiopugnans.

Deinococcus species are widely studied due to their utility in bioremediation of sites contaminated with radioactive elements. In the present study, we re-evaluated the taxonomic placement of two species of the genus Deinococcus namely D. swuensis DY59T and D. radiopugnans ATCC 19172T based on whole genome analyses. The 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed a 99.58% sequence similarity between this species pair that is above the recommended threshold value for species delineation. These two species also clustered together in both the 16S rRNA gene and core genome based phylogenies depicting their close relatedness. Furthermore, more than 98% of genes were shared between D. swuensis DY59T and D. radiopugnans ATCC 19172T. Interestingly, D. swuensis DY59T and D. radiopugnans ATCC 19172T shared high genome similarity in different genomic indices. They displayed an average nucleotide identity value of 97.63%, an average amino acid identity value of 97% and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization value equal to 79.50%, all of which are well above the cut-off for species delineation. Altogether, based on these evidences, D. swuensis DY59T and D. radiopugnans ATCC 19172T constitute a single species. Hence, as per the priority of publication, we propose that Deinococcus swuensis Lee et al. 2015 should be reclassified as a later heterotypic synonym of Deinococcus radiopugnans.

Inferring the Deep Past from Molecular Data.

There is an expectation that analyses of molecular sequences might be able to distinguish between alternative hypotheses for ancient relationships, but the phylogenetic methods used and types of data analyzed are of critical importance in any attempt to recover historical signal. Here, we discuss some common issues that can influence the topology of trees obtained when using overly simple models to analyze molecular data that often display complicated patterns of sequence heterogeneity. To illustrate our discussion, we have used three examples of inferred relationships which have changed radically as models and methods of analysis have improved. In two of these examples, the sister-group relationship between thermophilic Thermus and mesophilic Deinococcus, and the position of long-branch Microsporidia among eukaryotes, we show that recovering what is now generally considered to be the correct tree is critically dependent on the fit between model and data. In the third example, the position of eukaryotes in the tree of life, the hypothesis that is currently supported by the best available methods is fundamentally different from the classical view of relationships between major cellular domains. Since heterogeneity appears to be pervasive and varied among all molecular sequence data, and even the best available models can still struggle to deal with some problems, the issues we discuss are generally relevant to phylogenetic analyses. It remains essential to maintain a critical attitude to all trees as hypotheses of relationship that may change with more data and better methods.

Deinococcus terrestris sp. nov., a gamma ray- and ultraviolet-resistant bacterium isolated from soil.

Strain SDU3-2T was isolated from a soil sample collected in Shandong Province, PR China. Cells of SDU3-2T were spherical, Gram-stain-positive, aerobic and non-motile. Cellular growth of the strain occurred at 25-45 °C, pH 5.5-8.5 and with 0-1.5 % (w/v) of NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SDU3-2T was closest to the type strain Deinococcus murrayi ALT-1bT with a similarity of 95.2 %. The draft genome was 3.49 Mbp long with 69.2 mol% G+C content. Strain SDU3-2T exhibited high resistance to gamma radiation (D10 >12 kGy) and UV (D10 >900 J m-2). The strain encoded many genes for resistance to radiation and oxidative stress, which were highly conserved with other Deinococcus species, but possessed interspecific properties. The major fatty acids of SDU3-2T cells were C15 : 1 ω6c, C16 : 1 ω7c/C16 : 1 ω6c, and C17 : 1 ω8c, the major menaquinone was menaquinone-8, and the major polar lipids were an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, four unidentified glycolipids and an unidentified phospholipid. The average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA hybridization results further indicated that strain SDU3-2T represents a new species in the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus terrestris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SDU3-2T (=CGMCC 1.17147T=KCTC 43098T).

Deinococcus detaillensis sp. nov., isolated from humus soil in Antarctica.

A Gram-staining-positive, non-motile, coccus or short-rod-shaped bacterium, designated H1T, was isolated from a humus soil sample in the Detaille Island of Antarctica. The 16S rRNA gene sequence result indicated that strain H1T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with the type strain of Deinococcus alpinitundrae (96.2%). Growth of strain H1T occurred at 4-25 °C, pH 6.0-8.0 and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl (w/v). The respiratory quinone was MK-8. The major fatty acids were C16:0, C17:0 cyclo and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c). The polar lipids were aminoglycophospholipid, aminophospholipid, glycolipid and glycophospholipid. The cell wall peptidoglycan type was A3ß. The genomic DNA G + C content was 61.3 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) between strain H1T and the closely related Deinococcus members was below the cut-off level (95-96%) for species identification. Based on the above results, strain H1T represents a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus detaillensis sp. nov. is proposed. Type strain is H1T (= CGMCC 1.13938T = JCM 33291T).

Deinococcus kurensis sp. nov., isolated from pond water collected in Japan.

An aerobic, oligotrophic, Gram-positive, non-sporulating, motile, rod-shaped, palladium-leaching bacterial strain, Deinococcus sp. KR-1, was previously isolated from pond water collected in Japan. This strain grew at 10 °C to 40 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 4.5 to 11.5 (optimum pH 8.0), and in the presence of 2.0% NaCl. Its major cellular fatty acids were C15: 1ω6 and C16 : 1ω7c. The quinone system was menaquinone 8. Multilocus sequence analysis based on partial sequences of four housekeeping genes (atpD, dnaA, gyrB and rpoB) showed that branching of Deinococcus sp. KR-1 was distant to those of Deinococcus type strains. The genome average nucleotide identity value between strain KR-1 and its closest related Deinococcus type strain was less than 95.69%. Based on its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain KR-1 (= HUT-8138T = KCTC 33977T) can be considered a novel species within the genus Deinococcus with the proposed name Deinococcus kurensis sp. nov.

Deinococcus psychrotolerans sp. nov., isolated from soil on the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic, coccus-shaped bacterium, designated S14-83T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain is a novel member of the genus Deinococcus, with Deinococcus alpinitundrae as its closest relative (96.1 % similarity). The DNA G+C content of the strain was 61.1 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was MK-8. Major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. As well as containing glycophospholipid, aminophospholipids and glycolipid as major polar lipids, there were also some unknown polar lipids. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was ornithine, corroborating the assignment of the strain to the genus Deinococcus. Strain S14-83T was shown to be extremely resistant to gamma radiation (>10 kGy) and UV light (460 Jm-2). On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data presented here, strain S14-83T represents a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus psychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S14-83T (=CCTCC AB 2015449T= DSM 105285 T).

Deinococcus arcticus sp. nov., isolated from Silene acaulis rhizosphere soil of the Arctic tundra.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, short rod-shaped bacterium, designated OD32T, was isolated from a soil sample taken from the rhizosphere of Silene acaulis collected from the Arctic tundra. The novel strain, OD32T, was able to grow at 15-37 °C (optimum, 33 °C), pH 6.5-9.5 (pH 7.5-8.0) and 0-0.5 % NaCl (0 %, w/v). A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain OD32T was most closely related to the genus Deinococcus; it shared the highest sequence similarity (95.7 %) with Deinococcus grandis ATCC 43672T. Genomic DNA G+C content of the strain OD32T was 68.2 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 8 (MK-8). The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c/C16 : 1 ω6c), C15 : 1 ω6c, C17 : 1 ω6c, C17 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. Based on phylogenetic inference and genotypic characteristics, strain OD32T represents a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus arcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OD32T (=KCTC 33972T=CICC 24671T).

Deinococcus fonticola sp. nov., isolated from a radioactive thermal spring in Hungary.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccus-shaped bacterium, designated strain FeSDHB5-19T, was isolated from a biofilm sample collected from a radioactive thermal spring (Budapest, Hungary), after exposure to 5 kGy gamma radiation. A polyphasic approach was used to study the taxonomic properties of strain FeSDHB5-19T, which had highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Deinococcus antarcticus G3-6-20T (96.5 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to type strains of other Deinococcus species were 93.0 % or lower. The DNA G+C content of the draft genome sequence, consisting of 3.9 Mb, was 63.9 mol%. Strain FeSHDB5-19T was found to grow at temperatures of 10-32 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and pH 5-10 (pH 6.5-7.5) and tolerated up to 1.5 % NaCl (w/v) with optimum growth at 0-0.5 % NaCl. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was A3ß l-Orn-Gly1-2. The whole-cell sugars were glucose and low amounts of galactose. Strain FeSDHB5-19T possessed MK-8 as the predominant respiratory quinone, typical of the genus Deinococcus. The polar lipid profile contained unidentified phosphoglycolipids and unidentified glycolipids. The isolate was found to be highly resistant to gamma (D10<8 kGy) and UV (D10~800 J m-2) radiation. According to its genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain FeSDHB5-19T represents a novel species in the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcusfonticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FeSDHB5-19T (=NCAIM B.02639T=DSM 106917T).

Deinococcus terrigena sp. nov., a novel member of the family Deinococcaceae.

A bacterial strain, S13-1-2-1T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Gyeongsangnam-do province, South Korea. Cells were observed to be Gram-stain negative, short rod-shaped and colonies to be pale pink in colour. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified this strain as a member of the genus Deinococcus in the family Deinococcaceae, with high levels of sequence similarity with Deinococcus ficus CC-FR2-10T (97.9%) and Deinococcus enclensis NIO-1023T (95.4%). Growth of strain S13-1-2-1T was observed at 10-42 °C, pH 6-8, and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl. The isolate was found to exhibit resistance to gamma radiation (D10 10.1 KGy) and UV-light (D10 612 J/m2). The major peptidoglycan amino acids were identified as D-glutamic acid, glycine, alanine and L-ornithine. The predominant respiratory quinone of the strain was identified as menaquinone-8, the major fatty acids were found to be C16:1ω7c (31.4%), C16:0 (18.4%), and C17:1ω8c (17.4%) and the major polar lipids were observed to be an unidentified phosphoglycolipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The genomic DNA G + C content of the strain was determined to be 69.2 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization with D. ficus showed a relatedness value of 31.5 ± 4.2%. The DNA-DNA hybridization result and the differentiating phenotypic properties clearly indicate that strain S13-1-2-1T represents a novel species in the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus terrigena sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S13-1-2-1T (= KCTC 33939T = JCM 32248T).

Deinococcus irradiatisoli sp. nov., isolated from gamma ray-irradiated soil.

Strain 17bor-2T, a gamma-resistant, pink-to-red-coloured, aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and Gram-stain-negative bacterium, was isolated from gamma ray-irradiated soil. The isolate grew aerobically at 18-37 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (pH 6.5-7.5) and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (0 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain 17bor-2T belonged to the genus Deinococcus with a highest sequence similarity of 96.4 % to Deinococcus alpinitundrae ME-04-04-52T. The major fatty acids of the strain were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and cyclo C17 : 0. The only respiratory quinone was MK-8. The major polar lipids of the strain were phosphoglycolipid, aminophospholipid and an unknown glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain 17bor-2T was 62.8 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain 17bor-2T should be classified as a novel species in the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcusirradiatisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17bor-2T (=KCTC 33907T=NBRC 113037T).

Deinococcus koreensis sp. nov., a gamma radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from river water.

A gamma radiation-resistant, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SJW1-2T, was isolated from freshwater samples collected from the Seomjin River, Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain SJW1-2T was most closely related to Deinococcus metalli 1PNM-19T (94.3 % sequence similarity) and formed a robust phylogenetic clade with other species of the genus Deinococcus. The optimum growth pH and temperature for the isolate were pH 7.0-7.5 and 25 °C, respectively. Strain SJW1-2T exhibited high resistance to gamma radiation. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-8. The polar lipid profile consisted of different unidentified glycolipids, two unidentified lipids, two unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified phosphoglycolipid. The major peptidoglycan amino acids were alanine, d-glutamic acid, glycine and l-ornithine. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) (25.2 %) and C16 : 0 (21.2 %), and the DNA G+C content was 69.5 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain SJW1-2T (=KACC 19332T=NBRC 112908T) represents a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus koreensis sp. nov. is proposed.

Deinococcus rufus sp. nov., isolated from soil near an iron factory.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, red-pigmented strain, designated W37T, was isolated from soil near an iron factory in Busan (Republic of Korea). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain W37T was most closely related to Deinococcus yunweiensis YIM 007T (98.3 %) and Deinococcus radioresistens 8AT (96.3 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain W37T and D. yunweiensis YIM 007T was 50.5 %. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-8. The major polar lipids were an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid, four unidentified glycolipids, two unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids (>5 %) of strain W37T were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The DNA G+C content was 69.0 mol%. Moreover, the chemo-physical characteristics of strain W37T clearly differed from those of related species, including ranges of growth temperature and pH, positive activity for 4-hydroxybenzoate and negative activity for cystine arylamidase. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses indicated that strain W37T represents a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus rufus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is W37T (=KCTC 33913T=CCTCC AB 2017081T).

Comparative Analysis of the Gut Bacterial Community of Four Anastrepha Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Based on Pyrosequencing.

Fruit flies are the most economically important group of phytophagous flies worldwide. Whereas the ecological role of bacteria associated with tephritid fruit fly species of the genera Bactrocera and Ceratitis has been demonstrated, the diversity of the bacterial community in Anastrepha has been poorly characterized. This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of the bacterial community in the gut of larvae and adults of Anastrepha ludens, A. obliqua, A. serpentina, and A. striata using 454 pyrosequencing. A total of four phyla, seven classes, 11 families, and 27 bacterial genera were identified. Proteobacteria was the most represented phylum, followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Deinococcus-Thermus. The genera Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Raoultella were dominant in all samples analyzed. In general, the bacterial community diversity in adult flies was higher in species with a broader diet breadth than species with a restricted number of hosts, whereas it was also higher in adults versus larvae. Differences in bacterial communities in adults might be determined by the number of fruit species infested. Lastly, the predictive functional profile analysis suggested that community members may participate in metabolic pathways related to membrane transport and metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, cofactors, and lipids. These results provide the basis for the study of unexplored functional roles of bacteria in this insect group.

Deinococcus lacus sp. nov., a gamma radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from an artificial freshwater pond.

A Gram-stain-negative, pink-coloured, non-motile and gamma radiation-resistant bacterium, designated strain IMCC1711T, was isolated from a freshwater sample collected from an artificial pond (Inkyong Pond). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain IMCC1711T was most closely related to Deinococcus piscis 3axT (94.2 %) and formed a robust phylogenetic clade with other species of the genus Deinococcus. Optimal growth of strain MCC1711T was observed at 25 °C and pH 7.0 without NaCl. Strain IMCC1711T exhibited high resistance to gamma radiation. The DNA G+C content of strain IMCC1711T was 59.1 mol% and MK-8 was the predominant isoprenoid quinone. Major fatty acid constituents of the strain were C17 : 1ω8c, C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and C15 : 1ω6c. The major polar lipids constituted phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phosphoglycolipid and two unidentified glycolipids. On the basis of taxonomic data obtained in this study, it was concluded that strain IMCC1711T represented a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus lacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Deinococcus lacus is IMCC1711T (KCTC 52494T=KACC 18979T=NBRC 112440T).

Deinococcus hibisci sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of Hibiscus syriacus L. (mugunghwa flower).

A Gram-stain-positive, pink-pigmented, coccus-shaped, strictly aerobic, non-motile bacterium, strain THG-AG1.5T, was isolated from rhizosphere of Hibiscus syriacus L. (Mugunghwa flower) located in Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea. The isolated strain grew optimally at 25-30 °C, at pH 6.0-7.5 and in the presence of additional 0-1.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain THG-AG1.5T exhibited tolerance to UV radiation (>1500 J m-2) and to gamma radiation (>12 kGy). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain THG-AG1.5T was closely related to Deinococcus daejeonensis MJ27T (98.03 %), Deinococcus radiotolerans C1T (97.61 %) and Deinococcus grandis DSM 3963T (97.32 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain THG-AG1.5T was 74.8 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain THG-AG1.5T and its closest phylogenetically neighbours were below 63.0 %. The peptidoglycan amino acids were alanine, valine, glutamic acid, glycine, ornithine, lysine and aspartic acid. Strain THG-AG1.5T contained ribose, mannose and glucose as whole-cell-wall sugars and menaquinone-8 (MK-8) as the only isoprenoid quinone. The major component in the polyamine pattern was spermidine. The major polar lipids of strain THG-AG1.5T were a phosphoglycolipid, six unidentified glycolipids and an unidentified aminophospholipid. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15 : 0, C15 : 1ω6c, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, C17 : 0, C18 : 0 and summed feature 3. On the basis of our polyphasic taxonomy study, strain THG-AG1.5T represents a novel species within the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcushibisci sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-AG1.5T (=KACC 18850T=CCTCC AB 2016078T).

Deinococcus petrolearius sp. nov. isolated from crude oil recovery water in China.

A Gram-stain positive, non-motile, spherical, red-pigmented and facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain 6.1T, was isolated from a crude oil recovery water sample from the Huabei oil field in China. The novel strain exhibited tolerance of UV irradiation (> 1000 J m-2). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain 6.1T shows high similarity to Deinococcus citri DSM 24791T (98.1%) and Deinococcus gobiensis I-0T (97.8%), with less than 93.5% similarity to other closely related taxa. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH), followed by iso-C17:1 ω9c and C16:0. The polar lipid profile was found to contain phospholipids, glycolipids, phosphoglycolipids and aminophospholipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as MK-8. The DNA G + C content was determined to be 68.3 mol %. DNA-DNA hybridization between strain 6.1T and D. citri DSM 24791T was 45.6 ± 7.1% and with D. gobiensis I-OT was 36.6 ± 4.7%. On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, we conclude strain 6.1T represents a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which we propose the name Deinococcus petrolearius sp. nov. The type strain is 6.1T (= CGMCC 1.15053T = KCTC 33744T).

Deinococcus multiflagellatus sp. nov., isolated from a car air-conditioning system.

A gamma radiation-resistant and pink-to-red pigmented bacterial strain, designated ID1504T, was isolated from a car air-conditioning system sampled in Korea. The cells were observed to be Gram-stain negative, aerobic, motile with peritrichous flagella and short rod-shaped. Phylogenetically, the strain groups with the members of the genus Deinococcus and exhibits high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Deinococcus arenae SA1T (94.0%), Deinococcus actinosclerus BM2T (93.9%) and Deinococcus soli N5T (93.5%). The predominant fatty acids were identified as C17:0, C16:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c) and iso-C17:0. The major respiratory quinone was identified as MK-8. The polar lipids were found to be comprised of unidentified phospholipids, unidentified glycolipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of the strain was determined to be 68.3 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain ID1504T should be classified in a novel species in the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus multiflagellatus sp. nov. (= KACC 19287T = NBRC 112888T) is proposed.