Concurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus septicemia and pyomyositis in a patient with dengue hemorrhagic fever: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Concurrent presence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), tropical pyomyositis and septicemia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a previously healthy person has never been reported. These three conditions even individually are potentially fatal. "Here we describe a case of a patient contracting dengue and developing DHF along with concurrent pyomyositis likely to be due to MRSA, leading to MRSA septicemia with abscesses formed by MRSA". CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year old previously healthy Sinhalese man presented on day 3 of the illness with fever, headache, arthralgia and myalgia and watery loose stools. His pulse rate was 76/min, blood pressure was 110/80 mmHg, while cardiovascular, respiratory and abdomen examination findings were unremarkable. The test for the dengue NS1 antigen was positive on the same day. We have diagnosed dengue and started managing him symptomatically as per the current national guidelines. The patient developed DHF with bilateral pleural effusion and ascitis. On the day 5 he developed severe myalgia, tenderness and non pitting edema of lower limbs especially in the thighs. His creatine kinase levels were high and an ultrasound scan confirmed myositis of both thighs. We suspected myositis due to dengue but investigated for possible simultaneous sepsis as well. On day 9 his blood culture became positive for MRSA. Considering the sensitivity of the bacteria intravenous vancomycin and ciprofloxacin was administered for 21 days. He developed a small abscess at the site of the first intravenous access and a large one above the ankle on the left. On day 12 the latter was drained and the pus culture yielded MRSA sensitive to the same antibiotics. The rapid test for dengue IgM was negative initially but later a positive MAC-ELISA test entrenched dengue infection. After improvement he was sent home on day 33 of the illness. He has developed two other abscesses in the proximity of the drained one and they were drained on day 57. The patient recovered. CONCLUSIONS: When dengue patients develop symptoms and signs of myositis, prompt investigations for pyomyositis and the treatment can save lives.

The exploration of risk factors of concurrent bacteraemia in patients critically ill with severe dengue.

We investigated the clinical features of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with concomitant severe dengue infection and bacteraemia to identify risk factors for this comorbidity. The records of all ICU dengue patients admitted during the period of 31 July-30 November 2015 were reviewed. Patients with 'concurrent bacteremia' (positive bacterial blood culture within 72 h of ICU admission) were identified. ICU admission was required for 142 patients, of which 22 (15.5 %) had concurrent bacteraemia. Species of the genus Streptococcus was the most common pathogens, followed by Escherichia coli then species of the genus Staphylococcus. Patients with a severe dengue infection and bacteraemia had higher APACHE II and TISS scores, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and leukocyte counts, positive fluid balances, longer activated partial thromboplastin times (APTTs), higher lactate levels and more kidney failure, but controls (severe dengue patients without bacteraemia) had higher Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, higher albumin levels and more abdominal pain (all P<0.05). Patients with bacteraemia had a higher mortality rate than did ontrols (40.9 vs 18.3 %; P=0.018). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that bacteraemia was significantly positively associated with the following independent predictors: higher CRP levels [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.026; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.008-1.044; P=0.005], and longer APTTs (aOR: 1.034; 95 CI: 1.004-1.065; P=0.027). Concurrent bacteraemia is not uncommon in severe dengue patients in the ICU, and it is associated with high mortality. Higher CRP levels and longer APTTs were two independent risk factors associated with bacteraemia.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra virus dengue en el cantón de Golfito, 2005, y en el Distrito Central de Puntarenas, 2005-2006, Costa Rica / Dengue seroprevalence in Golfito and the central district of Puntarenas, Costa Rica 2005-2006

Justificación y objetivo: La primo infección con el virus dengue varía desde asintomática hasta cuadros muy severos, como el dengue hemorrágico o el síndrome de choque por dengue. El Distrito Primero de Puntarenas ha sido una de las poblaciones más afectadas desde 1993, cuando aparecieron los primeros brotes, hasta hoy, con una disminución de la incidencia en los últimos años. La región Brunca fue la segunda en incidencia en el país en 1998, y si bien la endemicidad se ha mantenido, no existen estudios epidemiológicos sobre la prevalencia de esta enfermedad; los datos que aporta el Ministerio de Salud corresponden a la incidencia de casos clínicos en un período determinado. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia en el Distrito Primero de Puntarenas y en Golfito para conocer la vulnerabilidad de la población de sufrir fiebre hemorrágica por dengue y analizar la situación asociada a los datos epidemiológicos de estas regiones, tales como edad, sexo y ubicación geográfica, ya que una población susceptible es la que presenta una alta seroprevalencia, unida a condiciones de hacinamiento y alta densidad vectorial...

Dengue hemorrágico emergencia pediátrica en el Huila

El dengue hemorrágico (DH) hizo su aparición en el Huila en 1992, desarrollándose la primera epidemia con 125 casos, la mayoría de éstos, en niños. El impacto en la población infantil ha sido evidente y persistente hasta hoy, cuando vivimos el segundo brote con 246 niños afectados, encontrando una mortalidad del 4.5 por ciento. Para observar las características clínicas de los pacientes con DH en esta segunda epidemia, se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo; se tuvieron en cuenta todos los niños hospitalizados en dos grandes instituciones asistenciales de Neiva, con diagnóstico clínico y comprobación serológica de DH en el año de 1997. En el 72 por ciento de los pacientes afectados, los síntomas se localizaron en el abdomen consistentes en: dolor intenso y progresivo, vómito, hepatomegalia y ascitis. Algunos casos asociados a hemorragia del tracto gastrointestinal. Un hecho importante, relacionado con la severidad del estado clínico fue la presencia, tiempo de instauración y severidad de derrames serosos (pleurales, peritoneales y pericárdicos) en el 40 por ciento de los casos. Estos derrames, se instauraron rápidamente, lo cual es reflejo de la severidad de la fuga vascular, llevando incluso al 30 por ciento de los pacientes a Shock Dengue Hemorrágico (SSD). 45 casos se presentaron en niños menores de dos años, lo que representa el 19 por ciento de los niños con DH. Sin embargo, el 50 por ciento de los niños que murieron, correspondieron a este grupo de edad. En conclusión, nos enfrentamos a una segunda epidemia considerablemente más severa por el mayor número de pacientes afectados, más casos de shock, lo que pudo estar relacionado con la virulencia del serotipo viral circulante. Los hallazgos abdominales se convirtieron en datos cardinales para el pronóstico ya que, sobre todo, la velocidad y la severidad con la que se se instauraron estos signos fueron predictivos de shock y complicaciones fatales.

Community Involvement in a Dengue Prevention Project in Malaria, Sao Paulo, State, Brazil

Since dengue fever has only recently appeared in the city of Marília, São Paulo, State, Brazil, and no fatal cases of the disease have yet to occur, dengue prevention is not a local priority. A dengue prevention program in one neighborhood made the tires, cans and bottles where mosquitoes breed its focus, and conducted an “ethnography of refuse,” including local classification of materials as useful or disposable in preparation for and educational intervention. The initial assumption was that patterns of refuse disposal are and individual choice, influenced by relatively static cultural definitions of what constitutes refuse. This gave way over the course of the project to a new, more dynamic and contextualized view, allowing for the influence of a system of selective refuse collection with participation of both householders and informal refuse collectors. The implications of the findings for programs to control other emerging infectious diseases are discussed.