Manifestações dermatológicas da COVID-19

A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) tem buscado entender melhor os sinais e sintomas da COVID-19, doença causada pelo novo coronavírus, e compartilhar esse conhecimento entre os países. Para apoiar o Brasil, o organismo internacional tem realizado uma série de seminários virtuais com especialistas da Espanha. O último deles, na sexta-feira passada, tratou de recém-identificadas manifestações do novo coronavírus na pele. Na ocasião, foi apresentado um estudo de um grupo de pesquisadores da Espanha, que descreve cinco padrões de lesões da pele que podem estar associadas à infecção por COVID‐19 – em pacientes com variadas características demográficas, em distintos períodos e diferentes severidades. As mais frequentes foram as erupções maculopapulares (encontradas em 47% dos casos), que são como manchas ou “bolinhas” vermelhas espalhadas pelo corpo. Também foram identificadas vesículas ou pústulas (pseudo-frieira – erupções na pele semelhantes a frieiras em pés e mãos), que foram encontradas em 19% dos casos. Urticárias também foram descritas em 19% dos casos. Além disso, o grupo de pesquisadores identificou outras erupções vesiculares (caracterizadas por “bolinhas” vermelhas na pele) em 9% dos casos e livedo (espécie de “linhas” na pele) ou necrose em 6% deles. Os resultados foram apresentados no dia 15 de maio por Ignacio García Doval, um dos autores do estudo e diretor de pesquisa da Academia Española de Dermatologia y Venereología. O seminário contou ainda com uma discussão e troca de experiências com especialistas do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, da Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Para a OPAS, o compartilhamento desses conhecimentos é fundamental para que profissionais de saúde de todo o mundo possam identificar os sinais e sintomas da COVID-19. Isso é importante tanto para a oferta de tratamento em tempo oportuno, quanto para notificação, vigilância e diagnóstico de casos.

High accuracy of recognition of common forms of folliculitis by dermoscopy: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical differentiation of folliculitis types is challenging. Dermoscopy supports the recognition of folliculitis etiology, but its diagnostic accuracy is not known. OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy for folliculitis. METHODS: This observational study included patients (N = 240) with folliculitis determined on the basis of clinical and dermoscopic assessments. A dermoscopic image of the most representative lesion was acquired for each patient. Etiology was determined on the basis of cytologic examination, culture, histologic examination, or manual hair removal (when ingrowing hair was detected) by dermatologist A. Dermoscopic images were evaluated according to predefined diagnostic criteria by dermatologist B, who was blinded to the clinical findings. Dermoscopic and definitive diagnoses were compared by dermatologist C. RESULTS: Of the 240 folliculitis lesions examined, 90% were infections and 10% were noninfectious. Infectious folliculitis was caused by parasites (n = 71), fungi (n = 81), bacteria (n = 57), or 7 viruses (n = 7). Noninfectious folliculitis included pseudofolliculitis (n = 14), folliculitis decalvans (n = 7), and eosinophilic folliculitis (n = 3). The overall accuracy of dermoscopy was 73.7%. Dermoscopy showed good diagnostic accuracy for Demodex (88.1%), scabietic (89.7%), and dermatophytic folliculitis (100%), as well as for pseudofolliculitis (92.8%). LIMITATIONS: The diagnostic value of dermoscopy was calculated only for common folliculitis. Diagnostic reliability could not be calculated. CONCLUSION: Dermoscopy is a useful tool for assisting in the diagnosis of some forms of folliculitis.

Herpes zoster presenting as unilateral vasculitis.

Vasculitis can be a primary disorder or a cutaneous manifestation of a viral infection. The present case describes an atypical localized cutaneous varicella-zoster virus infection inducing a small vessel vasculitis in a patient with multisystem sarcoidosis. Additionally, we discuss the differential diagnoses and treatment options. Varicella-Zoster infection occurs more frequently in immunosuppressed populations and can present with uncharacteristic clinical manifestations complicating the diagnosis as in the present case.

[Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy associated with Coxsackie virus infection]. / Œdème aigu hémorragique du nourrisson associé à une infection à Coxsackie virus.

Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy is a rare but benign vasculitis occurring in infants aged from 4 to 24 months. Skin lesions can take various forms, including extensive hemorrhagic purpura, and can therefore be mistaken for purpura fulminans if associated with fever, which leads to initiating broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. In the present case, we describe a 7-month-old boy with acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy and rapidly extensive purpura lesions that led to intravenous cefotaxime and amikacin treatment. Diagnosis was made on the next day by a dermatologist, based on the typical aspect of skin lesions, hemodynamic stability, and negative bacteriological samples. Coxsackie virus B5, a pathogenic enterovirus, was found by specific PCR in cerebrospinal fluid. The outcome was spontaneously favorable after discontinuation of antibiotics on day 2. We discuss the imputability of the enterovirus in triggering this case of acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy.

Case for diagnosis. Infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1: differential diagnosis of atopic dermatitis.

Infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 (IDH) is the main cutaneous marker of HTLV-1 infection. This disease occurs primarily in children and should be differentiated from other eczemas, especially from atopic dermatitis. The largest series of IDH are from Jamaica and Brazil. There are an estimated 15 to 20 million infected people in the world, and Brazil is one of the endemic regions. Studies suggest that IDH in children may be a marker for the development of T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) or myelopathy associated with HTLV-1/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM / TSP) in adulthood.

Case for diagnosis. Infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1: differential diagnosis of atopic dermatitis

Abstract: Infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 (IDH) is the main cutaneous marker of HTLV-1 infection. This disease occurs primarily in children and should be differentiated from other eczemas, especially from atopic dermatitis. The largest series of IDH are from Jamaica and Brazil. There are an estimated 15 to 20 million infected people in the world, and Brazil is one of the endemic regions. Studies suggest that IDH in children may be a marker for the development of T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) or myelopathy associated with HTLV-1/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM / TSP) in adulthood.

The skin as a window to the blood: Cutaneous manifestations of myeloid malignancies.

Cutaneous manifestations of myeloid malignancies are common and have a broad range of presentations. These skin findings are classified as specific, due to direct infiltration by malignant hematopoietic cells, or non-specific. Early recognition and diagnosis can have significant clinical implications, as skin manifestations may be the first indication of underlying hematologic malignancy, can reflect the immune status and stage of disease, and cutaneous reactions may occur from conventional and targeted agents used to treat myeloid disease. In addition, infections with cutaneous involvement are common in immunocompromised patients with myeloid disease. Given the varying presentations, dermatologic findings associated with myeloid malignancies can pose diagnostic challenges for hematologists and dermatologists. In this clinical review intended for the practicing hematologist/oncologist, we discuss the presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic value of the most common cutaneous manifestations associated with myeloid malignancies using illustrative macro- and microscopic figures and with a special emphasis on practical considerations.

Ocular manifestations of infectious skin diseases.

Ocular complications of infectious skin diseases are a common occurrence. Managing the inflamed or infected eye in the emergency setting presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the emergency physician. Infectious agents may affect any part of the eye. Ocular findings may be the first sign of many infectious diseases, such as, for example, gonorrhea or chlamydia infection. Understanding the various forms of ocular involvement in these conditions is important, because untreated ophthalmic involvement can lead to severe vision loss. This review focuses on the significant ocular manifestations of the most common infectious diseases, including bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, that both ophthalmologists and dermatologists may encounter.

Molecular insight into the viral biology and clinical features of trichodysplasia spinulosa.

Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) is a disfiguring skin disease that occurs most frequently in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies, and is thus frequently associated with organ transplantation. TS is characterized clinically by folliculocentric papular eruption, keratin spine formation and development of leonine face; and histologically by expansion of the inner root sheath epithelium and high expression of the proliferative marker Ki-67. Recent discovery of the TS-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) and emerging studies demonstrating the role of TSPyV tumour antigens in cell proliferation pathways have opened a new corridor for research on TS. In this brief review, we summarize the clinical and histological features of TS and evaluate the current options for therapy. Furthermore, we address the viral aetiology of the disease and explore the mechanisms by which TSPyV may influence TS development and progression. As reports of TS continue to rise, clinician recognition of TS, as well as accompanying research on its underlying pathogenesis and therapeutic options, is becoming increasingly important. It is our hope that heightened clinical suspicion for TS will increase rates of diagnosis and will galvanize both molecular and clinical interest in this disease.

Trichodysplasia spinulosa: a polyomavirus infection specifically targeting follicular keratinocytes in immunocompromised patients.

Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) is a rare skin disease, caused by a specific polyomavirus, occurring in immunocompromised patients. The pathophysiological mechanisms of TS are not yet fully understood. By using polymerase chain reaction and skin biopsy immunostaining we report evidence, in a paediatric case, of follicular keratinocytes being the primary target of trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus.

Wolf's isotopic response, presenting as lichen planus.

The term "Wolf's isotopic response" describes the occurrence of a new skin disorder at the site of another unrelated and already healed skin disease. In most cases, herpes zoster is the inicial disease. Different disorders may develop on the same site, most commonly granulomatous and lichenoid reactions, infiltration of hematologic diseases, skin tumors and infections. There are few related cases of lichen planus presenting as isotopic response. We report a case of a 74 year-old woman, with multiple itchy, rose-colored and shiny papules that developed at site of previously healed herpes zoster, on the right arm and shoulder. The pathogenesis of this phenomenon is still unknown and further studies are needed.

Wolf's isotopic response, presenting as lichen planus

The term "Wolf's isotopic response" describes the occurrence of a new skin disorder at the site of another unrelated and already healed skin disease. In most cases, herpes zoster is the inicial disease. Different disorders may develop on the same site, most commonly granulomatous and lichenoid reactions, infiltration of hematologic diseases, skin tumors and infections. There are few related cases of lichen planus presenting as isotopic response. We report a case of a 74 year-old woman, with multiple itchy, rose-colored and shiny papules that developed at site of previously healed herpes zoster, on the right arm and shoulder. The pathogenesis of this phenomenon is still unknown and further studies are needed.

Elefantiasis nostras verrucosa / Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa

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[Generalized inflammatory epidermolysis bullosa acquisita initially diagnosed as viral exanthem: a rare disease within the subepidermal blistering disorders]. / Generalisierte inflammatorische Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita bei initialem Virusexanthemverdacht: Eine seltene Erkrankung innerhalb der erworbenen blasenbildenden Dermatosen.

A 67-year-old man presented with a maculopapular exanthem which started over the major joints. Within a few days, it spread to the entire skin surface and was accompanied by blisters as well as changes of the oral mucosa. The histological examination revealed subepidermal blistering. Targeted laboratory examinations detected serum antibodies against the epidermal basement membrane and autoantibodies against type VII collagen. The findings supported the diagnosis of a generalized inflammatory epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with mucosal involvement.

Analysis of human ß-papillomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in skin lesions and eyebrow hair bulbs from a cohort of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

BACKGROUND: Research demonstrates an increased incidence of skin cancer in immunocompromised hosts, including patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and organ transplant recipients (OTRs). Active human ß-papillomavirus (ß-HPV) infection has been found in OTR skin lesions, suggesting its possible involvement in skin carcinogenesis. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has also been reported in cases of skin cancer. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential correlations between patient clinical features and skin cancer development, and the presence of ß-HPV and MCPyV DNA and protein markers in skin lesions and hair bulbs from patients with CLL. METHODS: The clinical features of 293 patients with CLL were analysed according to the presence or absence of skin lesions. ß-HPV and MCPyV infection was investigated in skin lesions and hair bulbs from the study cohort by both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and immunohistochemical screening. RESULTS: No significant correlations were observed between any of the analysed haematological parameters and the development of skin cancer. PCR analysis revealed the presence of ß-HPV and MCPyV DNA in skin lesions, and 83% of positivity for MCPyV DNA in hair bulbs, while systematic immunohistochemical analysis of all the lesions failed to detect any expression of the viral proteins ß-HPV E4, L1 or MCPyV LTAg. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the data indicate that carriage of ß-HPV and MCPyV in the lesional skin and hair bulbs from patients with CLL without any evident reactivation at skin tumour sites most likely represents coincidental rather than causal infection. This contrasts with previous findings in relation to OTR-derived skin lesions.