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3.
Mil Med Res ; 8(1): 67, 2021 12 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34911569

RESUMO

Since the end of 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide. The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2, which is highly infectious and prone to rapid mutation, encodes both structural and nonstructural proteins. Vaccination is currently the only effective method to prevent COVID-19, and structural proteins are critical targets for vaccine development. Currently, many vaccines are in clinical trials or are already on the market. This review highlights ongoing advances in the design of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines against COVID-19, including viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines and bionic nanoparticle vaccines. In addition to traditional inactivated virus vaccines, some novel vaccines based on viral vectors, nanoscience and synthetic biology also play important roles in combating COVID-19. However, many challenges persist in ongoing clinical trials.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/tendências , Vacinas de mRNA
4.
Front Immunol ; 12: 711650, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34489961

RESUMO

Helminths contribute a larger global burden of disease than both malaria and tuberculosis. These eukaryotes have caused human infections since before our earliest recorded history (i.e.: earlier than 1200 B.C. for Schistosoma spp.). Despite the prevalence and importance of these infections, helminths are considered a neglected tropical disease for which there are no vaccines approved for human use. Similar to other parasites, helminths are complex organisms which employ a plethora of features such as: complex life cycles, chronic infections, and antigenic mimicry to name a few, making them difficult to target by conventional vaccine strategies. With novel vaccine strategies such as viral vectors and genetic elements, numerous constructs are being defined for a wide range of helminth parasites; however, it has yet to be discussed which of these approaches may be the most effective. With human trials being conducted, and a pipeline of potential anti-helminthic antigens, greater understanding of helminth vaccine-induced immunity is necessary for the development of potent vaccine platforms and their optimal design. This review outlines the conventional and the most promising approaches in clinical and preclinical helminth vaccinology.


Assuntos
Helmintíase/prevenção & controle , Helmintos/imunologia , Invenções , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/tendências , Vacinas , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Animais , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Helmintíase/imunologia , Helmintos/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Camundongos , Vacinas Baseadas em Ácido Nucleico , Células Th2/imunologia , Vacinação , Eficácia de Vacinas , Vacinas/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas , Vacinas Sintéticas
5.
Viruses ; 13(8)2021 08 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34452460

RESUMO

Unless urgently needed to prevent a pandemic, the development of a viral vaccine should follow a rigorous scientific approach. Each vaccine candidate should be designed considering the in-depth knowledge of protective immunity, followed by preclinical studies to assess immunogenicity and safety, and lastly, the evaluation of selected vaccines in human clinical trials. The recently concluded first phase II clinical trial of a human hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine followed this approach. Still, despite promising preclinical results, it failed to protect against chronic infection, raising grave concerns about our understanding of protective immunity. This setback, combined with the lack of HCV animal models and availability of new highly effective antivirals, has fueled ongoing discussions of using a controlled human infection model (CHIM) to test new HCV vaccine candidates. Before taking on such an approach, however, we must carefully weigh all the ethical and health consequences of human infection in the absence of a complete understanding of HCV immunity and pathogenesis. We know that there are significant gaps in our knowledge of adaptive immunity necessary to prevent chronic HCV infection. This review discusses our current understanding of HCV immunity and the critical gaps that should be filled before embarking upon new HCV vaccine trials. We discuss the importance of T cells, neutralizing antibodies, and HCV genetic diversity. We address if and how the animal HCV-like viruses can be used for conceptualizing effective HCV vaccines and what we have learned so far from these HCV surrogates. Finally, we propose a logical but narrow path forward for HCV vaccine development.


Assuntos
Hepacivirus/imunologia , Hepatite C/imunologia , Hepatite C/prevenção & controle , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacinas contra Hepatite Viral/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite C/imunologia , Antígenos da Hepatite C/imunologia , Hepatite C Crônica/imunologia , Hepatite C Crônica/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Infecção Persistente , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/métodos , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/normas , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/tendências
6.
Pak J Pharm Sci ; 34(1): 185-196, 2021 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34248019

RESUMO

The role of nanobiotechnology in the treatment of diseases is limitless. In this review we tried to focus main aspects of nanotechnology in drug carrier systems for treatment and diagnosis of various diseases such as cancer, pulmonary diseases, infectious diseases, vaccine development, diabetes mellitus and the role of nanotechnology on our economy and its positive social impacts on our community. We discussed here about the different "Biotechnano Strategies" to develop new avenues and ultimately improve the treatment of multiple diseases.


Assuntos
Biotecnologia/tendências , Portadores de Fármacos/administração & dosagem , Nanotecnologia/tendências , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/tendências , Animais , Biotecnologia/economia , Doenças Transmissíveis/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Transmissíveis/economia , Portadores de Fármacos/economia , Humanos , Nanotecnologia/economia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/economia , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/economia
7.
Front Immunol ; 12: 711997, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34326849

RESUMO

Influenza A virus is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens that can cause severe symptoms and has the potential to cause high number of deaths and great economic loss. Vaccination is still the best option to prevent influenza virus infection. Different types of influenza vaccines, including live attenuated virus vaccines, inactivated whole virus vaccines, virosome vaccines, split-virion vaccines and subunit vaccines have been developed. However, they have several limitations, such as the relatively high manufacturing cost and long production time, moderate efficacy of some of the vaccines in certain populations, and lack of cross-reactivity. These are some of the problems that need to be solved. Here, we summarized recent advances in the development and application of different types of influenza vaccines, including the recent development of viral vectored influenza vaccines. We also described the construction of other vaccines that are based on recombinant influenza viruses as viral vectors. Information provided in this review article might lead to the development of safe and highly effective novel influenza vaccines.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra Influenza , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas , Animais , Galinhas , Previsões , Vetores Genéticos , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Influenza Aviária/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Estações do Ano , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/tendências , Vacinas Atenuadas , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas , Vacinas Sintéticas , Vacinas Virossomais , Vírion
8.
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) ; 69(1): 12, 2021 Apr 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33909124

RESUMO

In this communication, we will analyze some important factors and immunological phenomena related to neoantigen cancer vaccines, with particular emphasis on recently published Phase I clinical trials. Several obstacles and issues are addressed that challenge the current paradigm and inquire if neoantigens, which are essentially single-use vaccine candidates, are legitimate targets to induce protective immune responses with regard to the evolving mutational landscape. We also share insights into the striking similarities between cancer and antigenically variable pathogens and suggest that any successful vaccine against either should demonstrate a similar property: efficient induction of a diverse pool of immune cells equipped to prevent immune escape. Hence, to confront antigenic variability directly, we have employed our innovative vaccine concept, Variable Epitope Libraries, composed of large combinatorial libraries of heavily mutated epitopes, as a "universal" vaccine platform. Collectively, we offer critical analyses on key issues, which ultimately reflect on the prospective clinical relevance of personalized neoantigen vaccines which is still undefined.


Assuntos
Antígenos de Neoplasias/uso terapêutico , Vacinas Anticâncer/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/terapia , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/métodos , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Vacinas Anticâncer/genética , Vacinas Anticâncer/imunologia , Ensaios Clínicos Fase I como Assunto , Epitopos/genética , Epitopos/imunologia , Humanos , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Mutação , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/imunologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Evasão Tumoral/genética , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/tendências
9.
ACS Appl Bio Mater ; 4(5): 3880-3890, 2021 05 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35006813

RESUMO

Infectious diseases are a worldwide concern. They are responsible for increasing the mortality rate and causing economic and social problems. Viral epidemics and pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, force the scientific community to consider molecules with antiviral activity. A number of viral infections still do not have a vaccine or efficient treatment and it is imperative to search for vaccines to control these infections. In this context, nanotechnology in association with the design of vaccines has presented an option for virus control. Nanovaccines have displayed an impressive immune response using a low dosage. This review aims to describe the advances and update the data in studies using nanovaccines and their immunomodulatory effect against human viruses.


Assuntos
Nanomedicina/tendências , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas/tendências , Vacinas Virais , Viroses/prevenção & controle , Imunidade Adaptativa , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Vacinas de DNA , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas , Vacinas Sintéticas , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas de mRNA
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