Costos de hospitalización por diarrea en niños durante el período de circulación de rotavirus en el Noroeste Argentino / Hospitalization costs associated with diarrhea among children during the period of rotavirus circulation in the Northwest region of Argentina

Objetivo. Evaluar los costos médicos directos, gastos de bolsillo y costos indirectos en casos de diarrea aguda hospitalizada en <5 años, en el Hospital de Niños Héctor Quintana de la provincia de Jujuy, durante el período de circulación de rotavirus en la región Noroeste de Argentina. Métodos. Estudio de corte trasversal de costos de enfermedad. Fueron incluidos todos los niños hospitalizados <5 años con diagnóstico de diarrea aguda y deshidratación durante el período de circulación de rotavirus, entre el 1/5/2013 y el 31/10/2013. La evaluación de costos médicos directos se realizó mediante la revisión de historias clínicas, y los gastos de bolsillo y costos indirectos, mediante una encuesta. Para el intervalo de confianza del 95% del costo promedio por paciente, se realizó un análisis probabilístico de 10 000 simulaciones por remuestreo (boostraping). Resultados. Fueron enrolados 105 casos. La edad promedio fue de 18 meses (desvío estándar 12); 62 (59%) fueron varones. El costo médico directo, gasto de bolsillo y pérdida de dinero por lucro cesante promedio por caso fue de AR$ 3413, 6 (2856, 35-3970, 93) (USD 577, 59), AR$ 134, 92 (85, 95-213, 57) (USD 22, 82) y de AR$ 301 (223, 28380, 02) (USD 50, 93), respectivamente. El total del costo por evento hospitalizado fue de AR$ 3849, 52 (3298-4402, 25) (USD 651, 35). Conclusiones. El valor de costo total por evento hospitalizado se encuentra dentro de lo esperado para Latinoamérica. La distribución de costos presenta una proporción importante de costos médicos directos en relación con los gastos de bolsillo (3, 5%) y costos indirectos (7, 8%).

Objective. To assess direct medical costs, out-of-pocket expenses, and indirect costs in cases of hospitalizations for acute diarrhea among children <5 years of age at Hospital de Niños "Héctor Quintana" in the province of Jujuy during the period of rotavirus circulation in the Northwest region of Argentina. Methods. Cross-sectional study on disease-related costs. All children <5 years of age, hospitalized with the diagnosis of acute diarrhea and dehydration during the period of rotavirus circulation between May 1st and October 31st of 2013, were included. The assessment of direct medical costs was done by reviewing medical records whereas out-of-pocket expenses and indirect costs were determined using a survey. For the 95% confidence interval of the average cost per patient, a probabilistic bootstrapping analysis of 10 000 simulations by resampling was done. Results. One hundred and five patients were enrolled. Their average age was 18 months (standard deviation: 12); 62 (59%) were boys. The average direct medical cost, out-of-pocket expense, and lost income per case was ARS 3413.6 (2856.35-3970.93) (USD 577.59), ARS 134.92 (85.95-213.57) (USD 22.82), and ARS 301 (223.28380.02) (USD 50.93), respectively. The total cost per hospitalization event was ARS 3849.52 (32984402.25) (USD 651.35). Conclusions. The total cost per hospitalization event was within what is expected for Latin America. Costs are broken down into direct medical costs (significant share), compared to out-of-pocket expenses (3.5%) and indirect costs (7.8%).

Hospitalization costs associated with diarrhea among children during the period of rotavirus circulation in the Northwest region of Argentina. / Costos de hospitalización por diarrea en niños durante el período de circulación de rotavirus en el Noroeste Argentino.

OBJETIVE: To assess direct medical costs, outof-pocket expenses, and indirect costs in cases of hospitalizations for acute diarrhea among children <5 years of age at Hospital de Niños "Héctor Quintana" in the province of Jujuy during the period of rotavirus circulation in the Northwest region of Argentina. METHODS: Cross-sectional study on diseaserelated costs. All children <5 years of age, hospitalized with the diagnosis of acute diarrhea and dehydration during the period of rotavirus circulation between May 1st and October 31st of 2013, were included. The assessment of direct medical costs was done by reviewing medical records whereas out-of-pocket expenses and indirect costs were determined using a survey. For the 95% confidence interval of the average cost per patient, a probabilistic bootstrapping analysis of 10 000 simulations by resampling was done. RESULTS: One hundred and five patients were enrolled. Their average age was 18 months (standard deviation: 12); 62 (59%) were boys. The average direct medical cost, out-of-pocket expense, and lost income per case was ARS 3413.6 (2856.35-3970.93) (USD 577.59), ARS 134.92 (85.95-213.57) (USD 22.82), and ARS 301 (223.28-380.02) (USD 50.93), respectively. The total cost per hospitalization event was ARS 3849.52 (3298-4402.25) (USD 651.35). CONCLUSIONS: The total cost per hospitalization event was within what is expected for Latin America. Costs are broken down into direct medical costs (significant share), compared to out-of-pocket expenses (3.5%) and indirect costs (7.8%).

OBJETIVO: Evaluar los costos médicos directos, gastos de bolsillo y costos indirectos en casos de diarrea aguda hospitalizada en <5 años, en el Hospital de Niños Héctor Quintana de la provincia de Jujuy, durante el período de circulación de rotavirus en la región Noroeste de Argentina. MÉTODOS: Estudio de corte trasversal de costos de enfermedad. Fueron incluidos todos los niños hospitalizados <5 años con diagnóstico de diarrea aguda y deshidratación durante el período de circulación de rotavirus, entre el 1/5/2013 y el 31/10/2013. La evaluación de costos médicos directos se realizó mediante la revisión de historias clínicas, y los gastos de bolsillo y costos indirectos, mediante una encuesta. Para el intervalo de confianza del 95% del costo promedio por paciente, se realizó un análisis probabilístico de 10 000 simulaciones por remuestreo (boostraping). RESULTADOS: Fueron enrolados 105 casos. La edad promedio fue de 18 meses (desvío estándar 12); 62 (59%) fueron varones. El costo médico directo, gasto de bolsillo y pérdida de dinero por lucro cesante promedio por caso fue de AR$ 3413,6 (2856,35-3970,93) (USD 577,59), AR$ 134,92 (85,95-213,57) (USD 22,82) y de AR$ 301 (223,28-380,02) (USD 50,93), respectivamente. El total del costo por evento hospitalizado fue de AR$ 3849,52 (3298-4402,25) (USD 651,35). CONCLUSIONES: El valor de costo total por evento hospitalizado se encuentra dentro de lo esperado para Latinoamérica. La distribución de costos presenta una proporción importante de costos médicos directos en relación con los gastos de bolsillo (3,5%) y costos indirectos (7,8%).

Clinical Features of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients Presenting with Cholera in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been postulated to alter the natural history of cholera, including increased susceptibility to infection, severity of illness, and chronic carriage of Vibrio cholerae Haiti has a generalized HIV epidemic with an adult HIV prevalence of 1.9% and recently suffered a cholera epidemic. We conducted a prospective study at the cholera treatment center (CTC) of GHESKIO in Haiti to characterize the coinfection. Adults admitted at the CTC for acute diarrhea were invited to participate in the study. Vital signs, frequency, and volume of stools and/or vomiting were monitored, and single-dose doxycycline was administered. After counseling, participants were screened for HIV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and for cholera by culture. Of 729 adults admitted to the CTC, 99 (13.6%) had HIV infection, and 457 (63%) had culture-confirmed cholera. HIV prevalence was three times higher in patients without cholera (23%, 63/272) than in those with culture-confirmed cholera (7.9%, 36/457). HIV prevalence in patients with culture-confirmed cholera (7.9%) was four times higher than the adult prevalence in Port-au-Prince (1.9%). Of the 36 HIV-infected patients with cholera, 25 (69%) had moderate/severe dehydration versus 302/421 (72%) in the HIV negative. Of 30 HIV-infected patients with weekly stool cultures performed after discharge, 29 (97%) were negative at week 1. Of 50 HIV-negative patients with weekly stool cultures, 49 (98%) were negative at week 1. In countries with endemic HIV infection, clinicians should consider screening patients presenting with suspected cholera for HIV coinfection.

[Acute diarrheal disease: a public health challenge in Colombia]. / La enfermedad diarreica aguda: un reto para la salud pública en Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the relationship between rotavirus infection and dehydration from diarrhea in Colombian children under 5 years of age, and to identify risk factors for diarrhea with dehydration. METHODS: A case-control study was performed in an urban hospital in Bogota, Colombia, between April 2000 and February 2001. The sample was composed of 290 children of both sexes under 5 years of age; of these children, 145 of them were hospitalized for acute diarrheal disease (ADD) with dehydration (cases), and 145 had a diagnosis of ADD but no signs of dehydration (controls). All children underwent a complete physical examination. Mothers responded to a questionnaire containing items on demographic and socioeconomic variables, as well as on knowledge, attitudes, and practices with regard to hygiene, and on access to health services. RESULTS: An association was detected between diarrhea with dehydration and the presence of rotavirus in fecal samples (odds ratio [OR] = 3.46; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.71 to 7.00), birth weight < 2 600 g (OR = 7.79; 95% CI: 3.47 to 18.01), and breastfeeding for less than 3 months (OR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.66 to 6.13). The risk of having dehydration was associated with low socioeconomic status, poor hygienic practices among the child's family members, and mother's low educational level. CONCLUSIONS: The ineffectiveness of health promotion and disease prevention activities in a population with easy access to health services set the stage for the appearance of cases of diarrhea with dehydration. Rotavirus infection plays an important role in the severity of ADD among Colombian children.

Homotypic immune response to primary infection with rotavirus serotype G1.

Some aspects of rotavirus humoral immunity were assessed on the basis of distinguishing serotype-specific specificities (VP4/VP7) by using rotavirus reassortants, human and animal strains in neutralization assays in serum samples obtained during the acute phase, and 1, 6 and 12 months after primary natural infection. In this study, all the infecting virus strains were characterized as G type and some also as P type. Primary natural infection induces a significantly greater homotypic neutralization response than heterotypic response. In addition, there was no significant difference in the number of homotypic or heterotypic responses following reinfection. Transplacentally acquired homotypic antibodies were associated with protection against dehydration during rotavirus gastroenteritis.