Nonunion of Diaphyseal Humerus Fracture in an Infant: A Case Report.

CASE: A 9-month-old infant girl with Down syndrome presented with an atrophic nonunion of the right humerus diaphysis secondary to birth trauma. Surgical intervention included open reduction and external fixation plus cadaveric cancellous bone allograft and platelet-rich plasma and then was changed to an external fixator in axial compression. At 16 months after surgery, bone healing was achieved. CONCLUSION: Nonunions in infants are rare, and their treatment is a challenge; an adequate vascular supply with good stabilization and reduction are keys to management. We believe that the improvement in reduction and stability under axial compression were the keys to achieve consolidation.

Fractura compleja del húmero asociada a parálisis radial / Complex Fracture of the Humerus Associated with Radial Paralysis

Las fracturas de la diáfisis humeral son lesiones que se producen con frecuencia como parte de caídas o de accidentes de alta energía y se asocian con parálisis del nervio radial. Se presenta paciente de 43 años de edad, masculino, que sufre accidente automovilístico que le produce fractura diafisaria del húmero derecho multifragmentaria, por lo cual se le realiza reducción cerrada y osteosíntesis con clavo intramedular acerrojado y tratamiento conservador para la parálisis radial. La evolución fue satisfactoria, el paciente se recuperó de la parálisis a los 4 meses y logró la consolidación completa a los 5 meses. Tras un año de evolución no presenta dolor en el hombro, y tiene movilidad completa del hombro, muñeca y dedos a la extensión(AU)

Diaphyseal fracture of humerus are frequent lesions, resulting from falls or high energy accidents; they are associated to radial nerve palsy. We report the case of a 43 years old male patient, who suffered a multifragment diaphyseal fracture of his right humerus, as a result of a car accident. He underwent a closed reduction and osteosynthesis using a locking intramedullary nail for the radial paralysis. His evolution was satisfactory; this patient recovered from the paralysis after four months and he managed full consolidation five months later. After a year, he did not have any pain in his shoulder, he has full mobility of his shoulder, wrist and fingers when extendind(AU)

Manejo de fracturas abiertas de tibia en Cuba / Management of Open Tibial Fractures in Cuba

Introducción: Las fracturas abiertas de tibia son un subconjunto de la carga de traumatismos en América Latina. Se examinaron cuestiones relacionadas con el tratamiento potencialmente críticas en Cuba, país con recursos limitados, pero con un programa nacional de salud estandarizado, coherencia en educación y similitudes de programas de posgrado. Objetivos: Describir los patrones de tratamiento de la fractura abierta de tibia en Cuba, y comparar las características del manejo agudo y tardío en siete provincias del país. Métodos: Se encuestaron 67 cirujanos ortopédicos para evaluar cuatro aspectos en el tratamiento de la fractura abierta: profilaxis antibiótica, irrigación y desbridamiento, estabilización y tratamiento de heridas. Se utilizó el método de muestreo por conveniencia para identificar a los cirujanos y el análisis se realizó mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher (p < 0,05). Resultados: Se administraron antibióticos posoperatorios durante más de 72 horas para las fracturas GA-I/II (49 por ciento) y las fracturas GA-III (70 por ciento). Los cirujanos de La Habana (n= 32) utilizaron con más frecuencia la fijación interna primaria para las fracturas GA-I/II, que los cirujanos en las restantes provincias (n= 35) (64,3 porciento vs. 30,3 por ciento, p= 0,008). Los cirujanos de otras provincias realizaron cierre primario en el momento de la fijación definitiva de fracturas GA-I /II con más frecuencia que los de La Habana (62,9 por ciento vs. 32,3 por ciento, p= 0,013). Para fracturas GA-III, la mayoría de los cirujanos habaneros (88,6 %), al igual que los de las restantes provincias (96,8 por ciento) prefirieron realizar cierre diferido.Conclusiones: El tratamiento de fracturas abiertas de tibia en Cuba es generalmente consistente con otros países de América Latina. Se describen las características del manejo de fracturas abiertas de tibia en Cuba y se comparan las diferencias en los métodos de estabilización y tratamiento de heridas entre provincias, lo cual resulta útil para evaluar si son resultado de diferencias en la práctica quirúrgica, o en la disponibilidad de recursos. Esto representa una ayuda al abordar las formas de optimizar la atención al paciente, a través de la capacitación especializada y la asignación de los recursos(AU)

Introduction: Open tibia fractures are a significant subset of the overall trauma burden in Latin America. Latin American countries vary in their access to orthopaedic care resources, and country-specific orthopaedic recommendations are necessary. Cuba, a country with limited resources, has a standardized national health program, consistencies in education, and similarities across post-graduate training programs. This study aimed to identify management preferences for open tibia factures in Cuba. Objectives: To describe the treatment of open tibial fractures in Cuba, and to compare the characteristics of acute and delayed management across seven Cuban provinces. Methods: Sixty-seven orthopaedic surgeons were surveyed to evaluate four aspects of open fracture management, regarding antibiotic prophylaxis, irrigation and debridement, stabilization, and wound management. The convenience sampling method was used to identify surgeons and the analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test (p <0.05). Results: Postoperative antibiotics were administered for more than 72 hours for GA-I / II fractures (49 pecent) and GA-III fractures (70 percent). Surgeons in Havana (n = 32) used primary internal fixation for GA-I / II fractures more frequently than surgeons in the remaining provinces (n = 35) (64.3 pecent vs. 30.3 percent p = 0.008). Surgeons from other provinces performed primary closure at the time of definitive fixation of GA-I / II fractures more frequently than those from Havana (62.9 percent vs. 32.3 percent, p = 0.013). For GA-III fractures, the majority of Havana surgeons (88.6 percent), as well as those of the remaining provinces (96.8 percent) preferred to perform deferred closure. Conclusions: The treatment of open tibial fractures in Cuba is generally consistent with other Latin American countries. The characteristics of the management of open tibial fractures in Cuba are described and differences in wound stabilization and treatment methods between provinces are compared, which is useful to assess whether they are the result of differences in surgical practice, or in availability of resources. This is helpful in addressing ways to optimize patient care through specialized training and resource allocation(AU)

Fat grafting associated with negative pressure wound therapy

Purpose:To describe a case report of FG associated with NPWT in the treatment of complex wound on the distal third of the lower limb with bone exposure.Case Report:A 59-year-old patient with chronic left tibial osteomyelitis since childhood underwent extensive debridement of the distal tibial diaphysis (40% of bone thickness per 10 cm extension) and placement of bioactive glass S53P4. Distal necrosis occurred in the fasciocutaneous flap used as the primary bone coverage. After flap debridement, the case was resolved with FG, directly on the exposed bone and biomaterial, associated with NPWT. Three weeks after the first FG session over bony tissue, 100% granulation was achieved with NPWT. The closure was completed with thin laminated skin graft over the granulated wound area.Discussion:The association of FG and NPWT is not known in the clinical practice. Except for the only one experimental study described by Kao et al.4, the theme was not addressed in the medical literature before. In this clinical case, the result obtained regarding the granulation tissue formation drew attention and prevented the use of more complex flaps such as the microsurgical ones. Accelerated granulation tissue formation was observed, filling an extensive and deep bone defect, even with infected bone and biomaterial. Low morbidity and no complications were observed with the use of FG associated with NPWT. When the grafted fat was compacted with the NPWT, it seemed to behave as a true autologous biological matrix with large amount of cells. To date, scientific studies on fat grafting have focused on the cellular aspect (adipocytes and mesenchymal cells), growth factors and fat differentiation in different tissues. The property of aspirated adipose tissue as a biological matrix seemed to be revealed by the application of NPWT in association with FG. This new roll for the aspirated fat tissue may represent a new research field in plastic surgery.(AU)

Enclavado endomedular elástico para el tratamiento de refracturas de antebrazo en niños / Elastic stable intramedullary nailing for the treatment of forearm refractures in children

Introducción: La diáfisis del antebrazo es el sitio más frecuente de refracturas en niños. Estas lesiones suelen ocurrir en el tercio medio o proximal antes del año de la fractura inicial. Hay poca información sobre el tratamiento de este tipo de lesiones. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los resultados y las complicaciones en pacientes con refracturas de antebrazo que requirieron fijación interna con clavos elásticos endomedulares. Materiales y Métodos: Se registró la siguiente información: datos demográficos, mecanismo de lesión, clasificación, tiempo desde la consolidación de la fractura original hasta la refractura, tipo de reducción y tiempo de consolidación. Los resultados fueron evaluados según la escala propuesta por Martus y las complicaciones, con una adaptación de la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo. Resultados: Se evaluaron 17 pacientes (14 varones) con 17 refracturas de antebrazo (15 cerradas y 2 expuestas). La edad era de 11 años (RIC 7, mín.-máx. 5-15). La lesión ocurrió a las 12 semanas de la fractura inicial (RIC 4.7, mín.-máx. 4-28). El 47% requirió reducción abierta. El tiempo de consolidación fue de 8 semanas (RIC 4, mín.-máx. 6-28). El seguimiento fue de 43 meses (RIC 47, mín.-máx. 12-103). Fue posible evaluar clínicamente a 16 pacientes (1 pérdida en el seguimiento). El resultado fue excelente en 15 casos y regular en uno. Un paciente tuvo pérdida del rango de movilidad (15º); uno, retraso de la consolidación (cúbito) y 3 sufrieron una segunda refractura. Conclusiones: La fijación interna con clavos elásticos endomedulares fue una técnica eficaz para tratar las refracturas de antebrazo en niños. Si bien un alto porcentaje necesita reducción abierta, el tiempo de consolidación y la tasa de complicaciones serían similares a los de las fracturas primarias tratadas con la misma técnica. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Forearm diaphysis is the most frequent site of re-fractures in children. These lesions usually occur in the middle or proximal third within a year of the initial fracture. There is little information on the treatment of this type of lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes and complications in patients with forearm re-fractures requiring internal fixation with elastic stable intramedullary nails. Methods: Demographic data, mechanism of injury, classification, time from consolidation of the original fracture to refracture, type of reduction and time of consolidation were documented. Outcomes were evaluated according to Martus scale, and complications were evaluated with an adaptation of Clavien-Dindo classification. Results: Seventeen patients (14 men) with 17 forearm re-fractures (15 closed and 2 open) were identified. Median age was 11 years (IQR 7, min-max 5-15). Lesion occurred 12 weeks after the initial fracture (RIC 4.7, min-max 4-28). Fortyseven percent required open reduction. Union was achieved at 8 weeks (IQR 4, min-max 6-28). Follow-up was 43 months (IQR 47, min-max 12-103). Sixteen patients were clinically evaluated (1 lost at follow-up). Fifteen patients presented excellent results and one had a fair result. One had 15º loss of motion, one had delayed union (ulna) and three patients had a second re-fracture. Conclusions: In this series, elastic stable intramedullary nails represented an effective technique for the treatment of forearm re-fractures in children. Although many require open reduction, time to union and complication rate seem to be similar to primary fractures treated with the same technique. Level of Evidence: IV

Forearm diaphyseal fractures in children: intramedullary Kirschner's wire fixation treatment. / Fracturas diafisarias del antebrazo en niños: tratamiento con fijación intramedular con clavos de Kirschner.

INTRODUCTION: Diaphyseal fractures of the forearm comprise 6%-10% of all fractures in children. The treatment depends on the age and type of displacement, and conservative and surgical management with fixation of intramedullary nails, among other techniques, is valid. The aim is to show the radiological and functional outcomes, and complications of intramedullary fixation with Kirschner nails in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective descriptive case series of patients treated with intramedullary fixation of forearm fractures. The radiological and functional results, and complications are correlated. RESULTS: Of the 117 patients operated, 59 met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 10 years. Eighty-four point seven percent were males and the left side was the most affected (62.7%). In 88.1% both bones were fractured and 11 cases had open fractures. An open reduction was performed in 72.8% of the cases, the main indications for this being instability, failed reduction and refracture. There were 52 excellent outcomes, 2 good, and 4 regular and 1 bad. There were 13.5% minor complications. DISCUSSION: This study shows that intramedullary fixation with Kirschner nails in radius and ulna diaphysis fractures in children is a safe, low-cost procedure and offers adequate short and medium term functional outcomes, with a low prevalence of serious complications with only 6 cases of non-consolidation and refracture. Larger preoperative angulations in the anteroposterior and lateral planes, and lateral postoperative angulations, could be considered predictors of less satisfactory functional results.

Delayed union of humeral shaft fractures: comparison of autograft with and without platelet-rich plasma treatment: a randomized, single blinded clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Despite an adequate orthopedic treatment with functional bracing, some patients develop a delayed union in humeral shaft fractures. The objective of the present study was to determine the bone consolidation time among patients with delayed union of diaphyseal humeral fractures who were managed with locking compression plate (LCP) fixation combined with an iliac crest autograft using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a co-adjuvant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a controlled, randomized, experimental, longitudinal, comparative, prospective, blind clinical trial. Patients diagnosed with delayed union of a diaphyseal humeral fracture with at least 4 months of evolution were treated with an open reduction and LCP osteosynthesis combined with an iliac crest autograft. The experimental group also received PRP. The patients were assessed radiographically until 36 weeks of evolution. RESULTS: A total of 16 patients were included. Both groups had similar demographic characteristics. The patients treated with PRP had an earlier beginning of bone consolidation. Furthermore, these same patients exhibited bone consolidation at 19.9 weeks, on average, in contrast to 25.4 weeks in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of PRP promotes earlier bone consolidation in patients with delayed union of the humeral shaft.

Submuscular double bridge plating for complex distal fractures of the humerus: an alternative, safe, and efficient treatment method.

PURPOSE: The aim of our study is to show the functional outcomes and complication rates of humeral complex fractures in adults, using osteosynthesis with two bridging orthogonal submuscular plates. METHODS: The study consists of a prospective case series of 13 patients with isolated humeral complex fractures treated with two bridging orthogonal submuscular plates. Functional assessment was performed using disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score with 30 items. The age ranged from 22 to 68 years, with a mean age of 39 years. Functional assessment with DASH score was performed at the twelfth postoperative week. RESULTS: All patients presented fracture healing in the fourth postoperative month. Of the 13 patients, five (38%) had a DASH score of zero (best function possible). One patient developed neuropraxis and presented with a score of 100 (worst possible). One case developed superficial infection, which was treated with oral antibiotics and local debridement. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated satisfactory functional outcome in patients with distal-third diaphyseal humeral complex fractures treated with two locked submuscular plates. The authors consider it as a safe method and an efficient alternative, especially in younger patients who require early functional recovery.

Intramedullary Implant Choice and Cost in the Treatment of Pediatric Diaphyseal Forearm Fractures.

OBJECTIVES: To compare outcomes and costs between titanium elastic nails (TENs), stainless steel elastic nails (SENs), and Kirschner wires (K-wires) in the treatment of pediatric diaphyseal forearm fractures with intramedullary fixation. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: A total of 100 patients (65 male and 35 female) younger than 18 years with diaphyseal forearm fractures treated with intramedullary fixation were included in the study. INTERVENTION: Patients received single or both bone intramedullary fixation with either TENs, SENs, or K-wires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Time to radiographic union, complication rate, surgical time, and average cost per implant. RESULTS: One hundred patients were included in the study. Thirty-one patients were treated with TENs, 30 with SENs, and 39 with K-wires. No significant difference in time to radiographic union, complication rate, or surgical time was found between the 3 types of fixation. Average time to union was 9.4 ± 5.4 weeks, and complication rate was 12.9% for TENs, 10.0% for SENs, and 12.8% for K-wires. There was a significant difference in cost per implant, with an average cost of $639, $172, and $24 for TENs, SENs, and K-wires, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates no difference between TENs, SENs, and K-wires in the treatment of pediatric diaphyseal forearm fractures with regards to outcome, time to union, surgical time, or complication rates. Given the significant cost difference between these implants, we recommend that surgeons consider modifying their implant selection to help mitigate cost. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Fracturas segmentarias de tibia / Segmental tibial fractures

Fundamento: las fracturas segmentarias de la diáfisis tibial (FSDT) son afecciones causadas por trauma de alta energía y están por lo general, asociadas a otras lesiones de partes blandas y óseas, que empeoran su pronóstico y hacen más difícil el tratamiento.Objetivo: profundizar en los elementos esenciales y características de pacientes que sufren de fracturas segmentarias de la diáfisis tibial.Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 400 artículos publicados en Pubmed, Hinari y Medline, mediante el localizador de información Endnote, de ellos se utilizaron 51 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 47 de ellas de los últimos cinco años, además se incluyeron cuatro libros.Desarrollo: se describen los mecanismos de producción más frecuentes, así como las principales diferencias entre las fracturas segmentarias y no segmentarias. En relación a la clasificación, se describió la propuesta por el grupo de Asociación para la Osteosíntesis (AO) en especial la del tipo C y la aplicación de la clasificación de Winquist R y Hansen S. Se hace referencia a los traumas asociados y las complicaciones reportadas en la literatura. Los tipos de tratamientos son por lo general quirúrgicos y pueden ser mediante enclavijado intramedular, uso de fijadores externos y placas subcutáneas. Conclusiones: las fracturas segmentarias de la diáfisis tibial son lesiones graves, que necesitan de acciones inmediatas, para prevenir o aminorar las complicaciones inmediatas y tardías características de esta lesión(AU)

Background: segmental tibial shaft fractures are affections caused by high energy traumatisms and are generally associated to other lesions of soft and osseous parts that make worse the prognosis and more difficult the treatment.Objective: to deepen in the essential elements and characteristics of patients who suffer from segmental tibial shaft fractures.Methods: a bibliographic review of 400 articles published in Pubmed, Hinari and Medline was made by means of the reference management software Endnote. Fifty-one references were selected for making the review, 47 of them were from the last five years and four books were included.Development: the most frequent mechanisms of production are described, as well as the main differences between segmental and non-segmental fractures. Regarding the classification, the proposal described by the Osteosynthesis Association, especially type C was described, as well as the application of the classification by Winquist R and Hansen S. The traumas associated and the complications reported in the literature are mentioned. The types of treatment are generally surgical and can be conducted by means of intramedullar nailing, external fixators and subcutaneous plates.Conclusions: segmental tibial shaft fractures are serious lesions that need to be treated immediately to prevent or reduce the instant complications and the belated characteristics of this lesion(AU)

Return to sports after plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures in athletes.

BACKGROUND: Recent prospective randomized trials support primary plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. However, the safety and efficacy of this practice have not been well documented in athletes, nor has the time to return-to-sport. PURPOSE: To analyze the time to return-to-sport, functional outcomes, and complications in a group of athletes with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures treated using precontoured locking plates. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A total of 54 athletes with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures were treated with plate fixation between November 1, 2008, and December 31, 2012. The mean follow-up time was 22.4 months. Patients completed a questionnaire focused on the time to return-to-sport and treatment course. Functional outcomes were assessed with the Constant score and short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire. Pain was evaluated with the visual analog scale (VAS). Radiographs were reviewed to identify radiographic union time, malunion, and nonunion. RESULTS: Of the 54 patients, 53 returned to sports after open reduction and internal fixation of their fracture; 94% returned to the same level. The mean time to return-to-sport was 68 days (range, 5-180 days). Nine (16.6%) of the cases returned to sports before 6 weeks after surgery, 40 (74%) returned between 6 and 12 weeks, and 5 patients (9.2%) returned 12 weeks after surgery. The mean Constant score was 94.1 ± 5.2 (range, 78-100), and the mean QuickDASH score was 0.4 ± 4.7 (range, 0-7.1). The mean VAS pain score during follow-up was 0.29 ± 1.0 (range, 0-5). Three major complications occurred: 1 extrinsic compression of the subclavian vein, 1 nonunion, and 1 hardware loosening. Hardware removal was necessary in 5 patients (9.3%). CONCLUSION: Plate fixation of displaced clavicle fractures in athletes is a safe procedure resulting in excellent functional outcomes, with an early return to the same level of sports in the majority of patients.

Fracturas diafisiarias de fémur: complicaciones con clavo endomedular bloqueado / Diaphyseal femur fractures: complications with locked intramedullary nail

Objetivo: Describir complicaciones y características del tratamiento con clavo endomedular bloqueado en fractura diafisiaria de fémur. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, analítico de pacientes tratados con clavo endomedular bloqueado del Hospital Nacional Daniel A. Carrión. Resultados: Se evaluaron 53 pacientes, edad media de 36 años. Tiempo de espera promedio para cirugía 17 días. Se realizó técnica abierta a través del foco de fractura, en configuración estática, tiempo operatorio promedio 127 minutos, sangrado intra operatorio promedio 668 ml, Complicaciones post operatorias inmediatas dolor zona operatoria 37 por ciento, sangrado >500 ml 26 por ciento, infección de herida operatoria 9 por ciento, trombo embolismo pulmonar 2 por ciento; complicaciones tardías: dolor en el punto de ingreso 11 por ciento, retardo de consolidación 4 por ciento, ruptura de clavo 1.8 por ciento, infección ósea 1.8 por ciento, ruptura de tornillo de bloqueo 1.8 por ciento, pseudoartrosis 1.8 por ciento. Conclusión: El tratamiento con clavo endomedular bloqueado en fracturas diafisiarias de fémur presento como complicación inmediata más frecuente dolor en zona operatoria 37 por ciento y sangrado >500 ml 26 por ciento, dentro complicación tardía dolor en el punto de ingreso 11 por ciento y retardo de consolidación 4 por ciento.

To describe complications and treatment characteristics intramedullary nail locked in diaphyseal femur fracture. Methodology: A retrospective, descriptive, analytical study of patients treated with intramedullary nail locked National Hospital Daniel A. Carrion. Results: 53 patients, mean age of 36 years were evaluated. Average waiting time for surgery 17 days. Intra mean operative 668 ml, complications after immediate operative pain operative 37 per cent area, bleeding >500 ml 26 per cent, wound infection 9 open technique was performed through the fracture in static configuration, mean operative time 127 minutes, bleeding 2 per cent pulmonary thromboembolism; late complications: pain at admission 11 per cent, 4 per cent delayed union, nail breaking 1.8 per cent, 1.8 per cent bone infection, ruptured locking screw 1.8 per cent, 1.8 per cent nonunion. Conclusion: Treatment with intramedullary nail locked in diaphyseal femur fractures present as an immediate complication more frequent pain in 37 per cent and operative site bleeding >500 ml 26 per cent late complication in pain at admission and 11 per cent delayed union 4 per cent.

Nueva clasificación para la rodilla flotante en adultos / A new classification for Floating knee in adults

La clasificación de Fraser para la rodilla flotante, ha sido desde su publicación, la más difundida y utilizada a nivel mundial para estadificar esta lesión. En la rodilla flotante, el compromiso intraarticular se ha relacionado con mayor tasa de complicaciones y con los resultados funcionales más pobres. Sin embargo, la clasificación de Fraser, no toma en cuenta el compromiso de los tejidos blandos, lo cual también es importante para determinar el tratamiento, complicaciones y pronóstico. Otra lesión asociada a la rodilla flotante y que ha sido ampliamente documentada, es el compromiso de los ligamentos de la rodilla y las fracturas de rótula. Otros sistemas de clasificación propuestos posteriormente a la clasificación de Fraser, no toman en cuenta estos y otros elementos. Consideramos que una clasificación para la rodilla flotante, debe tomar en cuenta cuatro aspectos fundamentales para su diagnótico, tratamiento y pronóstico: morfología de la lesión, compromiso articular, compromiso de las partes blandas y compromiso de los ligamentos de la rodilla y afectación de la rótula. Con esta investigación proponemos un nuevo sistema de clasificación para la rodilla flotante que toma en cuenta estas variables, y que además, es simple y proporciona importante información para su diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico(AU)

The Fraser classification for floating knee has been since its publication, the most widespread and worldwide used to stage this injury. In the floating knee, intra-articular commitment has been linked to higher rates of complications and poorer functional outcomes. However, the classification of Fraser, does not take into account the commitment of the soft tissues, which is also important in determining treatment, complications and prognosis. Another lesion associated with floating knee and has been widely documented, is the commitment of the ligaments of the knee and patella fractures. Other classification systems subsequently proposed to Fraser classification, do not take into account these and other elements. We think that a classification for floating knee should include four key factor for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis: lesion morphology, joint involvement, commitment soft tissue and commitment of knee ligament and patellar involvement. With this research we propose a new classification system for floating knee that takes into account these variables, and furthermore, is simple and provides important information for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis(AU)

[Dislocation and necrosis of the first, second and third wedges. Management with the Masquelet technique. A case report]. / Luxación y necrosis de la primera, segunda y tercera cuña, manejo con técnica de Masquelet. Reporte de un caso.

The induced membrane technique was first described by Masquelet in 1986. It was initially used for the reconstruction of long bone shaft defects, particularly of the femur and tibia. The technique consists of two stages. During the first stage a membrane is induced to provide support to the grafts and supply growth factors that contribute to provide a favorable receiving bed for the future graft. During the second stage the poly-methyl-methacrylate spacer is removed and replaced with bone grafts, usually harvested from the iliac crest. Given that this technique has proven good results, it started to be used at other bone sites. We present herein the case of a patient with a large bone defect in the midfoot in whom the Masquelet technique was used with iliac crest grafts. Arthrodesis with a distal radius plate was performed to improve medial column stability, with favorable clinical and functional results.

Fractura diafisiaria de tibia: resultados y complicaciones con clavo endomedular no fresado. Hospital Alberto Sabogal Sologuren de Agosto del 2004 a Diciembre del 2010 / Diaphyseal fracture of tibia: results and complications with intramedullary nail unreamed. Hospital Alberto Sabogal Sologuren from August 2004 to December 2010

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del enclavado endomedular bloqueado no fresado como tratamiento para fracturas tibiales en el Hospital Alberto Sabogal Sologuren entre agosto del 2004 a diciembre del 2010. Métodos: Estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo. Se incluyó a toda la población de pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Traumatología por fracturas tibiales y sometidos a tratamiento con clavo endomedular bloqueado no fresado entre agosto 2004 a diciembre 2010 del Hospital Alberto Sabogal Sologuren. Se revisó las historias clínicas y los reportes operatorios de todos los pacientes. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité Etico y Metodológico del Hospital Alberto Sabogal Sologuren. Resultados: En el periodo de estudio se trataron 30 fracturas tibiales con clavo endomedular bloqueado sin fresado. La media de edad fue de 35.9±13.9 años. El mecanismo de lesión principal fue la caída en 50 por ciento de los casos. Se encontró diferencias significativas entre la clasificación de la fractura (AO y Tscherne y Gotzen), y el tiempo de consolidación, así como el tiempo transcurrido hasta el retorno laboral (p<0.001). La principal complicación fue el dolor articular en rodilla. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con clavo endomedular bloqueado resulta una técnica eficiente -para lograr la resolución clínica del paciente. Se debe tener en cuenta que los pacientes con clasificaciones de la fractura que impliquen severidad, se encuentran en mayor riesgo de presentar consolidación tardía y mayor tiempo sin actividad laboral, por lo cual se debe brindar un soporte especial y multidisciplinario que le permita llevar mejor su evolución clínica.

Objective: To describe the experience of unreamed locked intramedullary nailing as a treatment for tibial fractures at the Hospital Alberto Sabogal Sologuren from August 2004 to December 2010. Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study. It included the entire population of patients treated in the orthopedic service for tibial fractures and undergoing treatment with unreamed locked intramedullary nail at Alberto Sabogal Sologuren Hospital between August 2004 to December 2010 We reviewed the medical records and operative reports of all patients. The research was approved by the Ethics and Methodological Committee of Alberto Sabogal Sologuren Hospital. Results: During the study period were treated 30 tibial fractures with unreamed locked intramedullary nail. The mean age was 35.9±13.9 years. The main mechanism of injury was the fall in 50 per cent of cases. We found significant differences between fracture classification (AO and Tscheme and Gotzen), and the healing time and the time to return to work (p<0.001). The main complication was joint pain in knee. Conclusions: Treatment with locked intramedullary nailing is an efficient technique to achieve clinical resolution of patient. Should be aware that patients with fracture classifications that involve severity are at increased risk of delayed consolidation and longer time without work activity it should be given special and multidisciplinary support that allows better clinical outcome.

Complicações do uso de haste intramedular bloqueada no tratamento de fraturas de fêmur / Complications of use locked intramedullary nail in the treatment of fractures of femur

As fraturas diafisárias do fêmur são frequentemente graves e decorrem de acidentes de alta energia, que podem acometer outros órgãos. A melhor abordagem terapêutica para as fraturas diafisárias do fêmur é eminentemente cirúrgica. Na atualidade muitos ortopedistas e traumatologistas preferem a opção terapêutica por hastes intramedular, que é um dos exemplos de fixação biológica, que por apresentar um procedimento com técnica cirúrgica simples e padronizada, contribui para uma melhor estabilização das fraturas com um mínimo de manipulação dos fragmentos a fim de manter sua vascularização, menores danos aos tecidos moles e o potencial de consolidação ser maior e permitindo assim uma carga precoce. Mas isto não a isenta de complicações, sendo a infecção pós-operatória a mais temida. Objetivo: Analisar as publicações científicas sobre as complicações que mais acometem os pacientes submetidos a esta técnica cirúrgica. Metodologia: Revisão da literatura através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, localizados através da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) Resultado: Foram avaliados 20 artigos científicos e, observamos um total de 326 pacientes.Onde encontramos 215 complicações, destas complicações a anisomelia tem uma maior incidência (50,70%); falha na consolidação vem em seguida com (17,21%); infecção de partes moles(6,98%); limitação do arco do movimento do joelho (5,58%); desvio rotacional (4,65%); desvio angular (4,19%); inserção da haste na bursa (2,33%); embolia gordurosa (1,86%); pneumonia (1,40%), dor (0,93%), infecção da ferida operatória (0,93%) eembolia pulmonar (0,93%), osteomielite (0,47%), necrose epifisária (0,47%), TVP (0,47%), insuficiência respiratória (0,47%) e perfuração do córtex do colo femural (0,47%). Conclusão: Foi observado um número muito reduzido nas complicações com esta técnica, não considerando qualquer outro fator quevenha a desencadeá-la. Nas próximas pesquisas deverão ser analisados se estes valores são referentes a técnica realizada...

The femoral shaft fractures are frequent and often serious accidents result from high-energy, which can affect other organs. Nowadays many orthopedists and traumatologists prefer therapeutic option for intramedullary rods, which is an example of fixation, which present a procedure with a simple surgical technique, standardized, contributes to better stabilize the fracture with minimal manipulation of the fragments order to maintain its vascularization, reduced damage to soft tissues and the potential for consolidation be greater, thus allowing an early load. But this is not free of complications, and postoperative infection the most feared. Objective: To analyze the scientificpublications about the complications that most affect patients undergoing this surgical technique. Methodology: Literature review through a literature search. located through the VirtualHealth Library (VHL) Result: A total of 16 scientific papers and observed a total of 326 patients. Where we found 215 complications, these complications anisomelia has a higher incidence (50.70%), fails to consolidate follows with (17.21%), soft tissue infection (6.98%), limited arc of motion knee (5.58%); rotational deviation (4.65%), angular deviation (4.19%), insertion of the rod in the bursa (2.33%), fat embolism (1.86%) and pneumonia (1.40%), pain (0.93%)., wound infection (0.93%). and pulmonary embolism (0.93%), osteomyelitis(0.47%), epiphyseal necrosis (0.47%), DVT (0.47%), respiratory failure (0.47%) and perforation of the cortex of the femoral neck (0.47%). Conclusion: We found very few complications with this technique in not considering any other factors that will unleash it. In future research were to be analyzed if these values arerelated to the technique performed, or the reduction of risk factors for the surgical procedure.

Ultrasound propagation velocity and broadband attenuation can help evaluate the healing process of an experimental fracture.

Ultrasonometry seems to have a future for the evaluation of fracture healing. Ultrasound propagation velocity (USPV) significantly decreases at the same time that bone diameter decreases as healing takes place, thus approaching normal values. In this investigation, both USPV and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) were measured using a model of a transverse mid-diaphyseal osteotomy of sheep tibiae. Twenty-one sheep were operated and divided into three groups of seven, according to the follow-up period of 30, 60, and 90 days, respectively. The progress of healing of the osteotomy was checked with monthly conventional radiographs. The animals were killed at the end of the period of observation of each group, both operated-upon and intact tibiae being resected and submitted to the measurement of underwater transverse and direct contact transverse and longitudinal USPV and BUA at the osteotomy site. The intact left tibia of the 21 animals was used for control, being examined on a symmetrical diaphyseal segment. USPV increased while BUA decreased with the progression of healing, with significant differences between the operated and untouched tibiae and between the periods of observation, for most of the comparisons. There was a strong negative correlation between USPV and BUA. Both USPV and BUA directly reflect and can help predict the healing of fractures, but USPV alone can be used as a fundamental parameter. Ultrasonometry may be of use in clinical application to humans provided adequate adaptations can be developed.

Salvataje de miembro superior en pacientes pediátrico con sarcoma de Ewing: a propósito de un caso / Upper limb salvage in pediatric patients with Ewing sarcoma: report of a case

El sarcoma de Ewing es un tumor maligno perteneciente al grupo de tumores neuroectodérmicos primitivos. Se conoce poco acerca de los factores etiológicos y generalmente afecta la diáfisis de hueso largo y la pelvis. Rara vez puede localizarse extraesqueléticamente. La tendencia es a presentarse en gente joven durante la fase de mayor crecimiento. Representa el 1 por ciento de los tumores en la infancia y es el segundo tumor maligno primario del hueso en la niñez y adolescencia, con un pico de edad entre 5 y 13 años. En el presente se reporta el caso de un paciente masculino de 10 años de edad, con diagnóstico de Sarcoma de Ewing Primario en Húmero Izquierdo Estadio III. Fue tratado con esquema de Quimioterapia y Radioterapia; en vista de su buena evolución se ofreció Cirugía Reconstructiva como medida de salvataje del miembro superior. Se realizó resección del húmero con márgenes quirúrgicos amplios y se colocó aloinjerto óseo de tibia, estabilizándose con material de osteosíntesis proximal y distalmente. Como resultado se observó remodelación ósea y osteointegración completa del injerto, así como rangos de movilidad aceptables en el primer año de evolución. Los procedimientos quirúrgicos para la reconstrucción de los miembros, después de la extirpación del Sarcoma de Ewing Primario, constituyen una alternativa en un intento por evitar la amputación.

The Sarcoma of Ewing is a malignant tumor pertaining to the gruop of primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Little is known about the etiologic factors and it generally affects the diaphysis of long bones and pelvis. Rarely it can be located extraskeletally. The tendency is to appear in young people during the phase of greater growth. It represents 1 percent of the tumors in the childhood and is the second primary malignant tumor of the bone in the childhood and adolescence, with a tip of age between 5 and 13 years. In the present work the case of a masculine patient of 10 years of age is resported, with diagnosis of Sarcoma of Primary Ewing in Left Chimney Stage III. It was dealed with schemes Chemotherapy and X-ray; in view of its good evolution Reconstructive Surgery was offered like measurement of salvataje of the member superior. Resection of the chimmey with ample surgical margins was realised and aloinjerto bony of tibia was placed distate, becoming stabilized with material of proximal osteosynthesisand as result were observed bony remodeling and complete osseointegration of the graft, as well as acceptable ranks of mobility in the first yeras of evolution. The surgical procedures for the reconstruction of the members, after the extirpation of the Sarcoma of Primary Ewing, constitute an alternative in an attempt to avoid the amputation.

Evaluación de las fracturas cerradas de la diiafisis de tibia tratadas con clavado endomedular de enero del 2006 a diciembre del 2007, en el Hospital Militar Doctor Alejandro Dávila Bolaños / Evaluation of the closed fractures of the tibia diafisis tried with having nailed endomedular of January from the 2006 to December of the 2007, in the Military Hospital Doctor Alejandro Dávila Bolaños

Se presente estudio tipo descriptivo de corte transversal, prospectivo, realizado a 41 pacientes con fracturas diafisiarias cerradas tratadas con clavado endomedular en el Hospital Militar Escuela Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños en el período de enero del 2006 a diciembre del 2007. Se observó que las fracturas oblicuas cortas fueron el trazo fractuario mas frecuente en 41.6 porciento de los pacientes, relacionados con los accidentes por automotres (moticicletas). Se encontró que del 100 porciento de pacientes operados sólo el 14.6 porciento, sufrieron complicaciones, no hubo relación directa con el tipo de trazo de fractura, pero si se encontró relación de las complicaciones con la estancia intrahospitalaria ya que los que permanecieron de 4 a 6 días fueron lo que mas se relacionaron con las infecciones superficiales. En relación al tiempo quirúrgico con las complicaciones se encontró que el 66.6 porciento de las infecciones superficiales se relacionaron con tiempo quirúrgico mayores de 60 minutos. Se puedo observar que los resultados han sido satisfactorios con respecto a las complicaciones ya que se trata de fracturas cerradas, en donde el tiempo quirúrgico es menos que si realiza un RAFI (reducción abierta fijación interna) hay menos daño de las partes blandas, no hay desperiotización, lo que nos conlleva todo ello a uan evolución satisfactoria para el paciente. La incorporación laboral d elos pacientes la mayoría fue entre los 3 a 6 meses con un total de 32 (78 porciento) pacientes, 4 (9.8 porciento) se incorporaron a sus labores entre los 6 a 8 mese y 5 (12.2 porciento) no se han incorporado a sus labores. La distribución de los pacientes según los resultados finales fue de bueno en 35 (85.4 porciento), regular en 4 (9.7 porciento) y malo en 2 (4.9 porciento) de los pacientes...

Synthesis Pengo System plates for the treatment of long-bone diaphyseal fractures in dogs.

A Brazilian orthopaedic company designed a stainless steel plate called Synthesis Pengo System (S.P.S.), which has one fixed and one changeable extremity. According to the assembly of the changeable extremity, it is possible to obtain dynamization or neutralization of the fracture site. Since the S.P.S. plate was developed for use in human patients, the aim of this study was to evaluate this system in long-bone diaphyseal fractures in dogs. Eight dogs with closed diaphyseal fractures of the femur (n= 1), radius and ulna (n=5), and tibia (n=2) were used. Patients were aged seven months to three years and weighed 18 to 31.2 kg. The S.P.S. plate was assembled with one fixed extremity and one changeable extremity in dynamization mode. The trail bar was positioned for synthesis modules with holes for cortical screws. The modules were positioned close to one another in two fractures and far away from the fracture site in the others. The bone healing occurred by external callus. Since motion at the fracture site determines the amount of callus required, the secondary bone healing that was observed in all of the cases indicated less rigid fixation of this system. A potential benefit of this system was a lesser interface contact with the bone since it was only done by trail bar. The major disadvantage was the prominence of the implant. It was possible to conclude that the S.P.S. plate appears to be a suitable method for the treatment of diaphyseal fractures in dogs.