Impact of inorganic salts on vase life and postharvest qualities of the cut flower of Perpetual Carnation / Investigar os efeitos dos sais inorgânicos na vida dos vasos e nas qualidades pós-colheita da flor de corte do Cravo Perpétuo

Abstract This study was carried out in the laboratory of Shangqiu Institute of Technology, Henan to investigate the effect of a different combination of inorganic salt on the quality and physiological characteristics of cut flowers (CFs) of Perpetual Carnation. Furthermore, to find out the best preservation solution of inorganic salt that can enhance the ornamental value of CFs of Carnation and prolong its vase life. Sucrose, 8-hydroxyquinoline, paclobutrazol, salicylic acid and different kinds of inorganic salts were added as a preservation solution. And the same amount of distilled water was used as control. The effects of these various inorganic salts on the morphological characteristics including vase life, changes in flower stems, fresh weight (FW) and water balance and the physiological characteristics including contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), cell membrane permeability and the contents of proline of carnation were investigated. The CFs placed in vase solution with inorganic salts showed significant changes in its morphology and physiological characteristics as compared to control. The changes in flower diameter (FD), FW, malondialdehyde and cell membrane permeability showed an increasing trend first and then decreasing. The value of water balance was observed with a downward trend. However, the vase life, FD, the contents of malondialdehyde, contents of proline and FW of CFs held in the preservative solution containing inorganic salts were increased than that of control. The fresh preservative solution contained sucrose 3% + 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) (200 mg·L‾1) + paclobutrazol (100 mg·L‾1) + salicylic acid (SA) (25 mg·L‾1) + CaCl2 (100 mg·L‾1) has the best effect on longevity (34 days), FW and FD of carnation CFs. This solution has improved the ornamental and physiological characteristics of fresh carnation CFs.

Resumo Este estudo foi realizado no laboratório do Instituto de Tecnologia de Shangqiu, Henan, para investigar o efeito de diferentes combinações de sal inorgânico na qualidade e características fisiológicas de flores cortadas do Cravo Perpétuo. Além disso, para descobrir a melhor solução de preservação de sal inorgânico que pode aumentar o valor ornamental das flores cortadas de Cravo e prolongar a vida do vaso. Sucrose, 8-hidroxiquinolina, paclobutrazol, ácido salicílico e diferentes tipos de sais inorgânicos foram adicionados como uma solução de preservação. E a mesma quantidade de água destilada foi usada como controle. Os efeitos destes vários sais inorgânicos sobre as características morfológicas incluindo a vida dos vasos, alterações nos caules, peso fresco e balanço hídrico e as características fisiológicas incluindo conteúdo de malondialdeído (MDA), permeabilidade da membrana celular e conteúdo de prolina de cravo foram investigados. As flores de corte colocadas em solução de vaso com sais inorgânicos apresentaram mudanças significativas em sua morfologia e características fisiológicas em relação ao controle. As alterações no diâmetro das flores, no peso fresco, no malondialdeído e na permeabilidade da membrana celular mostraram uma tendência crescente primeiro e depois decrescendo. O valor do balanço hídrico foi observado com tendência de queda. No entanto, a vida útil do vaso, o diâmetro da flor, o conteúdo de malondialdeído, o conteúdo de prolina e o peso fresco de flores cortadas mantidos na solução preservativa contendo sais inorgânicos foram aumentados em relação ao controle. A solução conservante fresca continha sacarose 3% + 8-hidroxiquinolina (8-HQ) (200 mg·L‾1) + paclobutrazol (100 mg·L‾1) + ácido salicílico (SA) (25 mg·L‾1) + CaCl2 (100 mg·L‾1) tem o melhor efeito na longevidade (34 dias), peso fresco e diâmetro de flor de flores cortadas de cravo. Esta solução melhorou as características ornamentais e fisiológicas das flores frescas de cravo.

Impact of inorganic salts on vase life and postharvest qualities of the cut flower of Perpetual Carnation.

This study was carried out in the laboratory of Shangqiu Institute of Technology, Henan to investigate the effect of a different combination of inorganic salt on the quality and physiological characteristics of cut flowers (CFs) of Perpetual Carnation. Furthermore, to find out the best preservation solution of inorganic salt that can enhance the ornamental value of CFs of Carnation and prolong its vase life. Sucrose, 8-hydroxyquinoline, paclobutrazol, salicylic acid and different kinds of inorganic salts were added as a preservation solution. And the same amount of distilled water was used as control. The effects of these various inorganic salts on the morphological characteristics including vase life, changes in flower stems, fresh weight (FW) and water balance and the physiological characteristics including contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), cell membrane permeability and the contents of proline of carnation were investigated. The CFs placed in vase solution with inorganic salts showed significant changes in its morphology and physiological characteristics as compared to control. The changes in flower diameter (FD), FW, malondialdehyde and cell membrane permeability showed an increasing trend first and then decreasing. The value of water balance was observed with a downward trend. However, the vase life, FD, the contents of malondialdehyde, contents of proline and FW of CFs held in the preservative solution containing inorganic salts were increased than that of control. The fresh preservative solution contained sucrose 3% + 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) (200 mg·L‾1) + paclobutrazol (100 mg·L‾1) + salicylic acid (SA) (25 mg·L‾1) + CaCl2 (100 mg·L‾1) has the best effect on longevity (34 days), FW and FD of carnation CFs. This solution has improved the ornamental and physiological characteristics of fresh carnation CFs.

Preservative of Essential Oil Blends: Control of Clostridium perfringens Type a in Mortadella

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the essential oils of cinnamon, cardamom, clove, oregano, and thyme and their synergism on vegetative cells and endospores of Clostridium perfringens type A inoculated in meat sausage (mortadella), as well as the influence of blends on the color, and lipid oxidation through the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS index). The anticlostridial action of the oil blends was established. The two added oil blends (Treat. 1: oregano, clove, and thyme; Treat. 2: oregano, clove, and cinnamon) in combination with reduced nitrite content (75 ppm) promoted a lower growth of C. perfringens in mortadella stored at 15 °C for 21 days in comparison to treatments containing only 75 ppm of nitrite. The essential oil blends showed antioxidant action and did not alter food color, thus possessing potential application as a preservative for the meat products industry.

Impacto de revestimentos comestíveis incorporados com óleos essenciais na qualidade microbiológica de mamão minimamente processado / Impact of edible coatings incorporated with essential oils on microbiological quality of fresh cut papaya

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de revestimentos de fécula de mandioca incorporados a óleos essenciais de cravo e canela na qualidade microbiológica de mamões minimamente processados. Mamões em estádio de maturação 4 foram adquiridos em comércio varejista local, higienizados, descascados e fatiados. Foram preparados revestimentos comestíveis fécula de mandioca 3 e 4 % e 1% de óleos essenciais de cravo e de canela. Após revestidas, as fatias foram drenadas, dispostas em embalagens e armazenadas a 6°C/9 dias para realização das análises microbiológicas. Para mesófilos aeróbios e fungos filamentosos e leveduras, observou-se que os mamões não revestidos apresentaram contagem significativamente superior aos revestidos. Os mamões revestidos com fécula de mandioca a 4% incorporados com óleos essenciais possibilitaram menor contagem microbiana.

Revestimento edível usando alginato de sódio incorporado com óleo essencial de cravo e extrato de própolis verde na conservação de Mytella guyanensis / Edible coating using clove essential oil and green propolis extract incorporated sodium alginate on the conservation of Mytella guyanensis

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do revestimento edível a base de extrato de própolis verde e óleo de cravo em amostras de sururu (Mytella guyanensis). Foram elaboradas três soluções de revestimento: óleo essencial de cravo a 2 mg.m-1(OEC); própolis verde a 2% (PV2%) e própolis verde a 2% + OEC a 2 mg. mL-1(PV2%+OEC). Sururu sem revestimento foi usado como controle. As amostras foram embaladas e armazenadas a 5°C por 12 dias e realizadas análises microbiológicas (bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, coliformes a 35°C e a 45°C) e físico-químicas (bases voláteis totais e pH) em intervalos de 0, 4, 8 e 12 dias. Os revestimentos edíveis apresentaram baixa redução na carga microbiana de mesófilos, porém com redução significativa (p<0,05) na redução de coliformes a 45°C ( PV2% > PV2%+OEC > OEC). A aplicação de revestimento edível a base de PV2% e PV2%+OEC é uma alternativa eficiente para a redução da carga microbiana de coliformes em amostras de sururu refrigerado.(AU)

Revestimento edível usando alginato de sódio incorporado com óleo essencial de cravo e extrato de própolis verde na conservação de Mytella guyanensis / Edible coating using clove essential oil and green propolis extract incorporated sodium alginate on the conservation of Mytella guyanensis

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do revestimento edível a base de extrato de própolis verde e óleo de cravo em amostras de sururu (Mytella guyanensis). Foram elaboradas três soluções de revestimento: óleo essencial de cravo a 2 mg.m-1(OEC); própolis verde a 2% (PV2%) e própolis verde a 2% + OEC a 2 mg. mL-1(PV2%+OEC). Sururu sem revestimento foi usado como controle. As amostras foram embaladas e armazenadas a 5°C por 12 dias e realizadas análises microbiológicas (bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, coliformes a 35°C e a 45°C) e físico-químicas (bases voláteis totais e pH) em intervalos de 0, 4, 8 e 12 dias. Os revestimentos edíveis apresentaram baixa redução na carga microbiana de mesófilos, porém com redução significativa (p PV2%+OEC > OEC). A aplicação de revestimento edível a base de PV2% e PV2%+OEC é uma alternativa eficiente para a redução da carga microbiana de coliformes em amostras de sururu refrigerado.

Tratamento alternativo em gatos acometidos por DITUIF / Alternative treatment in cats affected by FLUTD

This report describes two cases of male cats affected by FLUTD (Feline lower urinary tract disease). The first patient had been affected by numerous relapses after passing through various therapeutic treatments and surgical interventions, and was subjected to the alternative protocol after being recommended for euthanasia, the second patient had no history of urinary tract disorders in the past, and was not subjected to any kind of previous treatment. The two patients had a significant improvement in their clinical condition, were not affected by relapses after participation in the alternative design, and were accompanied for about a year after their treatment.(AU)

Tratamento alternativo em gatos acometidos por DITUIF / Alternative treatment in cats affected by FLUTD

This report describes two cases of male cats affected by FLUTD (Feline lower urinary tract disease). The first patient had been affected by numerous relapses after passing through various therapeutic treatments and surgical interventions, and was subjected to the alternative protocol after being recommended for euthanasia, the second patient had no history of urinary tract disorders in the past, and was not subjected to any kind of previous treatment. The two patients had a significant improvement in their clinical condition, were not affected by relapses after participation in the alternative design, and were accompanied for about a year after their treatment.(AU)

Logistic growth models of China pinks, cultivated on seven substrates, as a function of degree days / Modelo logístico de crescimento de cravina de jardim cultivada em sete substratos em função da soma térmica

The objective of this study was to characterize the height (H) and leaf number (LN) of China pinks, grown in seven substrates, as a function of degree days, using the logistic growth model. H and LN were measured from 56 plants per substrate, for 392 plants in total. Plants that were grown on substrates formed of 50% soil with 50% rice husk ash (50% S + 50% RH) and 80% rice husk ash with 20% worm castings (80% RH + 20% W) had the longest vegetative growth period (74d), corresponding to 1317.9ºCd. The logistic growth model, adjusted for H, showed differences in the estimation of maximum expected height () between the substrates, with values between 10.47cm for 50% S + 50% RH and 35.75cm for Mecplant(r). When was estimated as LN, variation was also observed between the different substrates, from approximately 30 leaves on plants growing on 50% S + 50% RH to 34 leaves on the plants growing on the substrate formed of 80% RH + 20% W. Growth of China pinks can be characterized using H or LN in the logistic growth model as a function of degree days, being the provided plants adequately fertilized. The best substrates in terms of maximum height and leaf number were 80% soil + 20% worm castings and Mecplant(r). However, users must recalibrate the model with the estimated parameters before applying it to different growing conditions.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a altura (H) e o número de folhas (NF), pelo modelo logístico, de cravina de jardim cultivada em sete substratos em função da soma térmica. Foram avaliadas a H e o NF de 56 plantas por substrato, totalizando 392 plantas ajustadas. As plantas dos substratos compostos de: 50% de solo e 50% de cinzas de casca de arroz (50% S + 50% CA); e 80% cinzas de casca de arroz e 20% húmus de minhoca (80% CA + 20% H) tiveram o maior ciclo, de 74 dias, e o completaram com soma térmica de 1317,9ºC dia. O modelo logístico ajustado para H apresentou diferenças para a estimativa da altura máxima esperada (α) entre os substratos, com valores de 10,47cm para 50% S + 50% CA e, 35,75cm, para o substrato Mecplant(r). Para o NF, observou-se que teve menor variação entre os substratos, desde aproximadamente 30 folhas, nas plantas do substrato 50% S + 50% CA até 34 folhas, nas plantas do substrato 80% CA + 20% H. O crescimento de cravina de jardim, a partir das variáveis estudadas, pode ser caracterizado pelo modelo logístico, em função da soma térmica acumulada, quando as plantas estão sem restrições nutricionais. Considerando a altura máxima e o número máximo de folhas, os melhores substratos foram o composto de 80% de solo + 20% húmus de minhoca e o Mecplant(r). Entretanto, os usuários devem testar as calibrações do modelo, com os parâmetros sugeridos, antes de aplicar o modelo para outras condições climáticas.(AU)

Protein extraction and gel-based separation methods to analyze responses to pathogens in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L).

We are currently using a 2-DE-based proteomics approach to study plant responses to pathogenic fungi by using the carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L)-Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi pathosystem. It is clear that the protocols for the first stages of a standard proteomics workflow must be optimized to each biological system and objectives of the research. The optimization procedure for the extraction and separation of proteins by 1-DE and 2-DE in the indicated system is reported. This strategy can be extrapolated to other plant-pathogen interaction systems in order to perform an evaluation of the changes in the host protein profile caused by the pathogen and to identify proteins which, at early stages, are involved or implicated in the plant defense response.

Presencia del elemento genético transportable dTdic1 en Dianthus caryophyllus con flores variegadas y no variegadas / Presence of the transposable genetic element dTdic1 in Dianthus caryophyllus with variegated and no variegated flowers

El objetivo de este trabajo era la búsqueda del EGT (Elemento Genético Transponible) dTdic1 que ha sido asociado con la variegación del color de las flores de clavel y su relación con dos genes que codifican para enzimas involucradas en la biosíntesis de antocianinas, Chalcona isomerasa (CHI) y Dihidroflavonol reductasa (DFR). Su presencia y expresión se evaluó en siete genotipos con flores variegadas (líneas híbridas) y en cuatro genotipos de flores no variegadas (una línea híbrida y tres cultivares comerciales). Un alto número (indefinido) de copias del elemento dTdic1 se detectó en todas las líneas variegadas y no variegadas. En consecuencia, la sola presencia de este EGT no pudo asociarse directamente con la variegación de los pigmentos florales de flores de clavel. Adicionalmente, dTdic1 se encontró interrumpiendo el gen CHI en cuatro genotipos variegados y uno no variegado. No se observó evidencia de inserción de dTdic1 en el gen DFR en ninguno de los genotipos.

The objective of this work was to search for the EGT (Transposable Genetic Element) dTdic1 that has been associated with color variegation of carnation flowers and its relationship with two genes that code for enzymes involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins, Chalcona isomerase (CHI) and Dihidroflavonol reductase (DFR). Its presence and expression was evaluated in seven genotypes of variegated flowers and four no variegated flower genotypes (one hybrid line and three commercial cultivars). A high number of copies (undefined) of copies of the dTdic1 element was detected in variegaated and no variegated lines. Therefore, the main presence of this EGT was not associated directly with variegation of floral pigments. Additionally, dTdic1 was found interrupting the CHI gene in four variegated and one no variegated phenotypes. No evidence was observed of insertion of dTdic1 in the DFR gene in any of the genotypes.

Event-specific qualitative and quantitative PCR detection of the GMO carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) variety Moonlite based upon the 5'-transgene integration sequence.

To ensure the implementation of genetically modified organism (GMO)-labeling regulations, an event-specific detection method was developed based on the junction sequence of an exogenous integrant in the transgenic carnation variety Moonlite. The 5'-transgene integration sequence was isolated by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. Based upon the 5'-transgene integration sequence, the event-specific primers and TaqMan probe were designed to amplify the fragments, which spanned the exogenous DNA and carnation genomic DNA. Qualitative and quantitative PCR assays were developed employing the designed primers and probe. The detection limit of the qualitative PCR assay was 0.05% for Moonlite in 100 ng total carnation genomic DNA, corresponding to about 79 copies of the carnation haploid genome; the limit of detection and quantification of the quantitative PCR assay were estimated to be 38 and 190 copies of haploid carnation genomic DNA, respectively. Carnation samples with different contents of genetically modified components were quantified and the bias between the observed and true values of three samples were lower than the acceptance criterion (<25%) of the GMO detection method. These results indicated that these event-specific methods would be useful for the identification and quantification of the GMO carnation Moonlite.

Estudo toxicológico e investigação da atividade antilitiásica do extrato de Dianthus caryophyllus

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação da toxicidade crônica e aguda de extratos de flores de Dianthus caryophyllus, uma espécie vegetal nunca antes utilizada com esse fim na medicina fitoterápica. Os protocolos experimentais utilizados seguiram o Guia para a Realização de Estudos de Toxicidade Pré-clínica de Fitoterápicos da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Hamsters sírios foram tratados por via oral com o extrato seco nas doses de 100 e 200mg por dia durante 30 dias consecutivos, e foram estudados os efeitos tóxicos em hamsters sírios e camundongos Swiss com a dose limite de 5000 mg/kg do extrato aquoso. Nenhum animal veio a óbito e nenhum sinal de toxicidade foi detectado nos parâmetros observados, nas autópsias e na histopatologia, indicando atoxicidade do produto.

This study aimed to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of extracts from flowers of Dianthus caryophyllus, specie never used as phytotherapic. The experimental protocol followed the Guide for Studies of Pre-clinical Phytotherapic Toxicity of the AgênciaNacional de VigilânciaSanitária (Anvisa, 2004). Syrians hamsters and Swiss mice, young and adults, were treated orally with dry extract, in doses of 100 and 200milligrams per day and with the limit dose of 5000 mg / kg of aqueous extract, and observed for up to 30 consecutive days. No animal died and no sign of toxicity was detected in the clinical analysis, necropsy and histopathology, indicating atoxicity.

The effect of native and ACC deaminase-containing Azospirillum brasilense Cd1843 on the rooting of carnation cuttings.

Carnation cuttings treated with non-transformed and 1-aminocyclopropane (ACC) deaminase-containing Azospirillum brasilense Cd1843 produced significantly more roots than untreated controls and fewer roots than cuttings treated with 0.1% indolebutyric acid (IBA). The roots produced by cuttings treated with ACC deaminase-containing Azospirillum brasilense Cd1843 were the longest roots resulting from any of the treatments, followed by non-transformed Azospirillum brasilense Cd1843, 0.1% IBA, and treatment with water. The results are interpreted in terms of a previously proposed model of bacterial promotion of plant growth by ACC deaminase and indoleacetic acid, and may have implications for the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria in the flower industry.

Propagación in vitro de tres variedades del clavel (Dianthus caryophyllus)

Con el fin de obtener plantas de alta calidad genética y sanitaria de clavel (Dianthus caryophyllus), se optimizaron protocolos para micropropagación en las fases de establecimiento, multiplicación y enraizamiento, además de aplicar metodologías de aclimatación, para las variedades Giamaica, Mambo y Raggio di sole proporcionadas por la empresa FLORALEX con fines de investigación. El diseño aplicado fue el de bloques al azar en arreglo factorial con 6 repeticiones. Durante la fase de establecimiento, se logró el 96

de viabilidad de los explantes y un bajo porcentaje de contaminación. En la etapa de multiplicación la mayor proliferación de brotes (4.11 brotes/explante) se dió con el tratamiento 21 (1mg/l de BAP), siendo descartado por el elevado porcentaje de vitrificaciónm (77.33

), por lo cual se seleccionó el tratamiento 31 (MS+AG3+Agar+Phytagel) con el cual se alcanzó una tasa de multiplicación de (1:4). En ña fase de enraizamiento, el tratamiento 14 (MS+0.06 mg/l de AIA), alcanzó el 100

de enraizamiento (9.3 raices/planta y 4.9 cm. de altura/planta como promedio). En la aclimatación las plántulas se comportaron mejor sobre camas elevadas, malla semisombra y riego cada dos dias, obteniéndose un porcentaje de prendimiento de 94

, para las variedades Giamaica, Mambo y Raggio di sole respectivamente. Con los resultados obtenidos en las diferentes fases de estudio se determinó que la utilización de técnicas de cultivo de tejidos es viable para la propagación masiva de esta especie.

Informe final de actividades realizada en la fundacion PROINPA (Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos) y la empresa de flores "FLOR DE EMPRESA"

PROINPA -El programa de producción de cultivos desarrrollados en el presente trabajo, sobre la base de una rotación de cultivos para cuatro años (papa, haba, cebada y pradera o descanso), viene a constituirse en una alternativa viable para el sistema de producción de la zona. El desarrollo y el grado de vitalidad de las plantas dependen del conjunto de factores naturales, asi como de las características climáticas y de las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, y en el caso de la papa, el factor climático, propiedades nutricionales del suelo como la variedad adecuada, son muy importantes para conseguir rendimientos espectables. FLOR DE EMPRESA -La mayor mortandad en Flor de Empresa se debe a causa de enfermedades vasculares, de las cuales el de mayor incidencia es ocasionado por el hongo Fusarium oxisporum f.sp. dianthi. El monitoreo efectuado, constituye ser una herramienta muy importante en la lucha contra Fusarium oxisporum f.sp. dianthi, ya que con el maapeo y el cálculo de porcentajes, se puede hacer un seguimiento (historial), análisis, para tomar las decisiones correspondientes en la lucha contra F. oxisporum.

Informe final de actividades en las empresas "Centro Nacional de Producción de Semillas de Hortalizas" "Programa e investigación de Productos Aandinos" y "Flor de Empresa" productora de flores

CNPSH- Se participó en los diferentes procesos de producción de semilla de tomate híbrido, desde la preparación del almácigo, transplante, labores culturales, cosecha y beneficiado de la semilla. Durante la hibridación en tomate se utilizó el parental masculino como fuente de polen y el femenino como el que recibe el polen mediante la polinización cruzada que produce frutos portadores de semilla. La producción de semilla de tomate híbrido en invernadero reporta utilidades desde el primer año, sin considerar los costos de infraestructura y construcción de los invernaderos. PROINPA- Es muy importante para la producción de semilla certificada, que las zonas destinadas a la producción conserven un adecuado estado sanitario, además que se incremente en el país el área sembrada con tubérculo-semilla de alta calidad, para disminuir la incidencia de los problemas fitosanitarios y a la vez incrementar los rendimientos y la calidad final del producto obtenido. FLOR DE EMPRESA- En la cosecha del clavel es necesario aplicar el índice de cosecha, manejando los criterios de apertura de la flor que está relacionada directamente con la durabilidad en jarrón y la calidad de los claveles. Los diferentes pasos del manejo de postcosecha que implica la clasificación de la flor, tratamientos químicos, empaque, almacenamiento y transporte son determinantes para conservar la calidad del clavel.