Distribution of quetiapine and metabolites in biological fluids and tissues.

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug, frequently found in post-mortem samples. The quantitative determination of active metabolites may help in the interpretation of the potential toxic effects of the parent drug and its role in death. A fully validated LC-MS/MS method was developed for the identification and quantification of quetiapine and two main metabolites (N-desalkylquetiapine and 7-hydroxyquetiapine) in blood, biological fluids and tissues. Then, the distribution of analytes in different matrices was evaluated. LODs of 0.9, 0.3 and 0.3ng/mL were calculated for quetiapine, N-desalkylquetiapine and 7-hydroxyquetiapine respectively; while a LOQ at the concentration of 10.0ng/mL was defined for the three analytes. 13 post-mortem positive real cases have been included in the experiment. The results revealed that quetiapine and N-desalkylquetiapine might undergo a significant post-mortem redistribution, while 7-hydroxyquetiapine is less affected by this factor. N-desalkylquetiapine could be found in blood in relatively high concentrations in comparison to those of quetiapine; therefore, it should be always advisable to measure both the analytes. The analysis of tissues could provide additional data on potential intoxication with quetiapine.

Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of PLGA microspheres containing norquetiapine for long-acting injection.

BACKGROUND: Norquetiapine (N-desalkyl quetiapine, NQ) is an active metabolite of quetiapine with stable pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties. However, its short half-life is a drawback for clinical applications, and long-acting formulations are required. PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to prepare improved entrapment efficiency NQ freebase microspheres by the solvent evaporation method with poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as a release modulator and to evaluate their physicochemical and in vitro/in vivo release properties. METHODS: NQ freebase PLGA (1:5 w/w) formulations were prepared by the oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion-solvent evaporation method. A solution of the drug and PLGA in 9:1 v/v dichloromethane:ethanol was mixed with 0.2% polyvinyl alcohol and homogenized at 2,800 rpm. The emulsion was stirred for 3 h to dilute and evaporate the solvent. After that, the resulting product was freeze-dried. Drug-loading capacity was measured by the validated RP-HPLC method. The surface morphology of the microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the physicochemical properties were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy particle size distribution. The in vitro dissolution test was performed using a rotary shaking bath at 37°C, with constant shaking at 50 rpm in sink condition. RESULTS: The NQ freebase microspheres prepared by o/w emulsion-solvent evaporation showed over 30% efficiency. NQ was confirmed to be amorphous in the microspheres by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Special chemical interaction in the microspheres was not observed by FT-IR. The in vitro dissolution test demonstrated that the prepared microspheres' release properties were maintained for more than 20 days. The in vivo test also confirmed that the particles' long acting properties were maintained. Therefore, good in vitro-in vivo correlation was established. CONCLUSION: In this study, NQ freebase-PLGA microspheres showed potential for the treatment of schizophrenia for long-periods.

Comparative Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Quetiapine and Its Active Metabolite Norquetiapine.

Quetiapine (QTP) is an atypical antipsychotic drug commonly used to treat several psychiatric disorders and is metabolized into the active metabolite norquetiapine (NQTP). This study was designed to evaluate and compare the physicochemical properties, metabolic stability, brain distribution, and pharmacokinetics of QTP and NQTP. Compared to QTP, NQTP had a higher pKa, solubility, and rat liver microsomal stability, optimal log D and similar log P values. For pharmacokinetic evaluation, QTP and NQTP were administered orally and intravenously to rats at various doses. The plasma QTP and NQTP concentrations in rats were determined by a fully-validated liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Over the investigated dosing range, both QTP and NQTP showed linear pharmacokinetics. Following oral administration of the same dose, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) and maximum serum concentration (Cmax) were larger after NQTP administration compared to QTP administration. In addition, NQTP had a greater absolute oral bioavailability compared to QTP (15.6% vs. 0.63%, respectively). The brain-to-plasma concentration ratio was greater after NQTP administration compared to the QTP and NQTP ratios after QTP administration. NQTP administration results in increased systemic exposure and brain distribution compared to QTP administration. Future studies are needed to evaluate the pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of increased NQTP exposures.

Pharmacogenetics of quetiapine in healthy volunteers: association with pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse effects.

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic used for treatment of schizophrenia. Variability in response to this drug may be associated with pharmacogenetics. The aim of this study was to identify genetic markers related to the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse effects of quetiapine. The study population comprised 79 healthy volunteers from two bioequivalence trials who were genotyped to identify polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes, receptors, and transporters. Quetiapine plasma levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Prolactin plasma levels were detected by indirect chemiluminescence. Possible adverse effects were recorded throughout the study. Factors with P value of 0.1 or less in the univariate analysis were included in a multiple regression analysis (logistic regression for adverse reactions). The area under the curve and clearance of quetiapine were affected by polymorphisms in CYP1A2 and DRD3, respectively. Men had a lower quetiapine area under the curve compared with women. Prolactin iC(max) was higher in volunteers harboring polymorphisms in CYP2C19 and AGT. An association was detected between polymorphisms in CYP1A1 and CYP2C9 and somnolence. Several polymorphisms are responsible for differences in the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of quetiapine in healthy individuals.

Development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to evaluate the relative systemic exposure to quetiapine after administration of IR and XR formulations to adults, children and adolescents.

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug with a high permeability, moderate solubility and defined as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class ll compound. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of the quetiapine immediate-release (IR) formulation has been studied in both adults and children, but the quetiapine extended-release (XR) formulation has only been conducted in adults. The purpose of the current study was to use physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) quantitatively to predict the PK of the XR formulation in children and adolescents. Using a 'learn and confirm' approach, PBPK models were developed employing in vitro ADME and physicochemical data, clinical PK data of quetiapine IR/XR in adults and clinical PK data of quetiapine IR in children. These models can predict well the effects of CYP3A4 inhibition and induction on the PK of quetiapine, the PK profile of quetiapine IR in children and adults, and the PK profile of quetiapine XR in adults. The AUC and Cmax ratios (children vs adults) for the different age groups were in reasonable agreement with the observed ratios. In addition, the PBPK model predicted that children and adolescents are likely to achieve a similar exposure following administration of either the XR formulation once daily or the IR formulation twice daily at similar total daily doses. The results from the study can help inform dosing regimens in pediatrics using the quetiapine XR formulation.

Quetiapine and aripiprazole signal differently to ERK, p90RSK and c-Fos in mouse frontal cortex and striatum: role of the EGF receptor.

BACKGROUND: Signaling pathways outside dopamine D2 receptor antagonism may govern the variable clinical profile of antipsychotic drugs (APD) in schizophrenia. One postulated mechanism causal to APD action may regulate synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade that links G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and ErbB growth factor signaling, systems disturbed in schizophrenia. This was based upon our finding that the low D2 receptor affinity APD clozapine induced initial down-regulation and delayed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or ErbB1) mediated activation of the cortical and striatal ERK response in vivo distinct from olanzapine or haloperidol. Here we map whether the second generation atypical APDs aripiprazole and quetiapine affect the EGFR-ERK pathway and its substrates p90RSK and c-Fos in mouse brain, given their divergent agonist and antagonist properties on dopaminergic transmission, respectively. RESULTS: In prefrontal cortex, aripiprazole triggered triphasic ERK phosphorylation that was EGFR-independent but had no significant effect in striatum. Conversely quetiapine did not alter cortical ERK signaling but elevated striatal ERK levels in an EGFR-dependent manner. Induction of ERK by aripiprazole did not affect p90RSK signaling but quetiapine decreased RSK phosphorylation within 1-hour of administration. The transcription factor c-Fos by comparison was a direct target of ERK phosphorylation induced by aripiprazole in cortex and quetiapine in striatum with protein levels in temporal alignment with that of ERK. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that aripiprazole and quetiapine signal to specific nuclear targets of ERK, which for quetiapine occurs via an EGFR-linked mechanism, possibly indicating involvement of this system in its action.

Interactions between valproic acid and quetiapine/olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring.

OBJECTIVES: The anticonvulsant valproic acid and the atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and quetiapine provide synergistic mood-stabilising, antidepressant and antipsychotic activities in the treatment of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. Existing literature shows that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics drug-drug interactions (DDIs) possibly occur with the use of such a combination. Clinical reports of a possible interaction between the drugs leading to an increased risk of adverse drug reactions have also emerged. The main objective of this paper is to review the incidence of DDIs between the anticonvulsant and the antipsychotics, to postulate the possible mechanisms of the interaction and to establish whether certain target populations are at an increased susceptibility to such interactions. The usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the antipsychotics to monitor for an interaction was also assessed. A systematic database search was carried out using the search engine provided by PubMed using the following key words: olanzapine, quetiapine, valproic acid, pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction, bipolar disorder, therapeutic drug monitoring. KEY FINDINGS: Evidence of a possible clinically relevant DDI between valproic acid and both antipsychotics has been uncovered. A possible mechanism for the interactions has been postulated, and the importance of TDM has been discussed. SUMMARY: Further research is required to determine whether DDIs occur with the concurrent use of valproic acid and olanzapine or quetiapine, and to investigate the potential of TDM as a clinical tool in improving pharmacotherapy and preventing toxicity.

Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of extended-release quetiapine fumarate in Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The extended-release formulation of quetiapine (quetiapine XR), which was developed to provide more convenient once-daily administration, has been widely studied to characterize its pharmacokinetics in Caucasian populations but has rarely been studied in an Asia population. This study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of quetiapine XR administered as a single dose (300 mg) and multiple doses (300, 600, and 800 mg) in Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: This was a single-center, open-label, single-dose and multiple-dose randomized study. Among the 55 randomized subjects, a total of 40 female or male patients in 300 mg (n = 13), 600 mg (n = 13), or 800 mg (n = 14) groups completed the study of quetiapine fumarate XR. The treatment phase consisted of 5 consecutive days and was preceded by a 1- to 2-day titration period for the 600 and 800 mg groups. Pharmacokinetic parameters for both quetiapine and N-desalkyl quetiapine (norquetiapine) were determined. The tolerability evaluation included adverse events (AEs) noted by monitoring, physical examinations, vital signs, and clinical laboratory tests. RESULTS: N-desalkyl quetiapine was formed from quetiapine with an approximate metabolite to parent ratio of 0.5 across the three dose groups. The geometric mean elimination half-life (t ½) of both quetiapine and N-desalkyl quetiapine was consistent for the three dosing groups (approximately 7 h for quetiapine and approximately 18 h for N-desalkyl quetiapine). The geometric mean maximum plasma concentrations (C max) at steady state (C max,ss) of quetiapine for the three groups were 467, 740, and 1,126 ng/mL, respectively, and for N-desalkyl quetiapine were 138, 262, and 426 ng/mL, respectively. The values for the geometric mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve over a dosing interval at the steady-state (AUCss) of quetiapine were 5,094, 7,685, and 13,237 ng·h/mL, respectively, and for N-desalkyl quetiapine were 2,284, 4,341, and 7,216 ng·h/mL, respectively. The apparent oral clearance (CL/F) of quetiapine at steady state appeared to be comparable across the three dose groups. The pharmacokinetics of quetiapine XR were dose-proportional across the dosage range employed. The most common AE was somnolence, but all of the reported AEs were mild. There were no serious AEs or other significant AEs. CONCLUSION: Quetiapine fumarate XR has a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile at doses ranging from 300 to 800 mg once daily, and a slower time to reach C max and steady state after 3 days of sequential dosing. Therefore, it offers a simple and rapid dose-escalation option and more convenient once-daily administration. The three dosages of quetiapine fumarate XR were generally well-tolerated in this pharmacokinetic study of Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia.

Influence of ABCB1 and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of quetiapine in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia and acute episodes of mania. Quetiapine is metabolized by CYP3A enzymes including CYP3A5 and is a substrate of P-glycoprotein, an efflux drug transporter encoded by the ABCB1 gene. We assessed the effects of ABCB1 [c.1236C>T (rs1128503), c.2677G>T/A (rs2032582), c.3435C>T (rs1045642)] and CYP3A5*3 (6986A>G) (rs776746) polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of quetiapine in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty healthy male individuals were enrolled, and their ABCB1 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms were assessed. After a single dose of 100 mg quetiapine was administered, plasma concentrations of quetiapine were measured for 24 h and pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out. RESULTS: The ABCB1 polymorphisms including c.1236C>T, c.2677G>T/A, and c.3435C>>T did not affect plasma levels of quetiapine, and its pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ among ABCB1 genotype groups. However, the CYP3A5*3 polymorphism significantly affected the plasma level of quetiapine and its pharmacokinetics. The peak plasma concentration of quetiapine was 208.39 ng/ml for CYP3A5*1/*1, 243.46 ng/ml for CYP3A5*1/*3, and 332.94 ng/ml for CYP3A5*3/*3 (P=0.0118). The mean AUC(inf) (area under the time vs. concentration curve from 0 to infinity) value was 627.3, 712.77, and 1045.29 ng h/ml, respectively (P=0.0017). CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the genetic polymorphism of CYP3A5*3 but not ABCB1 significantly influences the plasma level of quetiapine and its pharmacokinetics. These findings suggest that the CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism affects the disposition of quetiapine and provide a plausible explanation for interindividual variation in the disposition of this drug.

Extended-release quetiapine fumarate in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder: adjunct therapy.

Approximately half of the patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) respond insufficiently to current antidepressants, resulting in increased risk of relapse and residual symptoms. Strategies available include dose increase, combination with a second agent, switching antidepressants, adjunct treatment, psychotherapy or exercise. Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) adjunct to index antidepressant therapy in patients with MDD and an inadequate response to treatment were assessed in two acute studies as part of a global clinical trial program. Quetiapine XR significantly improved depressive symptoms versus placebo. Significant improvement in quality of life versus placebo was confined to elderly patients with MDD. Tolerability was consistent with the known pharmacological profile of quetiapine: the most common adverse events were dry mouth, somnolence, sedation, dizziness and fatigue. Quetiapine XR is approved in the EU, USA and several other countries worldwide as adjunctive treatment for patients with MDD and an inadequate response to previous antidepressants.

The role of extended-release quetiapine fumarate monotherapy in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder.

Pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and other nonpharmacological interventions are used in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, 50% of the patients with MDD fail to achieve a response to first-line antidepressant treatment. In four of five acute monotherapy studies, once-daily extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) significantly improved depressive symptoms compared with placebo in patients with MDD. One acute monotherapy study demonstrated that neither quetiapine XR nor escitalopram had a statistically significant separation from placebo on the primary endpoint. Quetiapine XR maintenance therapy also significantly reduced the risk of recurrence of a depressive event. No significant improvement in overall quality of life was observed versus placebo except in the acute elderly study. Tolerability findings were consistent with the known pharmacological profile of quetiapine; the most common adverse events were dry mouth, sedation, somnolence and dizziness. Quetiapine XR monotherapy has been approved as a treatment for MDD in a limited number of countries.

Pharmacodynamic genetic variants related to antipsychotic adverse reactions in healthy volunteers.

AIM: Clinical trials with healthy volunteers are a useful model for evaluating safety and tolerability, without the interference of concomitant diseases and drugs. The present study aims to improve our understanding of antipsychotic-related adverse reactions (ARs) and their possible association with common genetic variants of pharmacodynamic proteins such as neurotransmitter receptors/transporters. MATERIALS & METHODS: A total of eight polymorphisms located in seven pharmacodynamic-related genes (SCL6A4, MDR1, 5HT2A, DRD2, DRD3, COMT and GRIN2B) were genotyped in a cohort of 211 healthy volunteers who received a single dose of risperidone (1 mg), olanzapine (5 mg) or quetiapine (25 mg). RESULTS: Interestingly, a significant association was found between the incidence of neurological ARs and specific polymorphisms in key genes (DRD2 and SCL6A4). CONCLUSION: Genetic variants in pharmacodynamic genes could represent valuable markers of AR risk and antipsychotic safety. Original submitted 7 February 2013; Revision submitted 3 June 2013.

MDR-1 genotypes and quetiapine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: P-glycoprotein is an efflux transporter encoded by the multidrug-resistance MDR-1 gene, which influences the absorption and excretion of a variety of drugs. The relation between quetiapine pharmacokinetics and MDR-1 genetic polymorphisms remains controversial. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the association between quetiapine plasma concentrations and MDR-1 genetic polymorphisms in a bioequivalence trial. METHODS: Quetiapine bioequivalence was studied in 24 unrelated healthy Caucasian adults with an open-label, randomized, cross-over, two-sequence and two-period design. Subjects were genotyped for 3435C>T and 1236C>T single-nucleotide polymorphisms. A linear mixed model was performed to compare pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS: Subjects with 3435T/T genotype vs. C carriers showed a higher area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 36 h (p=0.01). Subjects classified according to 1236C>T SNP and haplotypes showed no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the polymorphic MDR-1, in particular the 3435C>T allelic variant, might influence plasma levels of quetiapine.

Quetiapine and norquetiapine serum concentrations and clinical effects in depressed patients under augmentation therapy with quetiapine.

BACKGROUND: Quetiapine has been recently approved as an add-on therapy in the treatment of major depressive disorders in the case of inadequate response to antidepressant monotherapy. Thereby the antidepressant potential is attributed to the N-demethylated metabolite norquetiapine (NQ). The aim of this cross-sectional analysis was to relate quetiapine (Q) doses to serum concentrations of Q and its active metabolite and clinical effects. METHODS: Data were obtained from patients who had been treated with different antidepressants and augmented under naturalistic conditions with Q for whom blood level measurements were requested. RESULTS: For this analysis, 105 depressed patients were included who had been augmented with Q. The mean daily doses of Q were 222 ± 125 mg. Doses correlated significantly (P < 0.001) with the highly variable serum concentrations of both Q and NQ. Median serum concentrations of Q and NQ were 46 ng/mL (25th to 75th percentile 20-91 ng/mL) and 59 ng/mL (25th to 75th percentile 26-133 ng/mL), respectively. Concentrations per dose ranged from 0.10 to 0.58 ng·ml·mg for Q and from 0.17 to 0.59 ng·ml·mg for NQ. Most patients (55%) received comedications in addition to the antidepressant drug and Q. According to the clinical global impressions scale, 60% of the patients were either much (36%) or very much improved (24%). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis revealed no significant differences of serum concentrations between responders and nonresponders for NQ (P = 0.835) but a trend for Q (P = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS: Due to marked variability of Q and NQ concentrations in the blood, therapeutic drug monitoring may be helpful to identify pharmacokinetic peculiarities. The lack of correlation between serum concentrations of NQ and clinical improvement casts doubts on the concept that NQ is the pharmacologically active principle for the augmentation therapy.

Pharmacokinetic profile of the extended-release formulation of quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR): clinical implications.

OBJECTIVES: A series of studies were conducted to guide the development and characterise the pharmacokinetics of extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR), a once-daily formulation to control the release of the drug. METHODS: Data from these studies are described and discussed herein. RESULTS: Once-daily quetiapine XR produced a similar area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), minimum plasma concentration (Cmin) and a slightly lower maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) than the equivalent dose of immediate-release quetiapine (quetiapine IR) given twice daily. In a crossover, head-to-head study, total daily exposure, measured by AUC at steady state, was less variable with quetiapine XR versus quetiapine IR (percent coefficient of variation 39.2% versus 51.2%, respectively). Compared with fasting, a high-fat meal increased the AUC and Cmax for quetiapine XR, whereas a light meal had no significant effect on these parameters. Quetiapine XR exhibits a less pronounced D2 receptor occupancy peak and receptor occupancy levels remain higher for longer compared with quetiapine IR. Quetiapine XR was generally well tolerated with a safety profile similar to quetiapine IR, although the intensity of sedation in the first hours of treatment was significantly lower (p < 0.01) with quetiapine XR versus IR. CONCLUSION: At steady state, quetiapine XR provided a similar AUC and Cmin and a slightly lower Cmax relative to an equivalent dose of quetiapine IR administered twice daily. Quetiapine XR exhibited linear pharmacokinetics in the dose range tested and no food effect was observed with a light meal. Once-daily dosing and simpler dose titration makes using quetiapine XR convenient for clinicians and patients. Quetiapine XR has predictable pharmacokinetics and was generally well tolerated, with significantly lower intensity of sedation after the first hours of administration compared with quetiapine IR. With once-daily quetiapine XR, the impact of daytime sedation may be mitigated by evening dosing.

A thorough QTc study of 3 doses of iloperidone including metabolic inhibition via CYP2D6 and/or CYP3A4 and a comparison to quetiapine and ziprasidone.

The potential for iloperidone, a D2/5-HT2A antipsychotic, to affect the heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc) was assessed in the absence and presence of metabolic inhibitors in a randomized, open-label, multicenter study. QT interval prolongation by medications, including both conventional and atypical antipsychotic drugs, can predispose patients to cardiac arrhythmias and result in sudden death. Adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and normal electrocardiograms at baseline (N = 188) were randomized 1:1:1:1:1 to iloperidone, 8 mg twice daily (BID), 12 mg BID, 24 mg once daily (QD); quetiapine, 375 mg BID; or ziprasidone, 80 mg BID during period 1 (no metabolic inhibitors present). Iloperidone BID produced mean changes in QTc Fridericia correction (QTcF) interval (8.5-9.0 milliseconds [ms]) similar to those produced by ziprasidone (9.6 ms) and higher than those produced by quetiapine (1.3 ms). Iloperidone, 24 mg QD, produced a mean QTcF change of 15.4 ms. Coadministration of metabolic inhibitors with iloperidone during periods 2 (paroxetine) and 3 (paroxetine and ketoconazole) resulted in greater increases in the QTc interval. Increased QTc was observed in individuals with specific cytochrome P450 2D6 polymorphisms. Up to 10% of patients on iloperidone experienced QTc intervals of 60 ms or longer in the presence of metabolic inhibition and QD dosing. However, no patients experienced QTc changes of clinical concern (QTc ≥ 500 ms). The most common adverse events with iloperidone were headache, anxiety, and dyspepsia. The only cardiovascular adverse events with iloperidone were non-concentration-dependent tachycardia that was mild in most patients and did not lead to further sequelae. Pharmacogenetics and recommendations are discussed.

Eficacia de quetiapina de liberación prolongada en la sintomatología afectiva / Eficcacy of extended release quetiapine in affective symptoms

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Efficacy, tolerability, compliance, and quality of life of patients with mood disorders switched from quetiapine immediate release to extended release.

The present study aimed to assess switch from immediate-release (IR) to extended-release (XR) quetiapine in terms of efficacy, tolerability, compliance, and quality of life in a sample of patients with mood disorders. Thirty patients, 10 with major depressive disorder and 20 with bipolar disorder, with residual depressive symptoms, who had switched from quetiapine IR (mean 365 mg/day) to XR (mean 373 mg/day), were recruited and evaluated using different psychometric scales, administered at T0 (switch), T1, and T2 (1 and 6 weeks after the switch, respectively). A significant reduction from T0 to T2 of the total scores on the Hamilton depression rating scale (t=2.15; P=0.04), Hamilton anxiety scale (t=3.04; P=0.006), and clinical global impression-severity item (t=2.8; P=0.01) was found. No differences were found in terms of compliance and quality of life. The switch was well tolerated by 2/3 of patients. Most reported side effects were early/central insomnia with day drowsiness (16.7%), increased appetite and weight (8.4%), mild asthenia (4.2%), and constipation (4.2%), which, in two cases, led to switch interruption. Strategies to relieve side effects, including gradual cross-switch, improved switch feasibility. Switch from quetiapine IR to XR seems to be associated with clinical improvement in major depressives with residual symptoms, although some patients may report side effects because of the different pharmacokinetics.