Botulinum toxin injection for abductor spasmodic dysphonia under cervical ultrasonography guidance.

Ultrasound (US) imaging effectively provides real-time anatomical information for clinical examinations. In otolaryngology, US imaging can visualize laryngeal muscles as well as cervical muscles. Here we present the case where US imaging was used while injecting botulinum toxin (BT) for the treatment of abductor spasmodic dysphonia, which provided definite results. We could visualize not only the injection pathway but also the infiltration of the BT solution into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. Therefore, our laryngeal US imaging is useful for both improving the success rate and avoiding injection complications of BT.

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscle Tension in Primary Muscle Tension Dysphonia with Shear Wave Elastography.

OBJECTIVES: It has been assumed that patients with primary muscle tension dysphonia (pMTD) have more extrinsic laryngeal muscle (ELM) tension, but tools to study this phenomenon lack. Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a potential method to address these shortcomings. The objectives of this study were to apply SWE to the ELMs, compare SWE measures to standard clinical metrics, and determine group differences in pMTD and typical voice users before and after vocal load. METHODS: SWE measurements of the ELMs from ultrasound examinations of the anterior neck, supraglottic compression severities from laryngoscopic images, cepstral peak prominences (CPP) from voice recordings, and self-perceptual ratings of vocal effort and discomfort were obtained in voice users with (N = 30) and without (N = 35) pMTD, before and after a vocal load challenge. RESULTS: ELM tension significantly increased from rest-to-voiced conditions in both groups. However, the groups were similar in their ELM stiffness levels at SWE at baseline, during vocalization, and post-vocal load. Levels of vocal effort and discomfort and supraglottic compression were significantly higher and CPP was significantly lower in the pMTD group. Vocal load had a significant effect on vocal effort and discomfort but not on laryngeal or acoustic patterns. CONCLUSION: SWE can be used to quantify ELM tension with voicing. Although the pMTD group reported significantly higher levels of vocal effort and vocal tract discomfort and, on average, exhibited significantly more severe supraglottic compression and lower CPP values, there were no group differences in levels of ELM tension using SWE. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Laryngoscope, 133:3482-3491, 2023.

Disfonia: retrato de um grupo populacional na cidade de Guarulhos / Dysphonia: portrait of a population group in the city of Guarulhos / Disfonía: retrato de un grupo de población en la ciudad de Guarulhos

Introdução: A disfonia causa impacto na qualidade de vida e no mercado de trabalho, sendo sinto-ma importante para triagem de neoplasia laríngea. Objetivo: Realizar avaliação estatística de um grupo populacional da cidade de Guarulhos com queixa de disfonia. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com utilização de amostra correspondente a 2.564 exames, videolaringoscópicos ou nasofibrolaringoscó-picos, de pacientes acima de 5 anos de idade, no município de Guarulhos da região metropolitana de São Paulo, pelo mesmo médico otorrinolaringologista e pelo mesmo fonoaudiólogo, entre os meses de abril de 2011 e abril de 2012. Avaliaram-se as alterações no diagnóstico da voz, levando em consideração idade e sexo dos pacientes. Foram descritos os sexos das pessoas segundo diagnósticos com uso de frequências absolutas e relativas e verificou-se a existência de associação entre sexo e diagnóstico através do uso de teste da razão de verossimilhanças (Kirkwood e Sterne, 2006). As idades foram descritas, segundo diagnósticos, com uso de medidas resumo (média, desvio-padrão (DP), mediana, mínimo e máximo), e foram comparadas as idades entre os diagnósticos, com uso de teste análise de variâncias (ANOVA) seguido de comparações múltiplas de Tukey (Neter et al., 1996). Os testes foram realizados com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Há maior frequência de homens com diagnóstico de neoplasias ou câncer que nos demais diagnósticos. Dos 2.564 exames, 477 apresentaram laringite crônica, sendo 69% do gênero feminino; 279 disfonia funcional, 63,4% do gênero feminino; 137 alterações estruturais míni-mas (AEM), 69,3% do gênero feminino; 36 disfunções neurológicas, sendo igualmente divididos entre os gêneros; e 12 apresentaram neoplasias, sendo 83,3% do masculino. Conclusão: Verificou-se maior número de alterações benignas no gênero feminino. Neoplasias e disfunções neurológicas predominaram no gênero masculino. A disfonia funcional e as AEM ocorrem em pacientes abaixo dos 40 anos, enquanto as demais ocorrem até em idades avançadas, acima dos 50 anos.

Introduction: Dysphonia impacts in quality of life and in the labor market, being an important symptom for screening laryngeal neoplasia. Objective: Perform a statistical evaluation of a population group in the city of Guarulhos complaining of dysphonia. Method: This is a cross-sectional study using a sample corresponding to 2,564 examinations, videolaryngoscopic or nasofibrolaryngoscopic, of pa-tients over 5 years of age, in the municipality of Guarulhos of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, by the same ENT physician and the same speech therapist, between April 2011 and April 2012. Changes in voice diagnosis were evaluated taking into account the age and gender of the patient. The sex of subjects was described according to diagnoses using absolute and relative frequencies, and the existence of an association between sex and diagnosis was verified through the use of likelihood ratio testing (Kirkwood and Sterne, 2006). Ages were described according to diagnoses using summary measurements (mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum), and compared the ages between diagnoses, using variance analysis (ANOVA) followed by multiple comparisons by Tukey (Neter et al., 1996). The tests were performed with a significance level of 5%. Results: There is a higher frequency of men diagnosed with neoplasms or cancer than in other diagnoses. Of the 2,564 tests, 477 had chronic laryngitis, 69% in females; 279 functional dysphonia, 63.4% female; 137 minimal structural alterations (AEM), 69.3% female; 36 neurological dysfunctions, being equally divided between genders; and 12 presented neoplasms, 83.3% in males. Conclusion: There were a higher number of benign alterations in the female gender. Neoplasms and neurological dysfunctions predominated in males. Functional dysphonia and AEM occur in patients under 40 years of age, while the others occur even at advanced ages, above 50 years of age.

Introducción: La disfonía impacta en la calidad de vida y en el mercado laboral, siendo un sínto-ma importante para el cribado de la neoplasia laríngea. Objetivo: Realizar una evaluación estadística de un grupo poblacional de la ciudad de Guarulhos que se queja de disfonía. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal que utiliza una muestra correspondiente a 2564 exámenes, videolaringoscópicos o nasofibrolaringoscópicos, de pacientes mayores de 5 años, en el municipio de Guarulhos de la región metropolitana de São Paulo, realizados por el mismo otorrinolaringólogo y el mismo logopeda, entre abril de 2011 y abril de 2012. Los cambios en el diagnóstico de voz se evaluaron teniendo en cuenta la edad y el sexo de las personas. Los sexos de las personas se describieron de acuerdo con los diagnósticos utilizando frecuencias absolutas y relativas, y la existencia de una asociación entre el sexo y el diagnóstico se verificó mediante el uso de pruebas de razón de probabilidad (Kirkwood y Sterne, 2006). Las edades se describieron de acuerdo con los diagnósticos utilizando mediciones resumidas (media, desviación estándar, mediana, mínima y máxima), y se compararon las edades entre los diagnósticos, utilizando el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) seguido de comparaciones múltiples de Tukey (Neter et al., 1996). Las pruebas se realizaron con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: Hay una mayor frecuencia de hombres diagnosticados con neoplasias o cáncer que en otros diagnósticos. De las 2.564 pruebas, 477 presentaban laringitis crónica, el 69% en mujeres; 279 disfonía funcional, el 63,4% mujeres; 137 alteraciones estructurales mínimas (AEM), el 69,3% mujeres; 36 disfunciones neurológicas, estando divididas por igual entre géneros; y 12 presentaban neoplasias, el 83,3% en varones. Conclusión: Hubo un mayor número de alteraciones benignas en el género femenino. Las neoplasias y las disfunciones neurológicas predominaron en los varones. La disfonía funcional y la AEM ocurren en pacientes menores de 40 años de edad, mientras que las otras ocurren incluso a edades avanzadas, por encima de los 50 años de edad.

Immediate and long-term effects of speech treatment targets and intensive dosage on Parkinson's disease dysphonia and the speech motor network: Randomized controlled trial.

This study compared acoustic and neural changes accompanying two treatments matched for intensive dosage but having two different treatment targets (voice or articulation) to dissociate the effects of treatment target and intensive dosage in speech therapies. Nineteen participants with Parkinsonian dysphonia (11 F) were randomized to three groups: intensive treatment targeting voice (voice group, n = 6), targeting articulation (articulation group, n = 7), or an untreated group (no treatment, n = 6). The severity of dysphonia was assessed by the smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS) and neuronal changes were evaluated by cerebral blood flow (CBF) recorded at baseline, posttreatment, and 7-month follow-up. Only the voice treatment resulted in significant posttreatment improvement in CPPS, which was maintained at 7 months. Following voice treatment, increased activity in left premotor and bilateral auditory cortices was observed at posttreatment, and in the left motor and auditory cortices at 7-month follow-up. Articulation treatment resulted in increased activity in bilateral premotor and left insular cortices that were sustained at a 7-month follow-up. Activation in the auditory cortices and a significant correlation between the CPPS and CBF in motor and auditory cortices was observed only in the voice group. The intensive dosage resulted in long-lasting behavioral and neural effects as the no-treatment group showed a progressive decrease in activity in areas of the speech motor network out to a 7-month follow-up. These results indicate that dysphonia and the speech motor network can be differentially modified by treatment targets, while intensive dosage contributes to long-lasting effects of speech treatments.

Strain Elastosonography Measurement in Patients with Primary Muscle Tension Dysphonia Compared with Healthy Speakers: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate real-time elastosonography (RTE) to measure strain of the (para)laryngeal muscles in patients with primary muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) and healthy speakers. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Ten patients with primary MTD (37.8 ± 10.53 years) and 10 healthy speakers (36.9 ± 9.8 years) participated. Participants were diagnosed as MTD patient or healthy via voice history, voice self-assessment, perceptual voice evaluation, laryngeal palpation, and videostroboscopy. Then, RTE was performed to extract strain index (SI) and strain ratio (SR) for all participants. The RTE was utilized for the suprahyoid, thyrohyoid, and the cricothyroid muscles, both in right and left sides during rest, /a/, and /i/ prolongations. To study the effect of group, task, and interactive effect on the SI and SR, two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed. RESULTS: The effect of group on the SI was significant for the right cricothyroid (P ˂ 0.001). Significant effect of group on the SR obtained for the right suprahyoid, left thyrohyoid, and right cricothyroid (P < 0.05). Moreover, the only muscle whose SR was significantly affected by task was the left suprahyoid (P < 0.05). Compared to healthy speakers, the interactive effect was significantly lower in SI for the left cricothyroid, and higher in SR for both the right suprahyoid and left cricothyroid in patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The RTE can discriminate patients with primary MTD from healthy subjects in some laryngeal muscles, especially suprahyoid and cricothyroid. It may be regarded as a clinical instrument in the assessment of MTD in future. Further studies with bigger sample size are recommended.

Voz do idoso: o avanço da idade gera diferentes impactos? / Aged voice: does advancing age generate different impacts?

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar se existem diferenças em aspectos vocais entre idosos com presbifonia, divididos em três faixas etárias. Método Participaram 60 idosos de ambos os sexos com idades entre 60 e 90 anos (média=72,3), com diagnóstico de presbifonia estabelecido em avaliação otorrinolaringológica. A partir da gravação das vozes foi realizada análise perceptivo-auditiva e acústica e os dados foram comparados por meio dos testes estatísticos com os participantes divididos nos grupos etários 60-70 anos, 71-80 anos e 81-90 anos. Resultados Ainda que os idosos dos três grupos tenham apresentado alterações em aspectos vocais variados, como instabilidade e ruído em frequências graves, aqueles com mais de 80 anos apresentaram maior grau de disfonia, rugosidade, soprosidade e pitch. Também foram observados neste grupo maiores desvios em jitter, shimmer e irregularidade e a medida GNE no limite da normalidade. Todas as diferenças foram estatisticamente significativas. A maioria dos idosos dessa faixa etária apresentou ainda alteração no diagrama de desvio fonatório e quebra de frequência. Conclusão Diversos aspectos perceptivo-auditivos e acústicos se apresentaram mais desviados nos idosos mais velhos, o que reforça a necessidade de serem consideradas essas especificidades tanto na avaliação dos efeitos do envelhecimento na voz quanto no desenvolvimento de ações para minimizar o declínio vocal.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify if there are differences in the vocal aspects of older people from three different age groups with presbyphonia diagnosis. Methods Sixty older adults joined this study. They were both female and male, with an age range from 60 to 90 years old (average: 72.3) and with presbyphonia diagnosis established after otolaryngology evaluation. From their voice recordings, it was possible to make the acoustic and auditory-perceptual analysis. The data collected was compared through statistical tests considering the division of the participants into the following groups: 60-70 years old, 71-80 years old, and 81-90 years old. Results Even though the older people from all of the three groups have presented deviation in multiple vocal aspects such as instability and vocal noise in low frequencies, those with more than 80 years old have presented a higher deviation of the general grade of dysphonia, roughness, breathiness, and pitch. In this group, it was also observed higher deviations in jitter, shimmer, vocal breaks, and the GNE measure on the edge of normality. All the differences were statistically significant. The majority of the older participants from that group presented even a deviation in the phonatory deviation diagram and frequency break. Conclusion Various acoustic and auditory-perceptual aspects had a higher deviation in the older adults over 80 years old, which reinforces the need to consider those specificities in the evaluation of the vocal aging impacts and also in the development of actions to minimize vocal declination.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnet resonance imaging evaluation of adductor spasmodic dysphonia during phonation.

BACKGROUND: Reduced intracortical inhibition is a neurophysiologic finding in focal dystonia that suggests a broader problem of impaired cortical excitability within the brain. A robust understanding of the neurophysiology in dystonia is essential to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disorder and develop new treatments. The cortical silent period (cSP) is a reliable, non-invasive method to measure intracortical inhibition in the primary motor cortex associated with a muscle of interest. In adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD), cSP of the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC) which directly corresponds to the affected musculature, the thyroarytenoid (TA), has not been examined. OBJECTIVE: This work evaluated the cSP of the LMC and the relationship between cSP and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activation in people with AdSD (n = 12) compared to healthy controls (CTL, n = 14). RESULTS: Shortened LMC cSP were observed bilaterally in people with AdSD vs CTL (F(1, 99) = 19.5226, p < 0.0001), with a large effect size (η2 = 0.1834). Between-group fMRI analysis revealed greater activation in bilateral LMC in the AdSD > CTL contrast as compared to CTL > AdSD contrast. Correlation analysis showed that people with AdSD have positive correlation of left LMC BOLD activation and the cSP. Further, the right LMC cSP lacks either positive or negative associations with BOLD activation. CTL individuals displayed both positive and negative correlations between cSP and BOLD activation in the left LMC. In CTL, the LMC cSP and BOLD activation showed exclusively negative correlations in both hemispheres. CONCLUSION: In AdSD, the cortical activation during phonation may not be efficiently or effectively associated with inhibitory processes, leading to muscular dysfunction. These findings may give insight into the maladaptive cortical control during phonation in people with AdSD.

Auditory Feedback Control Mechanisms Do Not Contribute to Cortical Hyperactivity Within the Voice Production Network in Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia.

Purpose Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD), the most common form of spasmodic dysphonia, is a debilitating voice disorder characterized by hyperactivity and muscle spasms in the vocal folds during speech. Prior neuroimaging studies have noted excessive brain activity during speech in participants with ADSD compared to controls. Speech involves an auditory feedback control mechanism that generates motor commands aimed at eliminating disparities between desired and actual auditory signals. Thus, excessive neural activity in ADSD during speech may reflect, at least in part, increased engagement of the auditory feedback control mechanism as it attempts to correct vocal production errors detected through audition. Method To test this possibility, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify differences between participants with ADSD (n = 12) and age-matched controls (n = 12) in (a) brain activity when producing speech under different auditory feedback conditions and (b) resting-state functional connectivity within the cortical network responsible for vocalization. Results As seen in prior studies, the ADSD group had significantly higher activity than the control group during speech with normal auditory feedback (compared to a silent baseline task) in three left-hemisphere cortical regions: ventral Rolandic (sensorimotor) cortex, anterior planum temporale, and posterior superior temporal gyrus/planum temporale. Importantly, this same pattern of hyperactivity was also found when auditory feedback control of speech was eliminated through masking noise. Furthermore, the ADSD group had significantly higher resting-state functional connectivity between sensorimotor and auditory cortical regions within the left hemisphere as well as between the left and right hemispheres. Conclusions Together, our results indicate that hyperactivation in the cortical speech network of individuals with ADSD does not result from hyperactive auditory feedback control mechanisms and rather is likely related to impairments in somatosensory feedback control and/or feedforward control mechanisms.

Surgical Impact of the Montgomery Implant System on Arytenoid Cartilage and the Paralyzed Vocal Fold.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Medialization thyroplasty (MT) has become a prominent method for treating glottal insufficiency. This study aimed to visualize the biomechanical influence of a medialization implant on arytenoid cartilage, particularly on the length and level of paralyzation in the vocal fold, in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: We recruited 15 patients (10 men, 5 women) with unilateral vocal fold paralysis that underwent MT with a Montgomery® thyroplasty implant. We performed high-resolution computed tomography of the arytenoid cartilage before and after MT and analyzed the three-dimensional images. To visualize the movement of the arytenoid and to measure the lengthening of the vocal fold, we superimposed pre- and postoperative 3D images with MIMICS software. RESULTS: On the affected side, the implant pushed the arytenoid backwards. In addition, the vocal process of the arytenoid was inwardly rotated. These movements resulted in an elongated, augmented vocal fold on the affected side. CONCLUSION: MT led to an elongated, medialized vocal fold on the treated side. After the intervention, the vocal folds on both sides were the same length in the phonatory position.

Clinical Application of Two-Dimensional Scanning Digital Kymography in Discrimination of Diplophonia.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of diplophonia using an auditory perception and multimodal simultaneous examination, which included sound waveform analysis, electroglottography (EGG), digital kymography (DKG), and 2-dimensional scanning digital kymography (2D DKG). Additionally, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of each method using a binary classifier in confusion matrix and convenience of discrimination, based on the time required for interpretation. Method One normophonic male, 12 patients with diplophonia, and 12 dysphonia patients without diplophonia were enrolled. A multimodal simultaneous evaluation was used to analyze the vibration pattern of diplophonia. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, area under the curve, and interpretation time were used to compare the various diagnostic methods. Discrimination was determined by 3 raters. Results There are 3 types of asymmetric vibratory patterns in diplophonia. The types are based on the oscillators vibrating at different frequencies: asymmetry of the left and right cords (6 subjects with unilateral palsy and 1 subject with vocal polyps), asymmetry of anterior and posterior cords (2 subjects with vocal polyps), and asymmetry of true and false cords (3 subjects with muscle tension dysphonia). All evaluation methods were useful as diagnostic tools, with all areas under the curve > .70. The diagnostic accuracy was highest with DKG (95.83%), followed by 2D DKG (83.33%), EGG (81.94%), auditory-perceptual evaluation (80.56%), and sound waveform (77.78%). The interpretation time was the shortest for auditory-perceptual evaluation (6.07 ± 1.34 s), followed by 2D DKG (10.04 ± 3.00 s), EGG (12.49 ± 2.76 s), and DKG (13.53 ± 2.60 s). Conclusions Auditory-perceptual judgment was the easiest and fastest method for experienced raters, but its diagnostic accuracy was lower than that of DKG or 2D DKG. The diagnostic accuracy of DKG was the highest, but 2D DKG allowed rapid interpretation and showed relatively high diagnostic accuracy, except in cases with space-occupying lesions. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9911786.

The extrinsic risk and its association with neural alterations in spasmodic dysphonia.

INTRODUCTION: Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is an isolated focal dystonia characterized by laryngeal spasms during voluntary voice production. Environmental factors have been assumed to play a role in SD pathophysiology; however, the exact extrinsic risk factors and their association with neural alterations remain unknown. METHODS: A total of 186 SD patients and 85 healthy controls completed a structured 177-question survey, consisting of questions on general biographical information, medical history, symptomatology of dystonia. Data were imputed in a stepwise regression model to identify extrinsic risk factors for SD. In addition, functional MRI data from a subset of this cohort were analyzed to determine brain activation abnormalities associated with the SD extrinsic risk. RESULTS: We found that (1) recurrent upper respiratory infections, gastroesophageal reflux, and neck trauma, all of which influence sensory feedback from the larynx, represent extrinsic risk factors, likely triggering the manifestation of SD symptoms, and (2) neural alterations in the regions necessary for sensorimotor preparation and integration are influenced by an extrinsic risk in susceptible individuals. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence for the extrinsic risk in SD development and demonstrate the link with alterations in the sensorimotor preparatory network that collectively contribute to the multifactorial pathophysiology of SD.

The Value of Dynamic Voice CT Scan for Complex Airway Patients Undergoing Voice Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Dynamic voice computerized tomography (DVCT) is a novel technique that provides additional information to characterize laryngeal function for patients with complex airway history that may alter surgical decisions. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of DVCT on decision making for reconstructive voice surgery for a cohort of post-airway reconstruction dysphonia patients. METHODS: Retrospective chart review at a pediatric tertiary care center for patients with history of complex airway surgery and subsequent reconstructive voice surgery for dysphonia between 2010 and 2016. The study group had a DVCT prior to surgery while the control group underwent surgery without a DVCT. Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) and pediatric Voice Handicap Index (pVHI) scores were evaluated by the voice clinic team (otolaryngologist, speech therapist) before and after voice surgery. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were analyzed (14 female, 67%) with a mean age (SD) of 14 (4.5) years old. Ninety percent (17/21) had a prior tracheostomy and a mean (SD) of 2.6 (1.3) airway surgeries. Twelve patients (57%) underwent DVCT prior to reconstructive voice surgery. CAPE-V baseline scores were similar between study and controls (means [SE] = 49 [4.6] and 57 [6.0], P = .72). However, scores significantly improved for the study group after voice surgery (mean [SE] = 31 (4.7), P < .0001) while controls did not improve (58 [5.7], P = .99). Baseline VHI scores were similar between both groups: mean (SE) = 54 (5.4) versus 52 (6.2), respectively, P = .99. Postsurgically, VHI scores were also similar between both groups (means [SE]: 46 [7.1] vs 47 [4.5], P = .99). Reconstructive voice surgery for study patients included posterior cricoid reduction (46%), vocal fold medialization/augmentation (46%), and laryngeal reinnervation (7.7%) while all controls underwent a single treatment (vocal fold medialization/augmentation). CONCLUSION: Patients with preoperative DVCT were more likely to have improvement. DVCT appeared to have altered surgical decision making and has allowed tailoring of reconstructive surgery to specific patients' needs. DVCT could represent an important tool prior to reconstructive surgery to guide the choice of surgical procedures for complex airway patients.

Caracterización de los pacientes con disfonía evaluados en la unidad de voz pediátrica del Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna / Characterization of patients with dysphonia evaluated in the pediatric voice unit of the Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital

RESUMEN Introducción: La importancia del diagnóstico y manejo adecuado de los trastornos vocales en pacientes pediátricos, radica en que un mismo síntoma como la disfonía, puede tener etiologías de significación variable. Objetivo: Conocer la epidemiología y características de los pacientes pediátricos con disfonía crónica derivados a la Unidad de Voz del Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, y con ello generar un protocolo de diagnóstico y manejo coordinado entre fonoaudiólogos y otorrinolaringólogos. Material y método: Estudio prospectivo descriptivo con revisión de fichas clínicas y protocolos operatorios de pacientes que se controlan en la Unidad de Voz del Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna. Resultados: En la unidad de voz hay en seguimiento 22 niños con una edad promedio de 10 años. Las lesiones diagnosticadas con mayor frecuencia mediante videonasolaringoscopía fueron los nódulos vocales (n =10) y el aumento de volumen asimétrico a nivel cordal (n =8). Se pudo realizar telelaringoscopía con videoestroboscopía en el 81,8% de los pacientes. Del total de pacientes en control, 10 requirieron laringoscopía directa. Conclusión: La disfonía en el niño suele ser un síntoma subestimado y, por ende, no tratado. Consideramos que una unidad de voz infantil debe preocuparse de evaluar sus pacientes con tecnología acorde a su edad y de realizar un seguimiento adecuado de los tratamientos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adequate diagnosis and proper management of voice disorders in pediatric patients lies in that the symptom dysphonia, can have etiologies of variable significance. Aim: To evaluate the epidemiology and characteristics of pediatric patients with chronic dysphonia that are referred to the voice unit of Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, and thereby generate a diagnostic protocol and coordinated management strategy between speech pathologist and otolaryngologist. Material and method: Prospective descriptive study with review of clinical files and operative protocols of patients followed-up at the voice unit of the Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital. Results: In the voice unit, there are 22 children being followed up. The most frequently diagnosed lesions with videonasolaryngoscopy were vocal nodules (n=10) and asymmetric volume on the vocal cord (n=8). We performed telelaryngoscopy with videostroboscopy in 81.8% of patients. Of all the patients, 10 required direct laryngoscopy. Conclusions: Dysphonia in children is usually an underestimated symptom and, therefore, not treated. We believe that a children's voice unit should evaluate their patients with the appropriate technology according to the patients age, and to carry out an adequate follow-up of the treatments administered.

Exploring the Neural Bases of Primary Muscle Tension Dysphonia: A Case Study Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Primary muscle tension dysphonia (pMTD) is a voice disorder that occurs in the absence of laryngeal pathology. Dysregulated activity of the paralaryngeal muscles is considered the proximal cause; however, the central origin of this aberrant laryngeal muscle activation is unclear. The Trait Theory (Roy and Bless, 2000a,b) proposed that specific personality traits can predispose one to laryngeal motor inhibition and pMTD, and this inhibition is mediated by a hyperactive "behavioral inhibition system (BIS)" composed of limbic system structures (and associated prefrontal connections). This case study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to detect brain activation changes associated with successful management of pMTD, thereby evaluating possible neural correlates of this poorly understood disorder. METHOD: A 61-year-old woman with moderate-to-severe pMTD underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scans before and immediately after successful treatment using manual circumlaryngeal techniques. Experimental stimuli were blocks of repeated vowel production and overt sentence reading. RESULTS: Significantly greater activation was observed pre- versus posttreatment in all regions of interest during sentence production, that is, periaqueductal gray, amygdala, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Brodmann area 10, and premotor and inferior sensorimotor cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are compatible with overactivation of neural regions associated with the BIS (cingulate cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray) and motor inhibition networks (eg, [pre-]supplementary motor area) along with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex. Heightened input from limbic regions combined with dysfunctional prefrontal regulation may interfere with laryngeal motor preparation, initiation, and execution thereby contributing to disordered voice in pMTD.

Efficacy of Two-dimensional Scanning Digital Kymography in Evaluation of Atrophic Vocal Folds.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of two-dimensional scanning digital kymography (2D DKG) in patients with vocal cord atrophy before and after treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the characteristics of vocal fold vibration in five patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis and five patients with presbyphonia. In patients with vocal cord paralysis, the status before and after intracordal injection was compared. Furthermore, in patients with presbyphonia, we compared the status before and after voice therapy (Seong-Tae Kim's laryngeal calibration technique). Quantitative parameters such as amplitude and phase symmetry indices, jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio, and maximum phonation time and qualitative parameters such as Voice Handicap Index, glottal gap, amplitude, and phase difference were used to evaluate the pre- and post-treatment status. RESULTS: In cases of vocal cord paralysis, vibratory changes of the vocal folds before and after intracordal injection could be identified immediately using 2D DKG. In overcorrection cases, all of the measured parameters were poor except for improvement of the glottal gap. In addition, 2D DKG showed appropriately the changes in vocal cord vibration before and after voice therapy in patients with presbyphonia. CONCLUSION: Two-dimensional DKG may be a useful diagnostic tool in evaluation of the vibratory characteristics of entire vocal cords. In addition, it may also play a role in providing a decision for treatment modalities.

Behavioral Profile of Children With Vocal Fold Nodules-A Case-control Study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the overall behavior of children with vocal fold nodules (VNs). METHODS: The study group included children with VNs between 4 and 15 years old diagnosed using fiberoptic video laryngoscopy with stroboscopy in a tertiary university hospital. As a control group, children between 4 and 13 years old without VNs, routinely followed up in a primary care facility, were included in the study. Parents of the participants completed the parent-proxy strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ), a brief behavioral screening questionnaire designed for children. The SDQ evaluates emotional, conduct, and peer problems, and also focuses on hyperactivity and prosocial behavior. Children are classified into "normal," "borderline," or "abnormal" according to the total SDQ score. RESULTS: Twenty-seven children (24 boys and 3 girls) with VNs and 41 controls (33 boys and 8 girls) were enrolled in the study. The two groups did not differ significantly in age or gender (P > 0.05). Statistical analysis revealed that 52% individuals of the VNs group presents borderline or abnormal overall behavioral, which is statistically different from the general population (P < 0.001). Total, hyperactivity, and prosocial SDQ subscales were statistically different between study groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest association between VNs and hyperactivity and also with poorer prosocial behaviors in children for the first time. We propose that every child with VNs must be evaluated from a behavioral point of view to detect and to treat potential underlying psychological conditions that may interfere with VNs treatment and prognosis.

A Computerized Tomography Study of Vocal Tract Setting in Hyperfunctional Dysphonia and in Belting.

BACKGROUND: Vocal tract setting in hyperfunctional patients is characterized by a high larynx and narrowing of the epilaryngeal and pharyngeal region. Similar observations have been made for various singing styles, eg, belting. The voice quality in belting has been described to be loud, speech like, and high pitched. It is also often described as sounding "pressed" or "tense". The above mentioned has led to the hypothesis that belting may be strenuous to the vocal folds. However, singers and teachers of belting do not regard belting as particularly strenuous. PURPOSE: This study investigates possible similarities and differences between hyperfunctional voice production and belting. This study concerns vocal tract setting. METHODS: Four male patients with hyperfunctional dysphonia and one male contemporary commercial music singer were registered with computerized tomography while phonating on [a:] in their habitual speaking pitch. Additionally, the singer used the pitch G4 in belting. The scannings were studied in sagittal and transversal dimensions by measuring lengths, widths, and areas. RESULTS: Various similarities were found between belting and hyperfunction: high vertical larynx position, small hypopharyngeal width, and epilaryngeal outlet. On the other hand, belting differed from dysphonia (in addition to higher pitch) by a wider lip and jaw opening, and larger volumes of the oral cavity. CONCLUSIONS: Belting takes advantage of "megaphone shape" of the vocal tract. Future studies should focus on modeling and simulation to address sound energy transfer. Also, they should consider aerodynamic variables and vocal fold vibration to evaluate the "price of decibels" in these phonation types.

Polygenic Risk of Spasmodic Dysphonia is Associated With Vulnerable Sensorimotor Connectivity.

Spasmodic dysphonia (SD), or laryngeal dystonia, is an isolated task-specific dystonia of unknown causes and pathophysiology that selectively affects speech production. Using next-generation whole-exome sequencing in SD patients, we computed polygenic risk score from 1804 genetic markers based on a genome-wide association study in another form of similar task-specific focal dystonia, musician's dystonia. We further examined the associations between the polygenic risk score, resting-state functional connectivity abnormalities within the sensorimotor network, and SD clinical characteristics. We found that the polygenic risk of dystonia was significantly associated with decreased functional connectivity in the left premotor/primary sensorimotor and inferior parietal cortices in SD patients. Reduced connectivity of the inferior parietal cortex was correlated with the age of SD onset. The polygenic risk score contained a significant number of genetic variants lying near genes related to synaptic transmission and neural development. Our study identified a polygenic contribution to the overall genetic risk of dystonia in the cohort of SD patients. Associations between the polygenic risk and reduced functional connectivity of the sensorimotor and inferior parietal cortices likely represent an endophenotypic imaging marker of SD, while genes involved in synaptic transmission and neuron development may be linked to the molecular pathophysiology of this disorder.

Observer Agreement for Measurements in Videolaryngostroboscopy.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the levels of intraobserver and interobserver agreement for measurements of visuoperceptual variables in videolaryngostroboscopic examinations and compared the observers' behavior during independent versus consensus panel rating. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective study. SETTING: This study was conducted in a single-center tertiary care facility. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-four patients with dysphonia of heterogeneous etiology were included. EXPOSURE: All subjects underwent a standardized videolaryngostroboscopic examination. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: Two experienced and trained observers scored exactly the same examinations, first independently and then on a consensus panel. Specific visuoperceptual variables and the clinical diagnosis (as recommended by the Committee on Phoniatrics and the Phonosurgery Committee of the European Laryngological Society and advised by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) were scored. Descriptive and kappa statistics were used. RESULTS: In general, intraobserver agreement was better than agreement between observers for measurements of several variables. The intrapanel observer agreement levels were slightly higher than the intraobserver agreement levels on the independent rating task. When rating on the consensus panel, the observers deviated considerably from the scores they had previously given on the independent rating task. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Observer agreement in videolaryngostroboscopic assessment has important implications not only for the diagnosis and treatment of dysphonic patients but also for the interpretation of the results of scientific studies using videolaryngostroboscopic outcome parameters. The identification of factors that can influence the levels of observer agreement can provide a better understanding of the rating process and its limitations. The results of this study suggest that future research could achieve better agreement levels by rating the visuoperceptual variables in a panel setting.