Association between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and long-term adverse outcomes of heart failure patients with coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: The triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) is recognized as a reliable surrogate for evaluating insulin resistance and an effective predictor of cardiovascular disease. However, the link between TyG-BMI index and adverse outcomes in heart failure (HF) patients remains unclear. This study examines the correlation of the TyG-BMI index with long-term adverse outcomes in HF patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: This single-center, prospective cohort study included 823 HF patients with CHD. The TyG-BMI index was calculated as follows: ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)/2] × BMI. To explore the association between the TyG-BMI index and the occurrences of all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization, we utilized multivariate Cox regression models and restricted cubic splines with threshold analysis. RESULTS: Over a follow-up period of 9.4 years, 425 patients died, and 484 were rehospitalized due to HF. Threshold analysis revealed a significant reverse "J"-shaped relationship between the TyG-BMI index and all-cause mortality, indicating a decreased risk of all-cause mortality with higher TyG-BMI index values below 240.0 (adjusted model: HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.86-0.93; Log-likelihood ratio p = 0.003). A distinct "U"-shaped nonlinear relationship was observed with HF rehospitalization, with the inflection point at 228.56 (adjusted model: below: HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.98; above: HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.03-1.13; Log-likelihood ratio p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals a nonlinear association between the TyG-BMI index and both all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization in HF patients with CHD, positioning the TyG-BMI index as a significant prognostic marker in this population.

Association between egg consumption and mortality risk in United States adults with established coronary heart disease or stroke: A cohort study using data from NHANES 1999-2018.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the relationship between egg consumption and mortality in individuals with pre-existing coronary heart disease or stroke. METHODS: This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 1999 and 2018. Egg consumption was evaluated through 24 h dietary recalls at baseline. Mortality status was tracked until December 31, 2019. Survey-weighted Cox proportional hazards models were utilized. RESULTS: The study involved 3,975 participants aged 20 years or older with a median follow-up of 89.00 months. A total of 1,675 individuals died during follow-up. Compared to individuals who did not consume eggs, the consumption of 0-50 g/day (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.033, 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.878-1.214) was not found to have a significant association with all-cause mortality. However, consuming 50-100 g/day (HR = 1.281, 95% CI = 1.004-1.635) and >100 g/day (HR = 1.312, 95% CI =1.036-1.661) exhibited a significant association with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. We identified a non-liner relationship between egg consumption and cardiovascular mortality, where the risk was found to be lowest at an intake of about 50 g/day. For individuals consuming more than 50 g/day, each additional 50 g increment in egg consumption was significantly linked to an elevated risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR = 1.276, 95% CI = 1.009-1.614). CONCLUSION: In U.S. adults with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, a significant positive association was found between consuming over 50 g of eggs per day and the risk of mortality, highlighting the importance of moderate intake.

Closing the sex gap in cardiovascular mortality by achieving both horizontal and vertical equity.

Addressing sex differences and disparities in coronary heart disease (CHD) involves achieving both horizontal and vertical equity in healthcare. Horizontal equity in the context of CHD means that both men and women with comparable health statuses should have equal access to diagnosis, treatment, and management of CHD. To achieve this, it is crucial to promote awareness among the general public about the signs and symptoms of CHD in both sexes, so that both women and men may seek timely medical attention. Women often face inequity in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Current guidelines do not differ based on sex, but their applications based on gender do differ. Vertical equity means tailoring healthcare to allow equitable care for all. Steps towards achieving this include developing treatment protocols and guidelines that consider the unique aspects of CHD in women. It also requires implementing guidelines equally, when there is not sex difference rather than inequities in application of guideline directed care.

Excess morbidity and mortality associated with underuse of estrogen replacement therapy in premenopausal women who undergo surgical menopause.

BACKGROUND: Contrary to clinical guidelines, there has been a decrease over time in estrogen therapy use in premenopausal women undergoing bilateral oophorectomy for benign indications. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the excess morbidity and mortality associated with current patterns of estrogen therapy use in women who undergo bilateral oophorectomy with hysterectomy for benign indications. STUDY DESIGN: We developed 2 Bayesian sampling Markov state-transition models to estimate the excess disease incidence (incidence model) and mortality (mortality model). The starting cohort for both models were women who had undergone bilateral oophorectomy with hysterectomy for benign indications at the age of 45 to 49 years. The models tracked outcomes in 5-year intervals for 25 years. The incidence model estimated excess incidence of breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke, whereas the mortality model estimated excess mortality due to breast cancer, lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and all-other-cause mortality. The models compared current rates of estrogen therapy use with optimal (100%) use and calculated the mean difference in each simulated outcome to determine excess disease incidence and death. RESULTS: By 25 years after bilateral oophorectomy with hysterectomy, there were an estimated 94 (95% confidence interval, -158 to -23) fewer colorectal cancer cases, 658 (95% confidence interval, 339-1025) more coronary heart disease cases, and 881 (95% confidence interval, 402-1483) more stroke cases. By 25 years after bilateral oophorectomy with hysterectomy, there were an estimated 189 (95% confidence interval, 59-387) more breast cancer deaths, 380 (95% confidence interval, 114-792) more coronary heart disease deaths, and 759 (95% confidence interval, 307-1527) more all-other-cause deaths. In sensitivity analyses where we defined estrogen therapy use as a duration of >2 years of use, these differences increased >2-fold. CONCLUSION: Underuse of estrogen therapy in premenopausal women who undergo oophorectomy is associated with substantial excess morbidity and mortality.

Disección coronaria espontánea en España: un estudio sobre bases administrativas realizado a partir del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos español / Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in Spain: a study using the minimum data set of the Spanish National Health System

Introducción y objetivos La disección coronaria espontánea (DCE) es una causa poco común de infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). En este estudio se comparan la mortalidad y los reingresos hospitalarios de los pacientes con IAM-DCE e IAM de otras etiologías (IAM-NDCE). Métodos Se calcularon las razones de mortalidad hospitalaria y de reingresos a los 30 días estandarizadas por riesgo (RAMER y RARER respectivamente) utilizando el Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos del Sistema Nacional de Salud español (2016-2019). Resultados Se hallaron 806 eventos de IAM-DCE y 119.425 de IMA-NDCE. Los IAM-DCE se produjeron en pacientes más jóvenes y más frecuentemente mujeres que los IAM-NDCE. La mortalidad bruta fue menor (el 3 frente al 7,6%; p<0,001) y la RAMER, mayor (el 7,6±1,7 frente al 7,4±1,7%; p=0,019) en los IAM-DCE. Tras emparejamiento por puntuación de propensión (806 parejas), la mortalidad fue similar en ambos grupos (AdjOR=1,15; IC95%, 0,61-2,2; p=0,653). La tasa bruta de reingresos de los pacientes con IAM-DCE a 30 días fue similar (el 4,6 frente al 5%; p=0,67), mientras que la RARER fue menor (el 4,7±1 frente al 4,8±1%; p=0,015). Tras el emparejamiento por puntuación de propensión (715 parejas), la tasa de ingresos fue similar en ambos grupos (AdjOR=1,14; IC95%, 0,67-1,98; p=0,603). Conclusiones La mortalidad hospitalaria y los reingresos a los 30 días de los pacientes con IAM-DCE es similar a la de los IAM-NDCE cuando el riesgo se ajusta a las características basales de la población. Estos datos resaltan la necesidad de optimizar el manejo, tratamiento y seguimiento clínico de los pacientes con DCE (AU)

Introduction and objectives Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We sought to compare the results on in-hospital mortality and 30-day readmission rates among patients with AMI-SCAD vs AMI due to other causes (AMI-non-SCAD). Methods Risk-standardized in-hospital mortality (rIMR) and risk-standardized 30-day readmission ratios (rRAR) were calculated using the minimum dataset of the Spanish National Health System (2016-2019). Results A total of 806 episodes of AMI-SCAD were compared with 119 425 episodes of AMI–non-SCAD. Patients with AMI-SCAD were younger and more frequently female than those with AMI–non-SCAD. Crude in-hospital mortality was lower (3% vs 7.6%; P<.001) and rIMR higher (7.6±1.7% vs 7.4±1.7%; P=.019) in AMI-SCAD. However, after propensity score adjustment (806 pairs), the mortality rate was similar in the 2 groups (AdjOR, 1.15; 95%CI, 0.61-2,2; P=.653). Crude 30-day readmission rates were also similar in the 2 groups (4.6% vs 5%, P=.67) whereas rRAR were lower (4.7±1% vs 4.8%±1%; P=.015) in patients with AMI-SCAD. Again, after propensity score adjustment (715 pairs) readmission rates were similar in the 2 groups (AdjOR, 1.14; 95%CI, 0.67–1.98; P=.603). Conclusions In-hospital mortality and readmission rates are similar in patients with AMI-SCAD and AMI–non-SCAD when adjusted for the differences in baseline characteristics. These findings underscore the need to optimize the management, treatment, and clinical follow-up of patients with SCAD (AU)

The prognostic significance of the presence of tenascin-C in patients with stable coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the prognostic value of tenascin-C in patients with stable coronary heart disease. METHODS: A total of 666 patients were enrolled and followed for 72 months. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac events. The secondary outcomes were all-cause death, cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and heart failure hospitalization. RESULTS: The area under the curve of tenascin-C to discriminate the occurrence of composite cardiac events was 70 % (95 % CI: 64.2 % to 75.8 %), and the corresponding optimal cutoff value was 19.91 ng/ml. A higher concentration of tenascin-C was associated with a greater risk of composite cardiac events (P trend < 0.001). Similar results were observed in all-cause death, AMI, and heart failure hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Tenascin-C was found to be an independent predictor of total cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease at 72 months, and also for all-cause death, AMI, and heart failure hospitalization.

Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability, and maximum and minimum LDL cholesterol in diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for dyslipidemia management recommend that the LDL-C goal be lower than 70 mg/dL. The present study investigated the prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability in LDL-C, and minimum and maximum LDL-C during follow-up in diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The risk of outcomes in relation to visit-to-visit LDL-C variability was investigated in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Lipid trial. LDL-C variability indices were coefficient of variation (CV), variability independent of the mean (VIM), and average real variability (ARV). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were employed to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Compared with the placebo group (n=2667), the fenofibrate therapy group (n=2673) had a significantly (P<0.01) lower mean plasma triglyceride (152.5 vs. 178.6 mg/dL), and total cholesterol (158.3 vs.162.9 mg/dL) but a similar mean LDL-C during follow-up (88.2 vs. 88.6 mg/dL, P>0.05). All three variability indices were associated with primary outcome, total mortality and cardiovascular mortality both in the total population and in the fenofibrate therapy group but only with primary outcome in the placebo group. The minimum LDL-C but not the maximum during follow-up was significantly associated with various outcomes in the total population, fenofibrate therapy and placebo group. The minimum LDL-C during follow-up ≥70 mg/dL was associated with an increased risk for various outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Visit-to-visit variability in LDL-C was a strong predictor of outcomes, independent of mean LDL-C. Patients with LDL-C controlled to less than 70 mg/dL during follow-up might have a benign prognosis. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00000620.

Expression of lncRNA-ANRIL before and after Treatment and Its Predictive Value for Short-Term Survival in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease.

This study aimed at observing the expression of lncRNA-ANRIL (ANRIL) before and after treatment and its predictive value for short-term survival in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Altogether, 112 patients with CHD admitted to the hospital were enrolled as a study group (SG), which was divided into a pretreatment study group (preSG) and a posttreatment study group (postSG). Further 72 healthy people undergoing physical examinations during the same period were enrolled as a control group (CG). Peripheral blood was collected from the subjects in the three groups, to detect the expression level of serum ANRIL using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to evaluate the diagnostic value of ANRIL for CHD. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted to analyze 3-year survival rates in high- and low-ANRIL expression groups. Cox regression was conducted to analyze independent risk factors affecting the patients. The expression level of serum ANRIL in preSG was significantly lower than those in CG and postSG (P < 0.05). According to the ROC curve, the area under the curve (AUC) of serum ANRIL for diagnosing CHD in CG was 0.894 and the optimal cutoff value was 0.639, with the sensitivity of 86.61% and the specificity of 93.67%. According to the survival curves, the 3-year overall survival rate in the high-ANRIL expression group was significantly lower than that in the low-expression group (P < 0.05). History of smoking, high total cholesterol (TC), high triglyceride (TG), high homocysteine (Hcy), and ANRIL expression were independent prognostic factors affecting the overall survival time of the patients (P < 0.05). ANRIL is poorly expressed in the peripheral blood of patients with CHD. Its detection has good sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing the disease, and its expression may be related to the poor prognosis of the patients.

Statin Use and In-hospital Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 and Coronary Heart Disease.

The worsening progress of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is attributed to the proinflammatory state, leading to increased mortality. Statin works with its anti-inflammatory effects and may attenuate the worsening of COVID-19. COVID-19 patients were retrospectively enrolled from two academic hospitals in Wuhan, China, from 01/26/2020 to 03/26/2020. Adjusted in-hospital mortality was compared between the statin and the non-statin group by CHD status using multivariable Cox regression model after propensity score matching. Our study included 3133 COVID-19 patients (median age: 62y, female: 49.8%), and 404 (12.9%) received statin. Compared with the non-statin group, the statin group was older, more likely to have comorbidities but with a lower level of inflammatory markers. The Statin group also had a lower adjusted mortality risk (6.44% vs. 10.88%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29-0.77). Subgroup analysis of CHD patients showed a similar result. Propensity score matching showed an overall 87% (HR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.05-0.36) lower risk of in-hospital mortality for statin users than nonusers. Such survival benefit of statin was obvious both among CHD and non-CHD patients (HR = 0.30 [0.09-0.98]; HR = 0.23 [0.1-0.49], respectively). Statin use was associated with reduced in-hospital mortality in COVID-19. The benefit of statin was both prominent among CHD and non-CHD patients. These findings may further reemphasize the continuation of statins in patients with CHD during the COVID-19 era.

Diagnostic and prognostic significance of premature ventricular complexes in community and hospital-based participants: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: While there are published studies that have examined premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) among patients with and without cardiac disease, there has not been a comprehensive review of the literature examining the diagnostic and prognostic significance of PVCs. This could help guide both community and hospital-based research and clinical practice. METHODS: Scoping review frameworks by Arksey and O'Malley and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) were used. A systematic search of the literature using four databases (CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science) was conducted. The review was prepared adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR). RESULTS: A total of 71 relevant articles were identified, 66 (93%) were observational, and five (7%) were secondary analyses from randomized clinical trials. Three studies (4%) examined the diagnostic importance of PVC origin (left/right ventricle) and QRS morphology in the diagnosis of acute myocardial ischemia (MI). The majority of the studies examined prognostic outcomes including left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, arrhythmias, ischemic heart diseases, and mortality by PVCs frequency, burden, and QRS morphology. CONCLUSIONS: Very few studies have evaluated the diagnostic significance of PVCs and all are decades old. No hospital setting only studies were identified. Community-based longitudinal studies, which make up most of the literature, show that PVCs are associated with structural and coronary heart disease, lethal arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, stroke, all-cause and cardiac mortality. However, a causal association between PVCs and these outcomes cannot be established due to the purely observational study designs employed.

Early Prediction of Disease Progression in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Using C-Reactive Protein to Albumin Ratio.

BACKGROUND: Early identification of patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) at an increased risk of progression may promote more individualized treatment schemes and optimize the use of medical resources. This study is aimed at investigating the utility of the C-reactive protein to albumin (CRP/Alb) ratio for early risk stratification of patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 557 patients with COVID-19 with confirmed outcomes (discharged or deceased) admitted to the West Court of Union Hospital, Wuhan, China, between January 29, 2020 and April 8, 2020. Patients with severe COVID-19 (n = 465) were divided into stable (n = 409) and progressive (n = 56) groups according to whether they progressed to critical illness or death during hospitalization. To predict disease progression, the CRP/Alb ratio was evaluated on admission. RESULTS: The levels of new biomarkers, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, CRP/Alb ratio, and systemic immune-inflammation index, were higher in patients with progressive disease than in those with stable disease. Correlation analysis showed that the CRP/Alb ratio had the strongest positive correlation with the sequential organ failure assessment score and length of hospital stay in survivors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2), D-dimer levels, and the CRP/Alb ratio were risk factors for disease progression. To predict clinical progression, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of Alb, CRP, CRP/Alb ratio, SpO2, and D-dimer were 0.769, 0.838, 0.866, 0.107, and 0.748, respectively. Moreover, patients with a high CRP/Alb ratio (≥1.843) had a markedly higher rate of clinical deterioration (log - rank p < 0.001). A higher CRP/Alb ratio (≥1.843) was also closely associated with higher rates of hospital mortality, ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and a longer hospital stay. CONCLUSION: The CRP/Alb ratio can predict the risk of progression to critical disease or death early, providing a promising prognostic biomarker for risk stratification and clinical management of patients with severe COVID-19.

Association of Mental Stress-Induced Myocardial Ischemia With Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease.

Importance: Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia is a recognized phenomenon in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), but its clinical significance in the contemporary clinical era has not been investigated. Objective: To compare the association of mental stress-induced or conventional stress-induced ischemia with adverse cardiovascular events in patients with CHD. Design, Setting, and Participants: Pooled analysis of 2 prospective cohort studies of patients with stable CHD from a university-based hospital network in Atlanta, Georgia: the Mental Stress Ischemia Prognosis Study (MIPS) and the Myocardial Infarction and Mental Stress Study 2 (MIMS2). Participants were enrolled between June 2011 and March 2016 (last follow-up, February 2020). Exposures: Provocation of myocardial ischemia with a standardized mental stress test (public speaking task) and with a conventional (exercise or pharmacological) stress test, using single-photon emission computed tomography. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death or first or recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction. The secondary end point additionally included hospitalizations for heart failure. Results: Of the 918 patients in the total sample pool (mean age, 60 years; 34% women), 618 participated in MIPS and 300 in MIMS2. Of those, 147 patients (16%) had mental stress-induced ischemia, 281 (31%) conventional stress ischemia, and 96 (10%) had both. Over a 5-year median follow-up, the primary end point occurred in 156 participants. The pooled event rate was 6.9 per 100 patient-years among patients with and 2.6 per 100 patient-years among patients without mental stress-induced ischemia. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for patients with vs those without mental stress-induced ischemia was 2.5 (95% CI, 1.8-3.5). Compared with patients with no ischemia (event rate, 2.3 per 100 patient-years), patients with mental stress-induced ischemia alone had a significantly increased risk (event rate, 4.8 per 100 patient-years; HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.7) as did patients with both mental stress ischemia and conventional stress ischemia (event rate, 8.1 per 100 patient-years; HR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.6-5.6). Patients with conventional stress ischemia alone did not have a significantly increased risk (event rate, 3.1 per 100 patient-years; HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.9-2.1). Patients with both mental stress ischemia and conventional stress ischemia had an elevated risk compared with patients with conventional stress ischemia alone (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.7-4.3). The secondary end point occurred in 319 participants. The event rate was 12.6 per 100 patient-years for patients with and 5.6 per 100 patient-years for patients without mental stress-induced ischemia (adjusted HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.5-2.5). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with stable coronary heart disease, the presence of mental stress-induced ischemia, compared with no mental stress-induced ischemia, was significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Although these findings may provide insights into mechanisms of myocardial ischemia, further research is needed to assess whether testing for mental stress-induced ischemia has clinical value.

Epidemiological trends in mortality, event rates and case fatality of acute myocardial infarction from 2004 to 2015: results from the KORA MI registry.

AIM: This study examines epidemiological trends of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Germany from 2004-2015 across different age groups, using data of the population-based KORA myocardial infarction registry. METHODS: Annual age-standardised, age-group- and sex-specific mortality and event rates (incident and recurrent) per 100,000 population as well as 28-day case fatality were calculated from all registered cases of AMI and coronary heart disease deaths in 25-74-year-olds from 2004-2015 and 75-84-year-olds from 2009-2015. Average annual percentage changes (AAPC) were calculated by joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Mortality rates declined considerably among the elderly (75-84 years), in men by -6.0% annually, due to declines of case fatality by -3.0% and incidence rate by 3.4% and in women by -10.0%, driven by declines in incidence (-9.1%) and recurrence rate (-4.9%). Significant mortality declines also occurred in males, 65-74 years of age (AAPC -3.8%). Among the age groups 25-54 years and 55-64 years, there was no substantial decline in mortality, event rates or case fatality except for a decline of incidence rate in 55-64-year-old men (AAPC -1.8%). CONCLUSION: Inhomogeneous AMI trends across age-groups indicate progress in prevention and treatment for the population >64 years, while among <55-year-olds, we found no significant trend in AMI morbidity and mortality.KEY MESSAGESAge standardised AMI mortality continued to decline from 2009 to 2015 in the study region.Declines in AMI mortality were driven by declines in event rates (both incidence and recurrence rates) and case fatality.AMI trends were inconsistent across different age groups with the strongest declines in mortality and event rates among the elderly population (75-84 years of age).

Supper Timing and Cardiovascular Mortality: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study.

Evidence on the role of supper timing in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is limited. In this study, we examined the associations between supper timing and risks of mortality from stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), and total CVD. A total of 28,625 males and 43,213 females, aged 40 to 79 years, free from CVD and cancers at baseline were involved in this study. Participants were divided into three groups: the early supper group (before 8:00 p.m.), the irregular supper group (time irregular), and the late supper group (after 8:00 p.m.). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for stroke, CHD, and total CVD according to the supper time groups. During the 19-year follow-up, we identified 4706 deaths from total CVD. Compared with the early supper group, the multivariable HR of hemorrhagic stroke mortality for the irregular supper group was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.97). There was no significant association between supper timing and the risk of mortality from other types of stroke, CHD, and CVD. We found that adopting an irregular supper timing compared with having dinner before 8:00 p.m. was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke mortality.

Low vitamin K status, high sclerostin and mortality risk of stable coronary heart disease patients.

Aim: We explored whether matrix Gla protein (MGP, natural calcification inhibitor) and sclerostin (glycoprotein responsible for osteoblast differentiation) interact in terms of mortality risk in coronary patients. Methods: 945 patients after myocardial infarction and/or coronary revascularization were followed in a prospective study. All-cause death, fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events and heart failure hospitalizations were registered. Results: Either high desphospho-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP) or high sclerostin were independently associated with 5-year all-cause/cardiovascular mortality. However, we observed an additional mortality risk in the coincidence of both factors. Concomitantly high dp-ucMGP (≥884 pmol/l) plus sclerostin (≥589 ng/l) were associated with increased all-cause mortality risk compared with 'normal' concentrations of both factors (HRR 3.71 [95% CI: 2.07-6.62, p < 0.0001]), or if only one biomarker has been increased. A similar pattern was observed for fatal, but not for nonfatal cardiovascular events. Conclusion: Concomitantly high MGP and sclerostin indicate increased mortality risk, which probably reflects their role in cardiovascular calcifications.

Coronary heart disease and stroke mortality trends in Brazil 2000-2018.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the mortality rate trend due to coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in the adult population in Brazil. METHODS: From 2000 to 2018, a time trend study with joinpoint regression was conducted among Brazilian men and women aged 35 years and over. Age-adjusted and age, sex specific CHD and stroke trend rate mortality were measured. RESULTS: Crude mortality rates from CHD decreased in both sexes and in all age groups, except for males over 85 years old with an increase of 1.78%. The most accentuated declining occurred for age range 35 to 44 years for both men (52.1%) and women (53.2%) due to stroke and in men (33%) due to CHD, and among women (32%) aged 65 to 74 years due to CHD. Age-adjusted mortality rates for CHD and stroke decreased in both sexes, in the period from 2000 to 2018. The average annual rate for CHD went from 97.09 during 2000-2008 to 78.75 during 2016-2018, whereas the highest percentage of change was observed during 2008 to 2013 (APC -2.5%; 95% CI). The average annual rate for stroke decreased from 104.96 to 69.93, between 2000-2008 and 2016-2018, and the highest percentage of change occurred during the periods from 2008 to 2013 and 2016 to 2018 (APC 4.7%; 95% CI). CONCLUSION: The downward trend CHD and stroke mortality rates is continuing. Policy intervention directed to strengthen care provision and improve population diets and lifestyles might explain the continued progress, but there is no room for complacency.

Determinants of prehospital coronary heart disease death.

Limited data on prehospital and early in-hospital coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths is available. Aims of this study were to provide a comprehensive description on CHD cases and to analyse determinants of prehospital death. From a population-based myocardial infarction (MI) registry in Augsburg, Germany we included 12,572 CHD cases aged 25-74 years between 2003-2017 and 4754 CHD cases aged 75-84 years between 2009-2017. Multivariable logistic regression models were conducted to identify patient characteristics associated with prehospital death compared to 28-day survival. In patients aged 25-74 years, 1713 (13.6%) died prehospital, 941 (7.5%) died within the first 24 h in-hospital and 560 (4.5%) died within the 2nd and 28th day after the acute event; in patients aged 75-84 years the numbers were 1263 (26.6%), 749 (15.8%) and 329 (6.9%), respectively. In both age groups increasing age, actual smoking or nicotine abuse, previous MI, angina pectoris and previous stroke were more likely and hypertension was less likely in cases, who died prehospital compared to 28-day survivors. For example, in the 25-74 years old we revealed an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 4.53 (95% CI 3.84-5.34) for angina pectoris and an OR of 0.69 (95% CI 0.57-0.85) for hypertension. In cases aged 25-74 years, an association of living alone (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.49) and diabetes (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03-1.41) with prehospital death was found. Whereas in cases aged 75-84 years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 2.20, 95%CI 1.69-0.2.85) was associated with prehospital death. In summary, we observed high prehospital and early in-hospital case fatality. Besides classical cardiac risk factors, the impact of living alone on prehospital death was more important in patients aged 25-74 years than in older patients.

Dietary Soy Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality among Chinese People with Type 2 Diabetes.

Randomized controlled trials showed that soy intervention significantly improved blood lipids in people with diabetes. We sought to prospectively examine the association of soy consumption with the risk of cardiovascular death among individuals with diabetes. A total of 26,139 participants with a history of diabetes were selected from the Chinese Kadoorie Biobank study. Soy food consumption was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Causes of death were coded by the 10th International Classification of Diseases. The Cox proportional hazard regression was used to compute the hazard ratios. During a median follow-up of 7.8 years, a total of 1626 deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD) were recorded. Compared with individuals who never consumed soy foods, the multivariable-adjusted risks (95% confidence intervals) of CVD mortality were 0.92 (0.78, 1.09), 0.89 (0.75, 1.05), and 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) for those who consumed soy foods monthly, 1-3 days/week, and ≥4 days/week, respectively. For cause-specific cardiovascular mortality, significant inverse associations were observed for coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. Higher soy food consumption was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular death, especially death from coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction, in Chinese adults with diabetes.

The Role of Galectin-3 and ST2 in Cardiology: A Short Review.

Galectin-3 is a lectin that binds beta-galactosides. It is involved in cardiac remodeling and fibrosis through the activation of macrophages and fibroblasts. ST2 is secreted by myocardial cells due to cardiac overload. These two biomarkers have been traditionally studied in the field of heart failure to guide medical therapy and detect the progression of the disease. Nevertheless, there are novel evidences that connect galectin-3 and ST2 with coronary heart disease and, specifically, with atrial fibrillation. The aim of this article is to concisely review the diagnostic and prognostic role of galectin-3 and ST2 in different cardiac diseases.