The possible origin of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease / El posible origen de la enfermedad de Legg-Calvé-Perthes

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is a childhood orthopedic pathology that affects the development of the hip. It is a rare disease with a huge variation in annual incidence. It occurs approximately five times more often in boys than in girls. The objective of this article was to formulate a hypothesis about the possible origin of LCPD, from the paleopathological findings of this disease reported until 2017, and to highlight the importance of anthropology, history, paleontology and paleopathology to the study of the origins of disease. By using eight web-based search engines, we performed a review of articles focused on the history, genetics and paleopathological findings of LCPD; we evaluated in total 133 articles published between 1910 and 2017. Out of these, 20 articles belonging to the same publication period were included in this analysis. LCPD was described for the first time approximately 100 years ago and without knowing it was a new disease. In the last years, human remains have been found in which LCPD has been identified, providing relevant information about the origin of this pathology. These data and their historical context can be a basis to propose the Asian continent as the site of origin of LCPD; however, new anthropological, genetic and paleopathological studies are needed to reinforce or refute this hypothesis.

La enfermedad de Legg-Calvé-Perthes (ELCP) es una afección ortopédica infantil que repercute en el desarrollo de la cadera. Es una enfermedad rara con incidencia anual variable. Es aproximadamente cinco veces más frecuente en niños que en niñas. El objetivo de este artículo fue formular una hipótesis acerca del posible origen de la ELCP a partir de hallazgos paleopatológicos reportados hasta el año 2017, además de resaltar la importancia que ofrecen la antropología, la historia, la paleontología y la paleopatología para el estudio del origen de las enfermedades. Mediante ocho buscadores se hizo una revisión de artículos referentes a la historia, la genética y los hallazgos paleopatológicos de la ELCP; se evaluaron un total de 133 artículos publicados entre 1910 y 2017. De ellos, fueron incluidos en este análisis 20 artículos que abarcaron el mismo periodo de publicación. La ELCP comenzó a describirse hace poco más de 100 años y sin el conocimiento de que se trataba de una entidad nueva. En los últimos años se han encontrado restos humanos en los que se ha identificado la ELCP, lo cual ha brindado información relevante respecto al origen de este padecimiento. Estos datos y su contexto histórico pueden ser fundamentos para plantear al continente asiático como el sitio de origen de la ELCP; sin embargo, se requiere de nuevos estudios antropológicos, genéticos y paleopatológicos para reforzar o refutar esta hipótesis.

A probable case of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in Warring States-era China.

Reports of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) in the paleopathological literature are rare. Here, the authors present a probable case of LCPD, which presents as abnormal morphology of the proximal femur. The condition was observed in an individual of the Warring States period in Shaanxi Province, China, and the morphology involves a "mushroom head" deformity of the proximal right femur and an enlarged acetabulum, along with a contralateral tibia, talus, and navicular that are enlarged and demonstrate periosteal new bone formation. The authors consider tuberculosis, septic arthritis, trauma, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in a differential diagnosis. The authors conclude that the most likely diagnosis for the deformity is Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Bony changes in the hip joint and contralateral lower leg suggest that the individual had an altered gait because of the condition.

On the antiquity of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: Skeletal evidence in Iron Age Italy.

Legg-Calvé-Perthes is a very rare disease involving childhood osteochondrosis of the femoral head due to interruption of its blood supply. The etiology is unknown. The signs of the pathology are well described in the literature but few paleopathological cases have been reported, mostly dating from Late Antiquity to Early Middle Ages. Here we report on morphometric and radiological analyses of a skeleton from the Etruscan necropolis of Spina (Ferrara, Italy, 6th-3rd century BCE), to our knowledge the most ancient case of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease published thus far.

Biographical sketch: Georg Clemens Perthes, MD (1869-1927).

This biographical sketch on Georg Perthes corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: On Juvenile Arthritis Deformans (1910), available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-012-2433-1.

A brief history of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.

Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) disease has an extensive history that has provided an ongoing intellectual challenge for the orthopaedic community. Debate around etiology and treatment of LCP disease continues even after its initial description in the early 1900 s. In order for modern day clinicians to have a full understanding of the condition, one must be a scholar of its development. The purpose of our review will be to discuss the scientific communities' understanding of presentation, etiology, and treatment of LCP disease over time.

Case reports: Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in Czech archaeological material.

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (osteochondrosis of the femoral head) has been recognized in archaeological material for nearly a century but is extremely rare. We describe two Czech cases from archaeological findings. The first case was diagnosed in the skeleton of a man older than 50 years with the left hip affected. The skeleton was in grave Number 2 of the Langobard cemetery at Luzice (Moravia) and dated to the end of the fifth century and the beginning of the sixth century AD. The second case was described by J. Chochol in 1957 on the left femur and half of the pelvis of a skeleton from an archaeological investigation in Brandýsek (Bohemia), ninth to tenth centuries AD. Using the diagnostic criteria of Ortner and Putschar, we excluded slipped capital femoral epiphysis in both cases. We discuss the differential diagnosis of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease versus unilateral and bilateral osteochondroses of the femoral head in archaeological and current clinical material.

Classificação e tratamento fisioterapêutico da doença de Legg-Calvé-Perthes: uma revisão / Classification and physical therapy of the Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: a review

Embora a doença de Legg-Calvé-Perthes (DLCP) seja estudada desde o início do século XX, ainda hoje se discute sua etiologia. Basicamente, consiste em uma interrupção do suprimento sanguíneo que leva a isquemia na cabeça do fêmur. Em geral afeta crianças entre 2 e 12 anos, numa proporção de 4 meninos para uma menina, ocorrendo bilateralmente em 10 por cento a 20 por cento dos casos. O quadro clínico é bem definido, com dor referida no joelho ou na coxa, claudicação e perda do movimento articular do quadril. Não há consenso sobre a melhor forma de tratamento.

Although the Legg-Calvé Perthes disease (LCDP) has been studied since 1909, its obscure etiology is still under discussion. It is known that an interruption of blood supply causes ischemia of the femoral head. Typically it affects children aged 2 to 12 years old, with a male-to-female ratio of 4:1, occurring bilaterally in 10 per cent to 20 per cent of the cases. The clinical report is well defined: pain at the knee or thigh, limp, and loss of articular hip motion...

Two cases of joint disease in post-medieval church cemetery of St. Ilija.

Evidence of disease was analyzed from the skeletal remains of 11 individuals dating to the post-Medieval period from church cemetery of St. Ilija in Serbia. Two individuals showed pathological condition affecting joints. It was supposed that first individual had been suffering from Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. It seems that this condition remained untreated, with extensive bone remodeling, and that the deformity of femoral head and acetabulum caused secondary degenerative joint disease at a relatively early age of this individual. Second case was related to the bony akylosis of the hand finger, probably caused by Dupuytren's disease. In addition, we discussed development of differential diagnosis in both pathological conditions.