Developmental and family history-based analysis of congenital fused labia phenotype in the captive common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

BACKGROUND: Congenital fused labia (CFL) is defined as a failure or significant delay in the opening of the juvenile sealed labia majora. This phenotype is known to be variably common in adult captive female marmosets but has never been investigated in detail before. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Here, we define, describe and quantify the variations in the degree of closure of the vulva in 122 captive marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) from 1.2 to 42 months old and include colony analysis. RESULTS: There was a negative correlation between the degree of labial fusion and animal age after prepubertal period (P < 0.05). CFL females had higher number CFL relatives (4.3 ± 0.6 vs 2.4 ± 0.5 for non-CFL, P < 0.05) and more external ancestors compared to non-CFL (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results therefore suggest that CFL phenotype is most likely associated with epigenetic effects induced by the captive environment and colony management strategy of extensive crossing of family lines to promote heterozygosity.

A Review of Lesions of the Posterior Fourchette, Posterior Vestibule (Fossa Navicularis), and Hymen.

Lesions specific to the posterior fourchette, posterior vestibule (fossa navicularis), and hymen are reviewed. Knowledge of these regional lesions will be helpful if such a patient is encountered.

Congenital and acquired pathology of ovary and tubular genital organs in ewes: a review.

Advances in our understanding of ovarian cyclicity, pathogenesis of subfertility and/or infertility and reproductive pathology in food animals have frequently entailed examination of abattoir material. Despite the fact that most lesions in ewes are likely to be of relatively minor significance to fertility, results of previous studies suggest that lesions of the female reproductive system may represent a significant source of loss to sheep husbandry. The objective of this paper is to review the pathophysiology, the effects on reproductive efficiency and the key gross and histological diagnostic features of congenital and acquired pathology of ovary and tubular genital organs in ewes.

Congenital and acquired conditions of the vulva and vagina on magnetic resonance imaging: a pictorial review.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an established imaging modality for characterizing pelvic pathology, chiefly because of superb contrast resolution and lack of ionizing radiation. In recent years, MRI has been used to stage vulval and vaginal malignancies and assist detection of recurrence. It has also proved useful in the characterization of Müllerian duct anomalies. We review the typical imaging characteristics on MRI of congenital and acquired conditions involving the vulva and vagina.

Management of neonatal llamas and alpacas.

Most llama and alpaca crias will be born without complication and survive the neonatal period without incident. However, it is important to be able to recognize which crias are likely to be at risk of complications so that you are best able to advise owners and take the correct course of action if required. This article deals with management of the pregnant camelid, the events associated with parturition and the peripartum period with emphasis on the cria, management of the newborn cria including assessment of passive transfer of immunity, issues relating to prematurity, and the major congenital defects that may present as emergencies within the neonatal period.

Significance of topical estrogens to labial fusion and vaginal introital integrity.

PURPOSE: One theory for labial fusion is low prepubertal estrogen levels. Topical estrogens remains the mainstay of therapy. Some patients require surgical lysis of the adhesion. Estrogen's action in regard to collagen may influence recurrent adhesions and adhesions that form after manual disruption or surgical separation. This study assesses the efficacy of topical estrogen to separate the labia, recurrence, and estrogen related side effects. Estrogens may have a role in vaginal healing in genital surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 109 girls from 3 months to 10 years old (mean 44 months) who had labial fusion. Data was collected on the length of topical estrogen treatment, rate of successful separation, rate of recurrence, percentage requiring surgery, and post-operative outcomes. RESULTS: Mean length of topical estrogen treatment was 3.7 months (range 0 to 36 months), with separation in 79% (85/107) of patients. Forty-one percent (44/107) had recurrence of labial fusion one to five times (range 2 to 72 months). Surgery was required in 21% (22/107). Ten percent of patients (2/21) had recurrence of labial fusion post-operatively (age 6,10 years, at 1, 18 month post-operatively). Neither of these two patients was responsive to topical estrogen cream post-operatively and required a second surgical separation. Side effects of estrogen were minimal breast development in 6 children and vaginal bleeding in one child. Discontinuance resulted in resolution of side effects. CONCLUSION: Topical estrogens were effective treatment for labial fusion. After surgical separation of adhesions there was a 10% recurrence rate. Estrogen therapy initiated after surgical failure was unsuccessful.

Isolated juvenile xanthogranuloma of clitoral connective tissue.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a frequent childhood tumor and the only common non-Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. We present an unusual case of juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) of clitoral connective tissue in a 6-week-old girl.

[Neonatal toxic erythema: 3 atypical cases]. / Erythème toxique néonatal: trois observations atypiques.

UNLABELLED: Diagnosis of pustular dermatosis occurring during the first days of life is based on clinical findings. Erythema toxicum neonatorum (ETN) is the more frequent benign self limiting eruption in the newborn. CASE REPORTS: Three cases of ETN with localized pustules to the genitals and perineal area are described. COMMENT: When encountering a newborn with a localized pustulosis rash, it is important to separate benign condition as ETN from those that require prompt diagnosis and therapy. Atypical ETN and pustular dermatosis due to bacterial or viral infections or inflammatory diseases (e.g., eosinophilic pustulosis) can be differentiated by cytological and bacterial samples.

Congenital papillomas and papillomatoses associated with the human papilloma virus (HPV): report on 5 cases

Introduçao: Os autores apresentam um estudo de cinco casos de papilomas e papilomatoses vulvares congênitas em neo e nati-mortos. Material e Métodos: O material utilizado foi proveniente de cinco necrópsias. A avaliaçao histopatológica mostrou aspectos sugestivos de infecçao pelo Pailomavirus humano (HPV). A microscopia eletrônica de três dos casos identificou partículas viróticas nucleares e citoplasmáticas variando de 40 a 60 nm, compatíveis com HPV. Resultados: O estudo imunohistoquímico destas lesoes demonstrou imunopositividade citoplasmática e nuclear. Conclusao: Os autores concluíram que a presença de partículas viróticas somada a imunopositividade em células escamosas, sao evidências do provável envolvimento etiológico do HPV nestas lesoes.

Congenital papillomas and papillomatoses associated with the human papilloma virus (HPV)-report on 5 cases.

The authors present a study of five cases of vulvar congenital papillomas and papillomatoses in stillborns and neonates dead upon birth. The studied material was collected from five necropsies. The histopathological evaluation showed hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, papillomatosis, perinuclear haloes, and nuclear abnormalities. In three of the cases, the electron microscopy identified nuclear and cytoplasmatic viral particles ranging from 40 to 60 nm in size, compatible with HPV. The immunohistochemical study of those lesions showed nuclear and cytoplasmatic positivity. The authors concluded that the presence of viral particles suggestive of HPV added to the immunopositivity indicated the possibility of viral infection.

Congenital labial cyst.

We present the case of a congenital labial cyst in an otherwise normal female infant. This condition is uncommon, with only 30 female congenital external genital cysts previously reported in the English literature. When recognized, these cysts can be treated conservatively with an expectation of spontaneous resolution.

Congenital anal fistula with normal anus.

Three patients with a congenital anovestibular/perineal fistula were treated at the Montreal Children's Hospital. Two females (one of East Indian and the other of Japanese origin) had anovestibular fistulae that became symptomatic in the first few months of life. The third patient, a boy of Korean descent, presented at 9 months of age with a chronically draining perineal fistula. During surgery, a small fistula tract was easily dissected out and excised. Microscopic examination showed a well-preserved rectal mucosa throughout the tract. Most male patients described to date had anourethral fistulae, often accompanied by other major anomalies such as esophageal atresia or renal malformations. We believe our patient is the first male to be described with a congenital perineal fistula; this suggests that some fistula-in-ano in male infants may be due to a congenital sinus that secondarily becomes infected and drains to the skin.

Hypertrophy of the labia minora.

Gynecologic disorders during childhood and adolescence have received relatively little attention. Since earlier sexual activity among teenage girls is becoming more common, it is desirable that those interested in the diseases of women keep abreast of the current developments in adolescent gynecology. Two patients with congenital hypertrophy of the labia minora are presented and the treatment is discussed.