Interventional Radiologist's Approach to Fallopian Tube Recanalization.

Fallopian tube obstruction (FTO) is a common cause of female infertility. In the setting of proximal FTO, fallopian tube recanalization (FTR) is a minimally invasive, ambulatory procedure with a technical success rate of up to 100%, with minimal postprocedural adverse events. One-year pregnancy rate following FTR is approximately 41%, with successful delivery of full-term infants in 84% of pregnancies. This minimally invasive, outpatient, image-guided procedure is an alternative to vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and should be top-of-mind in the setting of infertility due to proximal FTO.

Effects of hydrosalpinx on endometrial implantation failures: evaluating salpingectomy in women undergoing in vitro fertilization / Efeitos do hydrosalpinx no falho de implantação endometrial: Avaliar a salpingectomia nas mulheres em curso de fertilização in vitro

Abstract Hydrosalpinx is a disease characterized by the obstruction of the salpinx, with progressive accumulation in the shape of a fluid-filled sac at the distal part of the tuba uterina, and closed to the ovary. Women with hydrosalpinges have lower implantation and pregnancy rates due to a combination of mechanical and chemical factors thought to disrupt the endometrial environment. Evidence suggests that the presence of hydrosalpinx reduces the rate of pregnancy with assisted reproductive technology. The main aim of the present is review to make an overview of the possible effects of hydrosalpinx on in vitro fertilization (IVF).We conducted a literature search on the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Google Scholar data bases regarding hydrosalpinx and IVF outcomes. Hydrosalpinx probably has a direct toxic effect on sperm motility and on the embryos. In addition, the increasing liquid inside the salpinges could alter the mechanisms of endometrial receptivity. The window of endometrial receptivity is essential in the implantation of blastocysts, and it triggers multiple reactions arising from the endometrium as well as the blastocysts. Hydrosalpinx could influence the expression of homeobox A10 (HOXA10) gene, which plays an essential role in directing embryonic development and implantation. Salpingectomy restores the endometrial expression of HOXA10; therefore, it may be one mechanism by which tubal

Effects of Hydrosalpinx on Endometrial Implantation Failures: Evaluating Salpingectomy in Women Undergoing in vitro fertilization.

Hydrosalpinx is a disease characterized by the obstruction of the salpinx, with progressive accumulation in the shape of a fluid-filled sac at the distal part of the tuba uterina, and closed to the ovary. Women with hydrosalpinges have lower implantation and pregnancy rates due to a combination of mechanical and chemical factors thought to disrupt the endometrial environment. Evidence suggests that the presence of hydrosalpinx reduces the rate of pregnancy with assisted reproductive technology. The main aim of the present is review to make an overview of the possible effects of hydrosalpinx on in vitro fertilization (IVF). We conducted a literature search on the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Google Scholar data bases regarding hydrosalpinx and IVF outcomes. Hydrosalpinx probably has a direct toxic effect on sperm motility and on the embryos. In addition, the increasing liquid inside the salpinges could alter the mechanisms of endometrial receptivity. The window of endometrial receptivity is essential in the implantation of blastocysts, and it triggers multiple reactions arising from the endometrium as well as the blastocysts. Hydrosalpinx could influence the expression of homeobox A10 (HOXA10) gene, which plays an essential role in directing embryonic development and implantation. Salpingectomy restores the endometrial expression of HOXA10; therefore, it may be one mechanism by which tubal removal could result in improved implantation rates in IVF. In addition, salpingectomy does not affect the ovarian response, nor reduces the antral follicle count. Further studies are needed to establish the therapeutic value of fluid aspiration under ultrasonographic guidance, during or after oocyte retrieval, in terms of pregnancy rate and ongoing pregnancy.

Imaging Evaluation of Fallopian Tubes and Related Disease: A Primer for Radiologists.

A wide range of benign and malignant processes can affect one or both fallopian tubes. Familiarity with and recognition of the characteristic imaging features of these diseases and conditions are imperative for accurate diagnosis and prompt patient management. Disorders including pelvic inflammatory disease (hydrosalpinx and pyosalpinx in particular), isolated tubal torsion and ovarian torsion with fallopian tube involvement, endometriosis manifesting as hematosalpinx and adhesions, ectopic pregnancy, and malignancies are the most important entities that radiologists should be familiar with when assessing the fallopian tubes. Some fallopian tube diseases are self-limiting, while others can result in infertility or even potentially life-threatening infection or bleeding if left untreated. Therefore, correct diagnosis is important for appropriate life-saving treatment and preserving fertility. Understanding the physiologic features of the fallopian tube and the role of this organ in the pathogenesis of pelvic neoplasms is equally important. Knowledge of what to expect in a patient who has undergone uterine and fallopian tube interventions, such as uterine ablation and fallopian tube ligation, and of the potential associated complications (eg, postablation sterilization syndrome) also is pertinent. The imaging modalities used for the evaluation of fallopian tube disease and patency range from commonly used examinations such as US, CT, and MRI to other modalities such as hysterosalpingography and hysterosonography performed by using US contrast material. The ability to differentiate fallopian tube conditions from other adnexal and pelvic pathologic entities by using a variety of imaging modalities allows the radiologist to make a timely diagnosis and ensure proper clinical management. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2020.

Female genital tuberculosis in light of newer laboratory tests: A narrative review.

Female genital tract tuberculosis (FGTB) is a chronic disease with varied presentation. The diagnosis of FGTB for early institution of treatment remains a clinical challenge. Its laboratory diagnosis is difficult because of paucibacillary nature of the condition and limitation of available diagnostic tests. In view of the intricate problems in diagnosis of FGTB, physicians tend to over treat with empirical anti-tuberculosis drugs. Apart from concerns of drug toxicity, this may be a contributing factor in the increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant TB reported in India. The main goal for advances in TB diagnostics is to reduce delay in diagnosis and treatment. In addition, there should be reduced complexity, improving robustness, and improving accuracy of the laboratory test for diagnosis of Female genital tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE: This narrative review is written with the following objectives. 1) To get a comprehensive overview as well as recent advances in diagnostic test used in the detection of FGTB. 2) To understand the limitations as well as advantages of these laboratory diagnostic test. 3) To provide clinical guidance regarding the detection in susceptible women. METHOD: The literature search was performed using electronic database of Pubmed, Medline, Embase and Google Scholar. Grey literature search was also done. Studies published in English were included. Following keywords were used for search - Tuberculosis, extra pulmonary tuberculosis, female genital tuberculosis, diagnosis of female genital tract tuberculosis. The personal knowledge and experience of authors in the field, helped in archiving the relevant articles. RESULT: Studies suggest that though culture is an invaluable contributor in the diagnosis of FGTB, molecular tests like PCR, LAMP, Xpert MTB/RIF and line probe assays have shown potential and are now being explored to strengthen the diagnostic algorithm of FGTB. CONCLUSION: The use of algorithm approach with combination of both rapid culture and newer molecular techniques will facilitate the accurate and timely diagnosis of FGTB.

Tubal factor infertility with prior ectopic pregnancy: a double whammy? A retrospective cohort study of 2,892 women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of a history of previous naturally conceived tubal ectopic pregnancy (TEP) on subsequent IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Reproductive medicine center in a tertiary hospital. PATIENT(S): A total of 2,892 women with tubal infertility undergoing the first fresh IVF/ICSI cycle. INTERVENTION(S): Women were stratified into three groups according to the type of previous naturally conceived pregnancy: TEP, intrauterine pregnancy (IUP), and no pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE(S): Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were analyzed for each cohort and stratified into the following categories based on female age: <30 years, 30-35 years, and ≥35 years. RESULT(S): Of the 2,892 patients with tubal factor infertility, 511 (17.7%) women had a history of TEP, 1,044 (36.1%) had prior IUP, and 1,337 (46.2%) had never been pregnant. Couples with an initial TEP tended to be younger and had experienced a shorter duration of infertility. Across the whole cohort, the optimal live birth rate decreased in older age groups. Live birth rates stratified by maternal age (<30, 30-35, ≥35 years) did not differ between the TEP group (59.9%, 53.7%, 45.5%) and the IUP (62.0%, 53.8%, 40.6%) and no pregnancy group (56.7%, 54.4%, 45.6%). This did not change after adjusting for confounders such as age and years of infertility. Previous treatment of TEP with salpingectomy, salpingostomy, or medical treatment did not significantly affect subsequent fertility outcomes. The rates of preterm and low birth weight after TEP were also not significantly higher than in women with a previous IUP. CONCLUSION(S): Fertility history, including previous TEP, does not influence the probability of live birth after IVF/ICSI in women with tubal factor infertility.

A new tubal classification system for fertility prognosis after laparoscopic salpingostomy for tubal pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the objectivity and accuracy of a new system that predicts the pregnancy outcomes in patients with tubal pregnancy after laparoscopic salpingostomy. STUDY DESIGN: 480 tubal pregnancy patients were retrospectively stratified as mild, moderate, or severe group according to the new tubal classification system in which pelvic adhesions, tubal morphology, structure, and patency were included. The follow-up was performed for 24 months to determine spontaneous pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: The tubal classification was significantly associated with intrauterine pregnancy rates (mild 70.9% vs. moderate 66.0% vs. severe 41.8%, P=0.001) and recurrent ectopic pregnancy rates (mild 2.8% vs. moderate 4.2% vs. severe 10.9%, P=0.047). The 24-month cumulative rate of intrauterine pregnancy was 73.5% in the mild group, 68.5% in the moderate group, and 45.8% in the severe group (P=0.002). The 24-month cumulative repeat ectopic pregnancy rate was 6.6% in the mild group, 9.1% in the moderate group, and 15% in the severe group (P=0.154). In Cox multivariate regression analysis, a lack of a history of infertility [hazard ratio (HR)=0.633, P=0.001] and tubal scoring (mild HR=2.408, P=0.008; moderate HR=2.147, P=0.010) were significantly associated with a higher rate of spontaneous intrauterine pregnancy. Having a history of infertility (HR=0.351, P=0.037) and no prior abdominopelvic surgery (HR=2.907, P=0.014) were significantly associated with a lower ectopic pregnancy rate. CONCLUSION: The new tubal classification system significantly correlated with spontaneous pregnancy outcomes in patients with tubal pregnancy following laparoscopic salpingostomy.

Clinical Characteristics Associated with Antibiotic Treatment Failure for Tuboovarian Abscesses.

OBJECTIVE: Although parenteral antibiotic treatment is a standard approach for tuboovarian abscesses, a significant proportion of patients fail therapy and require interventional radiology (IR) guided drainage. The objective of this study is to assess if specific clinical factors are associated with antibiotic treatment failure. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective medical record review of patients hospitalized for tuboovarian abscesses from 2001 through 2012 was performed. Clinical characteristics were compared for patients who underwent successful parenteral antibiotic treatment, failed antibiotic treatment necessitating subsequent IR drainage, initial drainage with concurrent antibiotics, and surgery. RESULTS: One hundred thirteen patients admitted for inpatient treatment were identified. Sixty-one (54%) patients were treated with antibiotics alone. Within this group, 24.6% failed antibiotic treatment and required drainage. Mean white blood cell count (K/µL) (18.7 ± 5.94 versus 13.9 ± 5.12) (p = 0.003), mean maximum diameter of tuboovarian abscess (cm) (6.8 ± 2.9 versus 5.2 ± 2.0) (p = 0.03), and length of stay (days) (9.47 ± 7.43 versus 4.59 ± 2.4) (p = 0.002) were significantly greater for patients who failed antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Admission white blood cell count greater than 16 K/µL and abscess size greater than 5.18 cm are associated with antibiotic treatment failure. These factors may provide guidance for initial selection of IR guided drainage.

miR-133b Reverses the Hydrosalpinx-induced Impairment of Embryo Attachment Through Down-regulation of SGK1.

CONTEXT: Hydrosalpinx impairs endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation. However, the exact underlying mechanism remains elusive. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore how an miR-133b-mediated mechanism controls endometrial receptivity and embryo attachment in the endometrium of women with hydrosalpinx. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS: Ishikawa cells were treated with hydrosalpinx fluid (HF) from infertile patients and cultured for in vitro analysis. The attachment rates of BeWo spheroids and mouse embryos to Ishikawa cells were assayed. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: miR-133b, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), and homeobox A10 (HOXA10) expression levels were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot assays. RESULTS: The expression of miR-133b and HOXA10 was significantly down-regulated, whereas the miR-133b target gene SGK1 was up-regulated in mid-secretory endometrial tissues of women with hydrosalpinx and in HF-treated Ishikawa cells. Moreover, hydrosalpinx inhibited miR-133b expression through the activation of nuclear factor κB/p65, and SGK1 decreased miR-133b-induced HOXA10 expression by phosphorylating cAMP responsive element binding protein in Ishikawa cells. Our results also showed that miR-133b and HOXA10 contributed to BeWo spheroid adhesiveness, whereas SGK1 inhibited BeWo spheroid attachment to Ishikawa cells. Importantly, miR-133b overexpression reversed the HF-mediated impairment of embryo attachment in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: miR-133b directly targets SGK1 to reverse the hydrosalpinx-induced down-regulation of HOXA10 and to attenuate the impairment of embryo attachment in vitro.

Effect of hydrosalpinx on uterine and ovarian hemodynamics in women with tubal factor infertility.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of hydrosalpinx on uterine and ovarian blood flows in women with tubal factor infertility. STUDY DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study at a university teaching hospital, 60 women with hydrosalpinx-related tubal infertility (hydrosalpinx group) were compared with 60 women with male or unexplained infertility (non-hydrosalpinx group). In the mid-luteal (peri-implantation) phase of the cycle, endometrial thickness, uterine and ovarian artery pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI), and endometrial and ovarian volume and 3D power Doppler vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI) were measured in both groups. RESULTS: The endometrial VI (p=0.002), FI (p=0.041), and VFI (p=0.018), and ovarian VI (p=0.011), and VFI (p=0.015) were significantly lower in the hydrosalpinx group than in the non-hydrosalpinx group. However, the endometrial thickness, uterine artery PI and RI, ovarian artery PI and RI, endometrial volume, and ovarian volume and FI were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Hydrosalpinx is associated with impaired endometrial and ovarian blood flows which may adversely affect endometrial receptivity and oocyte quality.

Association of assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment and parental infertility diagnosis with autism in ART-conceived children.

STUDY QUESTION: Are assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment factors or infertility diagnoses associated with autism among ART-conceived children? SUMMARY ANSWER: Our study suggests that the incidence of autism diagnosis in ART-conceived children during the first 5 years of life was higher when intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was used compared with conventional IVF, and lower when parents had unexplained infertility (among singletons) or tubal factor infertility (among multiples) compared with other types of infertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Some studies found an increased risk of autism among ART-conceived infants compared with spontaneously-conceived infants. However, few studies, and none in the USA, have examined the associations between types of ART procedures and parental infertility diagnoses with autism among ART-conceived children. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Population-based retrospective cohort study using linkages between National ART Surveillance System (NASS) data for 1996-2006, California Birth Certificate data for 1997-2006, and California Department of Developmental Services (DDS) Autism Caseload data for 1997-2011. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: All live born ART-conceived infants born in California in 1997-2006 (n = 42 383) with 5-year observation period were included in the study. We assessed the annual incidence of autism diagnosis documented in DDS, which includes information on the vast majority of persons with autism in California, and the association of autism diagnosis with ART treatment factors and infertility diagnoses. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Among ART-conceived singletons born in California between 1997 and 2006, the incidence of autism diagnosis remained at ∼0.8% (P for trend 0.19) and was lower with parental diagnosis of unexplained infertility (adjusted hazard risk ratio [aHRR]; 95% confidence interval: 0.38; 0.15-0.94) and higher when ICSI was used (aHRR 1.65; 1.08-2.52), when compared with cases without these patient and treatment characteristics. Among ART-conceived multiples, the incidence of autism diagnosis between 1997 and 2006 remained at ∼1.2% (P for trend 0.93) and was lower with parental diagnosis of tubal factor infertility (aHRR 0.56; 0.35-0.90) and higher when ICSI was used (aHRR 1.71; 1.10-2.66). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Study limitations include imperfect data linkages, lack of data on embryo quality and possible underestimation of autism diagnosis cases. Limitations of the observational study design could affect the analysis by the possibility of residual confounders. Since information about ICSI use was missing for most frozen/thawed embryo transfer cycles, our findings of association of ICSI use and autism diagnosis can only be generalizable to fresh embryo transfer cycles. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our study provides additional evidence of the association between some types of ART procedures with autism diagnosis. Additional research is required to explain the increased risk of autism diagnosis with ICSI use, as well as studies on the effectiveness and safety of ICSI.

Effects of salpingectomy and antituberculosis treatments on fertility results in patients with genital tuberculosis.

AIM: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of tubal surgery and antituberculosis treatments in patients with genital tuberculosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 38 infertile women who had been diagnosed with pelvic tuberculosis and who had had laparoscopy and hysteroscopy were recruited into the study. All women with female genital tuberculosis were divided into two groups: group 1 (salpingectomized, n=21) and group 2 (not salpingectomized, n=15). Both of the groups were treated with antitubercular therapy for 6-12 months. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in level of gonadotrophins used, estradiol levels on human chorionic gonadotrophin day, mean and mature oocytes retrieved, mean embryos transferred, or cancellation and fertilization rates. Only the number of days of stimulation was statistically significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (10.4±2.3 vs 9.2±1.8; P=0.048). Although it did not reach the statistically significant level, clinical pregnancy rate was higher in group 1 (37.5%, 12/32 vs 23.8%, 5/21; P=0.306). Although not statistically significant, number of ongoing pregnancies per embryo transfer, spontaneous abortion rates before 20 weeks of gestation and take-home baby rates were higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (15.5%, 12/77 vs 6.6%, 3/45; P=0.150; 28.1%, 9 vs 23.8%, 5; P=0.600; 9%, 3 vs 0; P=0.160, respectively). CONCLUSION: Salpingectomy is an option for treatment in patients diagnosed with pelvic tuberculosis and infertility to improve both clinical pregnancy rates and take-home baby rates in patients treated with antituberculosis therapy for 12 months.

Role of ultrasound in diagnosing isolated torsion of fallopian tube.

AIM: To summarize the ultrasonic features of isolated fallopian tube torsion (IFTT) by retrospectively analyzing cases presenting at our hospital. METHODS: This analysis was approved by the ethical committee of our hospital. Medical records of surgically proven IFTT patients admitted to our hospital since 2002 were collected. Clinical features and preoperative diagnoses of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. Ultrasonic images were reviewed and characteristics, including location, size, shape, echo and vascularity of the fallopian tube, were summarized. RESULTS: Eleven patients with IFTT were studied. No obvious association was found between the torsion and menstruation cycle. Only four accurate diagnoses were made before the operation. Degrees of torsion ranged 360-2160°. Most of them (9/11, 81.8%) were greater than 720°. Sonograms of the 11 patients could be classified into four types: cystic masses, tube-like structures, heterogeneous masses and whirlpool signs. Cystic masses were the most commonly seen type (4/11, 36.4%), followed by tubular structures (3/11, 27.3%). Whirlpool sign was believed to be the most specific sign in diagnosing IFTT. CONCLUSION: Through review of the authors' experiences, it is possible to diagnose IFTT preoperatively by ultrasound. Sonograms of the IFTT could be divided into four types while clinical significance of this classification requires further confirmation.

Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of interventional ultrasound sclerotherapy with 98% ethanol on women with hydrosalpinx before in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of ultrasound sclerotherapy with 98% ethanol on women with hydrosalpinx before in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 339 women were divided into 4 groups. Group A without a recurrent hydrosalpinx after sclerotherapy (n = 123, 130 cycles), group B having a recurrence of hydrosalpinx after sclerotherapy (n = 34, 39 cycles), group C (n = 47, 50 cycles) with no prophylactic intervention for hydrosalpinx, whereas group D with nonhydrosalpinx tubal factor infertility was served as control group (n = 135, 145 cycles). Pulsatility index, resistance index, the ratio between peak systolic flow and lowest diastolic flow of the uterine arcuate artery on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration, and pregnancy and perinatal outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: Thirty-four women (21.7%) experienced hydrosalpinx recurrence after sclerotherapy. The rates of embryo implantation (8.8%), clinical pregnancy (16.0%), and live birth (10.0%) in group C were significantly lower than those in group A (26.4%, 43.1%, 33.8%), group B (24.5%, 38.5%, 28.2%), and group D (30.0%, 50.3%, 39.3%), respectively. The pulsatility index, resistance index, and the ratio between peak systolic flow and lowest diastolic flow of the uterine arcuate artery in group C were significantly higher than those in the other 3 groups. No significant differences in the rate of preterm birth, the rate of low birthweight newborns, and birth defects were found among the 4 groups. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound sclerotherapy on women with hydrosalpinx could improve the outcomes of in vitro fertilization embryo transfer by improving the blood flow of the uterine arcuate artery. Interventional ultrasound sclerotherapy has no adverse effect on perinatal outcomes.

[New methods for the ambulatory evaluation of female infertility]. / Új lehetoségek a noi meddoség ambuláns kivizsgálásában.

Incidence of infertility increased in the past years and it affects 15% of couples. Female and male factors are responsible in 40% and 40% of the cases, respectively, while factors present in both females and males can be found in 20% of cases. Female factors can be further divided into organic and functional ones. Function of the female organs can be evaluated in an outpatient setting by well-developed laboratory techniques but evaluation of the uterine cavity and inspection of the tubal patency have been traditionally carried out in one-day surgery. However, the latter can be performed under ambulatory setting with the use of office hysteroscopy, so that the use of operating theatre and staff costs can be saved. Using selective pertubation for the evaluation of tubal patency via office hysteroscopy can reduce cost further. The new methods in infertility workup which can be performed in ambulatory setting have several advantages for the patients.

Enhanced beta-catenin expression and inflammation are associated with human ectopic tubal pregnancy.

STUDY QUESTION: Is there a molecular link between Wnt signaling in fallopian tube inflammation and ectopic tubal implantation? SUMMARY ANSWER: Enhanced beta-catenin expression, reduced E-cadherin expression and glycogen accumulation in the tubal epithelia and hyperplasia in tubal arteries were found in ectopic tubal pregnancy, consistent with the effects induced by Wnt signaling and inflammation. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Chronic inflammation caused by infection can alter gene expression in the fallopian tube cells possibly leading to the development of ectopic pregnancy. Knockout mouse models have shown a relationship between Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and predisposition to tubal ectopic pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Women with ectopic tubal pregnancy (n = 18) were included in the case group, while women with chronic salpingitis (n = 13) and non-pregnant women undergoing sterilization procedures or salpingectomy for benign uterine disease (n = 10) were set as the controls. This study was performed between January 2012 and November 2012. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The ampullary segments of fallopian tubes were collected from patients. Tissues of tubal pregnancy were separated into implantation sites and non-implantation sites. Beta-catenin and E-cadherin expression were determined using immunohistological and immunofluorescence staining. Glycogen production was measured with periodic acid Schiff by staining. The diameter and wall thickness of tubal arteries were evaluated by histological analysis method. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Immunohistological staining revealed that beta-catenin protein expression was 100% positive in the ectopic pregnant and inflamed tubal tissues, and the staining intensity was significantly higher than in non-pregnant tubal tissues. In contrast, E-cadherin expression was reduced in ectopic pregnant fallopian tubes, possibly as a consequence of increased Wnt signaling. Moreover, glycogen accumulated in the tubal cells, and hyperplasia was observed in the tubal arteries with ectopic pregnancy, which is consistent with the effects induced by Wnt signaling and inflammation. All these changes could create the permissive environment that promotes embryos to ectopically implant into the fallopian tube. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: This finding requires a further confirmation about what activates Wnt signaling in ectopic tubal pregnancies. Also, it is generally recognized that Chlamydia infection is associated with ectopic pregnancy, and disturbs tubal epithelia via the Wnt signaling. However, the infection type in the samples used was salpingitis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to ectopic pregnancies may contribute to our knowledge of the pathogenesis of tubal disorders and infertility and to the prevention of tubal ectopic pregnancy.

Evaluating the risk factors for developing resistance to parenteral therapy for tubo-ovarian abscess: a case-control study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to identify factors that can predict the resistance to parenteral therapy in patients with tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a case-control study involving 55 admitted patients with TOA. The subjects eligible for this study included 28 patients who failed antibiotic therapy and required surgery (surgical cases) and 27 patients who were conservatively cured (control cases). The clinical characteristics of the patients on admission were reviewed. Logistic regression analysis was performed after univariate analysis to identify potentially important variables and to calculate odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: As per the univariate analysis, compared to the control cases, the surgical cases were older (40.4 vs 31.5 years), had higher white blood cell counts (14000 vs 11828 cells/mm³), higher C-reactive protein levels (16.1 vs 7.6 mg/dL), and a larger abscess diameter (6.6 vs 3.9 cm). There were no significant differences in gravidity, parity, body temperature, rate of endometrial cyst formation, and Chlamydia trachomatis infection rates between the groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the only statistically significant risk factor predicting parenteral antibiotic therapy failure was the abscess diameter >5 cm (odds ratio = 69.6; 95% confidence interval = 9.3-527, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: An abscess diameter >5 cm is an important factor for predicting the failure of antibiotic therapy in patients with TOA. Moreover, it is useful for determining whether patients with TOA should be surgically treated.

Increased risk of placenta previa is associated with endometriosis and tubal factor infertility in assisted reproductive technology pregnancy.

Although assisted reproductive technology (ART) is suspected to increase the risk of placenta previa, a life-threatening complication of pregnancy, the reason is poorly understood. We recruited consecutive 318 pregnancies conceived by ART in our clinic and examined relation of ten variables, i.e. maternal age, gravidity, parity, male or female fetus, previous abortion, previous cesarean delivery, endometriosis, ovulatory disorder, tubal disease, and male infertility, to placenta previa, by logistic regression analysis. As a result, we found that endometriosis (odds ratio = 15.1; 95% CI = 7.6-500.0) and tubal disease (odds ratio = 4.4; 95% CI = 1.1-26.3) were significantly associated with placenta previa. It would be preferable to take the increased risk of placenta previa into account in treating ART pregnancy with endometriosis and tubal disease.

Role of female pelvic anatomy in infertility.

Infertility is defined as a couple's failure to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. The etiology of infertility can be due to female factors, male factors, combined male and female factors, or have an unknown etiology. This review focuses on the role of female pelvic anatomy in infertility. Normal anatomy and the physiology of reproduction will be discussed, as well as the anatomic and pathophysiologic processes that cause infertility including ovulatory disorders, endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, tubal blockage, mullerian anomalies, and abnormalities affecting the uterine cavity such as leiomyomata and endometrial polyps.