Seroprevalencia del SARS-CoV-2 en los pacientes con enfermedades inmunomediadas en tratamiento con terapias biológicas y sintéticos dirigidos / Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases treated with biological and synthetic targeted therapies

INTRODUCCIÓN: La seroprevalencia del SARS-CoV-2 en las enfermedades inflamatorias inmunomediadas (IMID) sigue siendo fuente de controversia. OBJETIVO: Comparar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos (Ac) anti SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con IMID en tratamientos con fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad biológicos (FAMEb) o sintéticos dirigidos (FAMEsd) frente a un grupo de personas sin IMID. MÉTODOS: Estudio de pacientes con IMID y tratamientos con FAMEb y FAMEsd y de individuos sin IMID. Mediante la técnica de inmunoensayo por quimioluminiscencia indirecta, se determinaron las serologías IgG frente al SARS-CoV-2 entre octubre/2020 y mayo/2021. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 1.100 sujetos, 550 pacientes con IMID y 550 personas sin IMID. Se observó una seroprevalencia de 16% (88/550) en los pacientes frente a 19,3% (106/550) en el grupo de personas sin IMID, sin significación estadística (OR 0,790 [IC 95% 0,558-1,118]). Comparando los tratamientos con FAMEb o FAMEsd, se observó una tendencia a una menor seroprevalencia con rituximab, en relación con los individuos sin IMID (OR 0,296 [IC 95% 0,0871,007]). Asimismo, se encontró menor seroprevalencia en los pacientes que además de su FAMEb recibían tratamiento con metotrexato, en comparación con el grupo de personas sin IMID (OR 0,432 [IC 95% 0,223-0,835]). CONCLUSIONES: Las IMID en tratamiento con FAMEb o FAMEsd no influyen en la seroprevalencia frente al SARS-CoV-2 de los pacientes. El tratamiento concomitante con metotrexato disminuye de forma significativa la seroprevalencia en estos pacientes.

BACKGROUND: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in immunemediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) remains controversial. AIM: To compare the seroprevalence of antibodies (Ab) to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with IMID receiving treatment with biological diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARD) or targeted synthetic (tsDMARD) versus a group of people without IMID. METHODS: Study of patients with IMID and treatments with bDMARD and tsDMARD and individuals without IMID. IgG serology against SARS-CoV-2 was measured using the two-step sandwich immunoassay technique by indirect chemiluminescence between October 2020 and May 2021. RESULTS: A total of 1100 subjects were studied, 550 patients with IMID and 550 persons without IMID. A seroprevalence of 16% (88/550) was observed in patients versus 19.3% (106/550) in the group of people without IMID, without statistical significance (OR 0.790 [95% CI 0.558-1.118]). Comparing the treatments with bD- MARD or tsDMARD, there was a tendency to lower seroprevalence with rituximab, in relation to individuals without IMID (OR 0.296 [95% CI 0.087-1.007]). In addition, lower seroprevalence was found in patients who received methotrexate treatment in addition to their bDMARD, compared to the group of individuals without IMID (OR 0.432 [95% CI 0.223-0.835]). CONCLUSIONS: IMIDs in treatment with bDMARDs or tsDMARDs do not influence the seroprevalence against SARS-CoV-2 in patients. Concomitant treatment with methotrexate significantly decreased seroprevalence in these patients.

Social Stressors, Arboviral Infection, and Immune Dysregulation in the Coastal Lowland Region of Ecuador: A Mixed Methods Approach in Ecological Perspective.

Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that transmits arboviral diseases such as dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and Zika viruses (ZIKV), is present in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Individuals at risk of mosquito-borne disease (MBD) in the urban tropics face daily challenges linked to their socio-environment conditions, such as poor infrastructure, poverty, crowding, and limited access to adequate healthcare. These daily demands induce chronic stress events and dysregulated immune responses. We sought to investigate the role of socio-ecologic risk factors in distress symptoms and their impact on biological responses to MBD in Machala, Ecuador. Between 2017 and 2019, individuals (≥ 18 years) with suspected arbovirus illness (DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV) from sentinel clinics were enrolled (index cases, N = 28). Cluster investigations of the index case households and people from four houses within a 200-m radius of index home (associate cases, N = 144) were conducted (total N = 172). Hair samples were collected to measure hair cortisol concentration (HCC) as a stress biomarker. Blood samples were collected to measure serum cytokines concentrations of IL-10, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF-ß. Univariate analyses were used to determine the association of socio-health metrics related to perceived stress scores (PSS), HCC, and immune responses. We found that housing conditions influence PSS and HCC levels in individuals at risk of MBD. Inflammatory cytokine distribution was associated with the restorative phase of immune responses in individuals with low-moderate HCC. These data suggest that cortisol may dampen pro-inflammatory responses and influence activation of the restorative phase of immune responses to arboviral infections.

Nutrition as an etiological factor causing diseases in endangered huemul deer.

OBJECTIVES: Distinct diseases prevent endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) recovery. Fundamental etiological factors include nutriments, a mayor component of habitat quality. Undernutrition affects growth, skeletal development, osteopathology, reproduction and immunocompetence: this paper amplifies data corroborating micro-nutrient deficiencies among huemul. RESULTS: In Argentina, 57% huemul cadavers exhibited osteopathology, with new cases reported here. Recently, 86% live huemul had osteopathology: cranial lesions involved antemortem tooth loss, reducing feeding efficiency and body condition, with starvation deaths. This population had tissues well deficient compared to other cervids, averaging 0.28 ppm selenium, 4.98 ppm copper, whereas for manganese 55% were deficient (2.52 ppm) and 45% adequate (42.79 ppm). Recently, lesions in one Chilean huemul were interpreted to stem from parapoxvirus. That population also has cases with cranial osteopathologies, high disease susceptibility (parapoxvirus, parasitism, foot lesions), crippled antlers, and low density, indicative of marginal habitat and primary etiological factors like undernutrition and immunosuppression. The reported atypical symptoms attributed to parapoxvirus may relate to probable diagnostic limitations, but does support presence of nutritional deficiencies. Patagonia has selenium deficient plants and livestock, including severe muscular dystrophy, and soil levels in extant huemul areas considered very deficient. Moreover, 73% of Chilean huemul were selenium deficient and 64% severely deficient with concomitant cranial osteopathology.

Experiencia en el desarrollo y la aplicación de la inmunología en los últimos 10 años / Experience in development and application of Immunology in the past 10 years

Se presentan los resultados alcanzados en las investigaciones inmunológicas realizadas en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología en los últimos 10 años. Se describen las investigaciones básicas fundamentales relacionadas con el estudio de las moléculas de adhesión en condiciones fisiológicas y patológicas, como el síndrome coronario agudo y la anemia drepanocítica (AD). Se refieren los trabajos relacionados con el diagnóstico inmunológico de los síndromes linfoproliferativos que aportaron datos a la inmunoepidemiología de las hemopatías malignas, especialmente en sus características fenotípicas; los aspectos de mayor interés en el estudio de la AD, como la disminución de los niveles de los anticuerpos naturales anti-banda 3 en los enfermos con crisis vasooclusivas y su posible participación en el fenómeno de vasooclusión, así como la importancia de las moléculas de adhesión en su etiopatogenia. Se describen los resultados del estudio de detección de anticuerpos contra la proteína de fusión PML/RARa en la leucemia promielocítica y su posible utilidad como marcador de diferenciación celular a partir de la presencia o ausencia de la proteína de fusión en la célula leucémica. Los resultados obtenidos han contribuido notablemente al desarrollo de la Inmunología en Cuba y servirán de pauta para el desarrollo futuro de la especialidad(AU)

Authors showed the results achieved in immunological researches in the Institute of Hematology and Immunology during past 10 years. The main basic researches are described in relation to the study of adhesion molecules under physiological and pathological conditions like in the case of the acute coronary syndrome and the drepanocythemia (D). The papers related to the immunological diagnosis of lymphoproliferative syndromes are refered which provide data to the immunoepidemiology of malignant hemopathies, specially in its phenotypic characteristics; the features of more interest in the study of the D, e.g. the decrease of levels of anti-band 3 natural antibodies in patients with vaso-occlusive crisis and its possible participation in the phenomenon of vaso-occlusion, as well as the significance of adhesion molecules in its etiopathogenesis. The results from the study of antibodies detection to PML/RARa fusion protein in the promyelocyte leukemia and its possible usefulness as marker of cellular differentiation from the presence or absence of fusion protein in the leukemic cell are described. The results achieved have contributing very much to development of Immunology in Cuba and will become standard for the future development of the specialty(AU)

Experiencia en el desarrollo y la aplicación de la inmunología en los últimos 10 años / Experience in development and application of Immunology in the past 10 years

Se presentan los resultados alcanzados en las investigaciones inmunológicas realizadas en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología en los últimos 10 años. Se describen las investigaciones básicas fundamentales relacionadas con el estudio de las moléculas de adhesión en condiciones fisiológicas y patológicas, como el síndrome coronario agudo y la anemia drepanocítica (AD). Se refieren los trabajos relacionados con el diagnóstico inmunológico de los síndromes linfoproliferativos que aportaron datos a la inmunoepidemiología de las hemopatías malignas, especialmente en sus características fenotípicas; los aspectos de mayor interés en el estudio de la AD, como la disminución de los niveles de los anticuerpos naturales anti-banda 3 en los enfermos con crisis vasooclusivas y su posible participación en el fenómeno de vasooclusión, así como la importancia de las moléculas de adhesión en su etiopatogenia. Se describen los resultados del estudio de detección de anticuerpos contra la proteína de fusión PML/RARa en la leucemia promielocítica y su posible utilidad como marcador de diferenciación celular a partir de la presencia o ausencia de la proteína de fusión en la célula leucémica. Los resultados obtenidos han contribuido notablemente al desarrollo de la Inmunología en Cuba y servirán de pauta para el desarrollo futuro de la especialidad

Authors showed the results achieved in immunological researches in the Institute of Hematology and Immunology during past 10 years. The main basic researches are described in relation to the study of adhesion molecules under physiological and pathological conditions like in the case of the acute coronary syndrome and the drepanocythemia (D). The papers related to the immunological diagnosis of lymphoproliferative syndromes are refered which provide data to the immunoepidemiology of malignant hemopathies, specially in its phenotypic characteristics; the features of more interest in the study of the D, e.g. the decrease of levels of anti-band 3 natural antibodies in patients with vaso-occlusive crisis and its possible participation in the phenomenon of vaso-occlusion, as well as the significance of adhesion molecules in its etiopathogenesis. The results from the study of antibodies detection to PML/RARa fusion protein in the promyelocyte leukemia and its possible usefulness as marker of cellular differentiation from the presence or absence of fusion protein in the leukemic cell are described. The results achieved have contributing very much to development of Immunology in Cuba and will become standard for the future development of the specialty

Non-communicable diseases in Brazil: mortality patterns, morbidity studies and risk factors.

The aim of this presentation is to give an overview on non-communicable diseases in Brazil and to speculate about singular data that have been described in our country. The high rates of esophageal cancer, the elevated high blood pressure prevalence and some determinants of the decline of cardiovascular mortality are discussed more deeply.

Imunodeficiência congenita e câncer / Congenital immunodeficiency and cancer

Atraves de observaçoes clinicas e experimentais tem-se constatado uma relacao entre a imunodeficiencia e o aparecimento de neoplasias malignas. O autor estuda a associacao existente entre as deficiencias imunes primarias e os tumores. Consideracoes especiais sao feitas,mostrando a relativa alta incidencia de neoplasias malignas e determinadas imunodeficiencias congenitas tais como a ataxia telangiectasia, sindrome de Chediak-Higashi, sindrome de Wiskott-Aldrich, Doenca por imunodeficiencia combinada, sindrome de Di George, agamaglobulinemia tipo Brutton, doenca linfoproliferativa ligada ao sexo, e as disgamaglobulinemias

Tercera Evaluación Internacional del Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones / sss

El presente documento trata del Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones, el Ministerio de Previsión Social y Salud Pública con fines de programación, divide al país en 11 Unidades Sanitarias reconociendo tres zonas geográficas. La importancia del P.A.I. no se limita a la aplicación de una sóla estrategia y a logros de cobertura, sinó que permite prestar preferente atención a las condiciones socio-culturales, económicas y políticas en la perspectiva de aplicar nuevas y más reales estrategias en beneficio de las poblaciones vulnerables y desprotegidas

Tercera Evaluación Internacional del Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones / sss

El presente documento trata del Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones, el Ministerio de Previsión Social y Salud Pública con fines de programación, divide al país en 11 Unidades Sanitarias reconociendo tres zonas geográficas. La importancia del P.A.I. no se limita a la aplicación de una sóla estrategia y a logros de cobertura, sinó que permite prestar preferente atención a las condiciones socio-culturales, económicas y políticas en la perspectiva de aplicar nuevas y más reales estrategias en beneficio de las poblaciones vulnerables y desprotegidas