Clinical and Imaging Data-Based Model for Predicting Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (RPLS) in Pregnant Women With Severe Preeclampsia or Eclampsia and Analysis of Perinatal Outcomes.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia (SPE/E) based on a predicting model and to analyze the perinatal outcomes. Methods: From January 2015 to March 2020, 78 pregnant women data diagnosed with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia with cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) screening in Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital and Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into the RPLS group (n = 33) and non-RPLS group (n = 45) based on the MRI results. The general clinical data (blood pressure, BMI, symptoms, and so forth), laboratory examination, TCD results, and perinatal outcomes in the two groups were compared. The risk factors of severe preeclampsia or eclampsia complicated with RPLS were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. The prediction model and decision curve (DCA) were established according to the clinical-imaging data. Results: The univariate analysis showed that poor placental perfusion, hypertension emergency, use of two or more oral antihypertensive drugs, headache, white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet (PLT) count, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), uric acid (UA), serum albumin (ALB), average flow velocity, and resistance index of the posterior cerebral and basilar arteries were significantly different in the RPLS group compared with the non-RPLS group (all P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertensive emergency, headache, WBC, PLT, ALT, and average flow velocity of the basilar artery (BAAFV) were the risk factors in the RPLS group. The aforementioned clinical-imaging data modeling (general data model, laboratory examination model, TCD model, and combined model) showed that the combined model predicted RPLS better. DCA also confirmed that the net benefit of the combined model was higher. In addition, the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, stillbirth, and preterm infants was higher in the RPLS group than in the non-RPLS group (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: More postpartum complications were detected in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia complicated with RPLS. Hypertensive emergency, headache, WBC, PLT, ALT, and BAAFV were the important risk factors for RPLS. The combined model had a better effect in predicting RPLS.

MRI Changes Among Patients Of Eclampsia And Preeclampsia With Associated Neurological Symptom Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy poses some stress on normal homeostasis of the human body and brings changes in the body which predisposes the individual towards various pathological conditions as well. Objective: Objective of the study was to determine the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes and clinical symptoms associated with these changes among patients of eclampsia and preeclampsia managed at tertiary care unit. It was a cross-sectional study, conducted at Gynaecology and obstetrics department Pak Emirates Military Hospital (PEMH) Rawalpindi. January to June 2019. METHODS: A total of 80 pregnant women who were diagnosed by consultant obstetrician for eclampsia or pre-eclampsia were included in the study. All the patients underwent Plain MRI brain including TIWI, T2WI, FLAIR, DWI, ADC, GRE and SWI sequences at radiology department of PEMH RWP. Positive MRI findings were defined as presence of cerebral oedema, infarction, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and cerebral haemorrhage. Headache, seizures, altered mental status and visual problems were correlated with MRI changes among the target population. RESULTS: Out of 80 pregnant women with eclampsia or preeclampsia, 49 (61.2%) had no changes on MRI while 31 (38.8%) had significant changes on MRI. Cerebral oedema 12 (15%) was the most common MRI finding followed by cerebral haemorrhage 8 (10%). Mean age of participants was 36.33±2.238 years. With Pearson chi-square analysis, it was found that presence of seizures and altered mental state had statistically significant relationship with presence of MRI findings among the target population. CONCLUSIONS: MRI changes were a common finding among the patients of eclampsia or pre-eclampsia. Cerebral oedema was the commonest finding in our study. Patients with serious clinical symptoms like seizures and altered mental state had more chances of having MRI changes as compared to patients without the serious clinical symptoms.

Risk factors for posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in hypertensive pregnant women presenting with seizures.

Pregnant women developing generalised tonic-clonic seizures in the absence of a prior neurological disorder are often diagnosed as eclamptic. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a distinct neuroimaging condition associated with long-term sequelae, which may occur in pregnancy. Some reports suggested PRES to be the pathophysiological process leading to eclampsia, whereas others observed PRES and eclampsia to have varying clinical severity and risk factors. In this case-control study, risk factors associated with PRES were compared to those for eclampsia in women with hypertension presenting with seizures who had undergone neuroimaging. PRES was noted to occur in 22.5% (51/227) hypertensive pregnant women presenting with seizures that otherwise would have been classified as eclampsia. An additional 51 women with eclampsia underwent neuroimaging. Women who had PRES had higher systolic (155.3 vs 144.5, p = 0.04), diastolic (99.2 vs 93.4, p = 0.006) and mean (117.9 vs 110.4, p = 0.001) blood pressure at admission compared to those with eclampsia. Eclampsia and PRES may occur through a similar pathophysiological mechanism, resulting in the same spectrum of neurological complications of preeclampsia, with PRES being the severest form of the disease process. PRES is difficult to differentiate from eclampsia based on clinical and laboratory investigation, except for high blood pressures, without adjunctive MRI/CT neuroimaging. Future studies should assess the role of biomarkers as well as long-term neurological sequelae in pregnant women with a diagnosis of PRES.

MRI characteristics of brain edema in preeclampsia/eclampsia patients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The neuroimaging manifestations of eclampsia and preeclampsia often overlap, mainly presenting as posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the extent and nature of brain edema in eclampsia and preeclampsia patients with PRES based on MRI characteristics. METHODS: One hundred fifty women diagnosed with preeclampsia-eclampsia and undergoing cranial MRI were enrolled; 24 of these were diagnosed as having eclampsia. According to clinicoradiologic diagnosis of PRES, eligible patients were classified as having eclampsia with PRES (group E-PRES) and preeclampsia with PRES (group P-PRES). A scale on T2W FLAIR-SPIR images was established to evaluate the extent of brain edema, and the score of brain edema (SBE) of both groups was compared. In patients of the two groups who also underwent DWI sequence, the presence or absence of hyperintensity on DWI and hypointensity on ADC maps were determined to compare the nature of brain edema. Furthermore, clinical and biochemical data of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: The incidence of PRES in eclampsia patients was significantly higher than that in preeclampsia patients (87.50% vs. 46.03%, P<0.001). The SBE of all regions and typical regions in group E-PRES patients were significantly higher than those in group P-PRES patients (15.88±8.72 vs. 10.90±10.21, P=0.021; 8.52±3.87 vs. 5.01±4.19, P=0.002; respectively). The presence of hyperintensity on DWI was determined more frequently in group E-PRES patients than group P-PRES patients (71.43% vs. 32.00%, P=0.024). Age, systolic blood pressure, white blood cell count, neutrophil count and percentage of neutrophils were significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Certain MRI characteristics that reflect the extent and nature of brain edema were different between eclampsia and preeclampsia patients with PRES. Additional prospective studies are still required to explore whether these MRI characteristics of brain edema may further become a potential predictor for eclamptic seizures in preeclampsia patients with PRES.

Neuroimaging During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period.

New onset or exacerbation of preexisting neurologic symptoms during pregnancy often necessitates brain or spinal cord imaging. Magnetic resonance techniques are preferred imaging modalities during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Ionizing radiation with computed tomography and intravenous contrast material with magnetic resonance or computed tomography should be avoided during pregnancy. New onset of headaches in the last trimester or in the postpartum period may indicate cerebrovascular disease or a mass lesion, for which brain imaging is necessary. The continuum of cerebrovascular complications of pregnancy and enlarging lesions may produce neurologic symptoms later in pregnancy and after delivery, necessitating imaging.

Gestantes con índice de pulsatilidad alterado en ecografía Doppler / Pregnant women with altered pulsatility index in Doppler echography

Introducción: La ecografía Doppler de las arterias uterinas es una técnica propuesta para predecir el riesgo de preeclampsia, retardo del crecimiento intrauterino y otras alteraciones perinatales adversas. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de gestantes con alteración en las arterias uterinas durante el primer trimestre e identificar la presencia de preeclampsia/eclampsia, así como sus principales características clínicas. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y longitudinal de 168 gestantes en el primer trimestre de embarazo, pertenecientes al municipio de Tercer Frente en Santiago de Cuba, evaluadas en una pesquisa de Genética realizada en el Policlínico Docente Cruce de los Baños, de abril a noviembre de 2018. A todas se les realizó ecografía Doppler para calcular el índice de pulsatilidad de las arterias uterinas. Resultados: En la casuística, 16 pacientes presentaron alterado el índice de pulsatilidad y, de ellas, solo en 3 se desarrolló preeclampsia, para 18,7 %; la edad promedio en estas últimas fue de 29 años y 2 eran nulíparas (66,6 %). Respecto al índice de pulsatilidad, el promedio fue de 2,5. Conclusiones: Se mantuvo un estrecho seguimiento, hasta el parto, de las pacientes con resultados patológicos, y se destacó la importancia de estudiar el índice de pulsatilidad de las arterias uterinas durante el primer trimestre del embarazo, sobre todo en las nulíparas.

Introduction: The Doppler echography of the uterine arteries is a technique suggested to predict the risk of pre-eclampsia, the intrauterine growth retardation and other adverse perinatal disorders. Objectives: To determine the frequency of pregnant women with disorder in the uterine arteries during the first trimester and to identify the pre-eclampsia/eclampsia presence, as well as their main clinical characteristics. Methods: A descriptive and longitudinal study of 168 pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy, belonging to the Tercer Frente municipality in Santiago de Cuba was carried out, they were evaluated by investigation of Genetics in Cruce de los Baños Teaching Polyclinic from April to November, 2018. To determine the pulsatility index of the uterine arteries, a Doppler echography was carried out. Results: In the case material 16 patients presented this parameter altered and just 3 pregnant women presented pre-eclampsia, for 18.7 %; the average age of these last ones was of 29 years and 2 were nonparous (66.6 %). Regarding the pulsatility index, the average was of 2.5. Conclusions: There was a close follow up of the patients with pathological results, until the childbirth, and the importance of studying the pulsatility index of the uterine arteries in the first trimester of the pregnancy, mainly in the nonparous, was emphasized.

Sequential occurrence of eclampsia-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and reversible splenial lesion syndrome (a case report): proposal of a novel pathogenesis for reversible splenial lesion syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare clinic-radiological entity characterized by headache, an altered mental status, visual disturbances, and seizures. Reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES) is a new clinic-radiological syndrome characterized by the presence of reversible lesions with transiently restricted diffusion (cytotoxic edema) in the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC) on magnetic resonance (MR) images. Here we report a rare case involving a 23-year-old pregnant woman with eclampsia who sequentially developed PRES and RESLES. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient, a 23-year-old pregnant woman, presented with sudden-onset headache, dizziness, and severe hypertension (blood pressure, 170/110 mmHg). Brain MR imaging (MRI) revealed T2 hyperintense lesions in the posterior circulation territories. Immediate cesarean section was performed, and the patient received intravenous infusion of mannitol (125 ml, q8h) for 8 days for the treatment of PRES. Ten days later, or 1 day after the discontinuation of mannitol, T2-weighted MRI showed that the hyperintense lesions (vasogenic edema) had disappeared. However, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping revealed an isolated lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC) that was accompanied by restricted diffusion (cytotoxic edema); these findings indicated reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES). Five days after the discontinuation of mannitol, she had no abnormal symptoms and was discharged from our hospital. Brain MRI performed 29 days after the clinical onset of symptoms showed no abnormalities. CONCLUSION: The sequential occurrence of the two reversible diseases in our patient prompted us to propose a novel pathogenesis for RESLES. Specifically, we believe that the vasogenic edema in PRES was reduced with mannitol treatment, which increased the hyperosmotic stress and opened the blood-brain barrier; meanwhile, upregulation of aquaporin-4 expression secondary to the increased osmotic pressure resulted in cytotoxic edema in the astrocytes in SCC (RESLES). Further research is necessary to confirm this possible pathogenesis.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in eclampsia.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is characterized by acute headache, visual impairment, seizures, and altered mental status; neuroimaging may show cerebral edema affecting the parietal and occipital lobes of the brain. The objective of this article is to review the current understanding of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in eclampsia. Literature was searched from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The search terms included "eclampsia", "eclampsia and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome", and "pregnancy and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome". We reviewed all published original articles with the search term "posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome". Up to 100% of eclamptic patients may have reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Two putative mechanisms - "vasogenic" and "vasospasm" - are considered to be responsible. Cerebral edema and petechial cortical hemorrhages are common autopsy findings. Clinical and neuroimaging manifestations are reversible in the majority of patients. Prompt correction of increased blood pressure and treatment of seizures are the cornerstones of treatment. Magnesium sulfate is the drug of choice for seizures. Some survivors may have permanent vision loss and other disabling sequelae. In conclusion, posterior reversible encephalopathy is a devastating complication of eclampsia. Early recognition helps in preventing some of its devastating sequelae.

Neuroimaging findings in women who develop neurologic symptoms in severe preeclampsia with or without eclampsia.

Eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide, and its pathogenesis remains elusive. Our objective was to investigate neuroimaging findings in women who developed neurologic symptoms in severe preeclampsia with or without eclampsia to further understand the relationship between neuroimaging findings and the pathogenesis of eclamptic seizures. This retrospective study included 79 women with severe preeclampsia/eclampsia who underwent brain MRI/CT examination between 2005 and 2017. We analyzed imaging findings, clinical data, and laboratory data in order to compare patients with severe preeclampsia to those with eclampsia and patients with abnormal imaging findings to those with normal CT or MRI. A total of 41 of 79 women were diagnosed with eclampsia, 36 (88.80%) of which had abnormal neuroimaging findings, including cerebral edema (19 cases), infarction (5 cases), cerebral venous thrombosis (5 cases), and cerebral hemorrhage (7 cases). Five patients died of cerebral hemorrhage. Of the 38 cases of severe preeclampsia, 21 (55.26%) cases had abnormal imaging findings, including cerebral edema (20 cases), and 1 case had cerebral hemorrhage. Serum uric acid was significantly higher in patients with abnormal imaging findings than in patients without them (P = 0.004). The imaging findings in women with neurologic symptoms were similar between the severe preeclampsia and eclampsia groups. Our results suggest that eclampsia may not be a diagnosis with a unique pathogenesis; rather, it may be best considered a severe symptom of the intracranial pathophysiology of preeclampsia. We suggest that cranial imaging should be performed early in the management of patients with severe preeclampsia who develop new neurologic symptoms.

Assessment of cerebral perfusion and edema in preeclampsia with intravoxel incoherent motion MRI.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral complications are the main reasons for morbidity and mortality in preeclampsia and eclampsia. As yet, we do not know whether the pathophysiology entails hypo- or hyperperfusion of the brain, or how and when edema emerges, due to the difficulty of examining the cerebral circulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have used a non-invasive diffusion weighted-magnetic resonance imaging technique, intravoxel incoherent motion, to study cerebral perfusion on the capillary level and cerebral edema in women with preeclampsia (n = 30), normal pregnancy (n = 32), and non-pregnant women (n = 16). Estimates of cerebral blood volume, blood flow, and edema were measured in 5 different regions. These points were chosen to represent blood supply areas of both the carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries, and to include both white and gray matter. RESULTS: Except for the caudate nucleus, we did not detect any differences in cerebral perfusion measures on a group level. In the caudate nucleus, we found lower cerebral blood volume and lower blood flow in preeclampsia than in either normal pregnancy (P = .01 and P = .03, respectively) or non-pregnant women (both P = .02). No differences in edema were detected between study groups. CONCLUSION: The cerebral perfusion measures were comparable between the study groups, except for a portion of the basal ganglia where hypoperfusion was detected in preeclampsia but not in normal pregnancy or non-pregnant women.

Clinical and imaging profile of patients with new-onset seizures & a presumptive diagnosis of eclampsia - A prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and imaging profile of patients with new-onset seizures with a presumptive diagnosis of eclampsia. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital, on pregnant women presenting with new onset seizures with presumptive diagnosis of eclampsia excluding those with pre-existing neurological conditions. Demographic details, medical and obstetric examination findings were noted. All women underwent neuroimaging within 5 days of onset seizures. RESULTS: Presumptive diagnosis of eclampsia was made in 0.7% (n = 186) of women delivering during the time period. Most women (55.4%) presented with seizures in the antenatal period. Neuroimaging is performed in 130 cases and it was found to be abnormal in 45.4% of women (59/130). Most common associated neurological condition was Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in 20% (n = 26) followed by Cerebral Venosus Sinus Thrombosis in 10% (n = 14). All six women with primary intracerebral haemorrhage succumbed to the disease. CONCLUSION: New-onset seizures may be the initial presentation of uncommon and unpredictable complication of pregnancy with serious maternal/ fetal morbidity and mortality. Neuroimaging will help in these patients to avoid the delay or misdiagnosis, resulting in early initiation of specific treatment which will help to improve and optimize outcomes.

Effect of blood pressure on reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in pre-eclampsia or eclampsia.

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is a critical maternal complication in some pre-eclampsia (PE) and nearly all eclampsia patients; RPLS is associated with high blood pressure (BP). However, the effect of BP on RPLS and the different characteristics of RPLS in PE or eclampsia are largely unknown. We consecutively collected data from 69 patients who were diagnosed with RPLS in PE or eclampsia between 2013 and 2017. The BP and biochemical indicators at onset and post onset of RPLS were examined to explore their likely correlation with RPLS. We grouped patients into PE (n=40) and eclampsia (n=29) groups according to whether a seizure had occurred. Information regarding BP, clinical symptoms and imaging features was collected retrospectively to explore the differences between groups. BP measurements (moderate and severe hypertension, systolic pressure (SBP), diastolic pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) levels) and biochemical indicators (uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein and WBC) were higher at the onset of RPLS than post-onset of RPLS (P<0.001), whereas normal BP and serum albumin levels were lower (P<0.001). Moreover, the BP values (SBP, DBP and MAP) and LDH levels were significantly correlated with the degree of edema (Spearman's correlation, P<0.01). These results suggest that hypertension and LDH are likely factors in the development of RPLS in PE or eclampsia. Moreover, BP and LDH were closely related to the degree of brain edema, However, no significant differences were found between the PE and eclampsia groups with the exception of age and consciousness impairment.

A study on clinicoradiological characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in preeclampsia or eclampsia.

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is a critical maternal complication in preeclampsia or eclampsia during pregnancy. However, studies regarding the clinicoradiological and outcome differences between RPLS and non-RPLS pregnancies are scarce. We aimed to explore the incidence of RPLS, and summarize the clinicoradiological characteristics and pregnancy outcomes. We consecutively collected a total of 100 patients who were diagnosed with preeclampsia or eclampsia, and examined via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among 21 872 women between 2013 and 2016. All patients were grouped into RPLS (n=49) and non-RPLS (n=51) groups according to their MRI results. Information about clinicoradiological features and pregnancy outcomes was collected retrospectively to explore the differences between the groups. The incidence of RPLS in pregnant women was 0.22% (49/21 872). The frequency of clinical symptoms, such as headache, vision change, seizure and consciousness disorders, and blood pressure conditions, such as severely elevated hypertension, systolic and diastolic pressure and mean arterial pressure levels, was increased in the RPLS group compared with that in the non-RPLS group (P<0.05). The occipital lobe was the most frequently affected area (93.88%) in RPLS patients. The cesarean section rate in RPLS group was higher than the non-RPLS group (P<0.05), whereas the 1 min Apgar score was lower (P<0.05). These results suggest that the incidence of RPLS was high. Information about clinical symptoms and blood pressure was useful in predicting RPLS. In addition, RPLS was significantly associated with the delivery mode and pregnancy outcomes. The most frequently affected area was the occipital lobe.

Serie de casos de encefalopatía posterior reversible y eclampsia / Case series of reversible posterior encephalopathy and eclampsia

El síndrome de encefalopatía Posterior Reversible es una condición clínica y radiológica, con diversas manifestaciones neurológicas, también llamada la encefalopatía hipertensiva aguda y síndrome de leuco encefalopatía posterior reversible (SLPR), es un síndrome neurotóxico de vasoregulación cerebral clásicamente caracterizada por edema parieto-occipital bilateralmente simétrica. Sin embargo, los hallazgos de imagen son variables y pueden ocurrir en otras ubicaciones tales como los lóbulos frontales, tálamo, los ganglios basales y el tronco cerebral. TC y RM imágenes suelen mostrar áreas de edema vasogénico simétricamente distribuidos, principalmente en el territorio de la circulación posterior. Típicamente, las anormalidades afectan a la materia blanca, pero la corteza cerebral también ha sido afectada en algunos casos. El mecanismo del síndrome no se entiende por completo. Es un trastorno de la autorregulación cerebrovascular. Un estado hiperperfusión con una ruptura de la barrera sangre-cerebro conduce a la extravasación de fluido que contiene sangre o macromoléculas, que resulta en edema cortical o subcortical...(AU)

Reversible Posterior encephalopathy syndrome is a clinical and radiological condition, with various neurological manifestations, also called acute hypertensive encephalopathy and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), is a neurotoxic syndrome of cerebral vasoregulation classically characterized by parieto-occipital edema bilaterally symmetric However, the imaging findings are variable and may occur in other locations such as the frontal lobes, thalamus, basal ganglia and brain stem. CT and MRI images usually show areas of symmetrically distributed vasogenic edema, mainly in the territory of the posterior circulation. Typically, abnormalities affect the white matter, but the cerebral cortex has also been affected in some cases. The mechanism of the syndrome is not completely understood. It is a disorder of cerebrovascular self-regulation. A hyperperfusion state with a rupture of the blood-brain barrier leads to the extravasation of fluid containing blood or macromolecules, resulting in cortical or subcortical edema ... (AU)

Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES) associated with severe eclampsia: Clinical and biochemical features.

OBJECTIVES: Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) and eclampsia share clinical characteristics and patients may present with a combination of these two entities. Our aim was to study the proportion of patients with eclampsia having evidence of PRES in their brain imaging. METHODS: Retrospective study of pregnant patients diagnosed as having eclampsia that underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during their hospitalization. MRI diagnosis of PRES was assessed by 2 investigators blinded to group. RESULTS: We included a total of 29 patients with eclampsia, out of which 17 (58.6%) had MRI evidence of PRES. When patients with eclampsia and eclampsia/PRES were compared, there was no difference in demographic characteristics such as age, weight or multiparity. Patients with eclampsia/PRES had higher levels of creatinine, liver enzymes, mean platelet volume and there was a trend towards higher proteinuria. Infants of mothers with eclampsia/PRES also had worse 1min APGAR scores. CONCLUSION: PRES appears to accompany eclampsia in over half of all cases. The clinical picture of patients with eclampsia with or without associated PRES is similar, but certain biochemical characteristics suggest that PRES might be indicative of a more severe disease process.

Atypical presentation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: Clinical and radiological characteristics in eclamptic patients.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an obstetric emergency frequently occurring in a pregnant or puerperal woman, manifested with an acute headache, consciousness impairment, seizures, and visual deficits and is associated with white matter changes predominantly affecting the posterior parietal and occipital lobes of the brain. Apart from the above-described typical location of the changes, the most common atypical location involves the brain stem and basal ganglia. Since magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more sensitive and specific imaging technique compared to computerized tomography, establishing the diagnosis and follow-up in patients with PRES is based mainly on MRI findings. It is particularly important not to exclude PRES as a possible diagnosis when we have the appropriate clinical presentation accompanied by the atypical radiological findings, since this clinical-radiological syndrome can often be manifested with an atypical MRI image.

Incidence of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in eclamptic and patients with preeclampsia with neurologic symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is observed frequently in patients with eclampsia; however, it has also been reported in some patients with preeclampsia. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in patients with preeclampsia and eclampsia and to assess whether these 2 patient groups share similar pathophysiologic backgrounds by comparing clinical and radiologic characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of 4849 pregnant patients. A total of 49 patients with eclampsia and preeclampsia and with neurologic symptoms underwent magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography; 10 patients were excluded from further analysis because of a history of epilepsy or dissociative disorder. The age, parity, blood pressure, and routine laboratory data at the onset of symptoms were also recorded. RESULTS: Among 39 patients with neurologic symptoms, 12 of 13 patients with eclampsia (92.3%) and 5 of 26 patients with preeclampsia (19.2%) experienced the development of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Whereas age and blood pressure at onset were not significantly different between patients with and without encephalopathy, hematocrit, serum creatinine, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase values were significantly higher in patients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome than in those without magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. In contrast, patients with eclampsia with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome did not show any significant differences in clinical and laboratory data compared with patients with preeclampsia with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. In addition to the parietooccipital regions, atypical regions (such as the frontal and temporal lobes), and basal ganglia were also involved in patients with eclampsia and patients with preeclampsia with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Finally, intraparenchymal hemorrhage was detected in 1 patient with eclampsia, and subarachnoid hemorrhage was observed in 1 patient with preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS: Although the incidence of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome was high in patients with eclampsia, nearly 20% of the patients with preeclampsia with neurologic symptoms also experienced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. The similarities in clinical and radiologic findings of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome between the 2 groups support the hypothesis that these 2 patient groups have a shared pathophysiologic background. Thus, magnetic resonance imaging studies should be considered for patients with the recent onset of neurologic symptoms, regardless of the development of eclampsia.