El Caso Belén y las construcciones sobre el "no nacido" en Argentina, Aportes para la discusión / The Case of Belen and the constructions about the "unborn" in Argentina. Contributions for the discussion / El cas Belén i les construccions sobre el "no nascut" a Argentina. Aportacions al debat

En 2016 "Belén" fue condenada a 8 años de prisión, acusada de haber asesinado a su "bebé", a su "hijo", en base a dichos de testigos que encontraron un "feto" de aproximadamente 22 semanas tirado en el inodoro del baño del hospital. Estos desplazamientos de sentido de la figura de un "no nacido" son frecuentes entre quienes se oponen a la legalización del aborto, pero están también en la cultura de masas, el mercado del embarazo/maternidad, libros infantiles de educación sexual y relatos de mujeres. Presentamos una revisión bibliográfica sobre estas complejidades y un análisis de la sentencia judicial del Caso Belén para sumar a una historia socio cultural del no nacido y aportar a la discusión sobre derechos (no) reproductivos y justicia de género

In 2016, "Belén" was sentenced to 8 years in prison, accused of having murdered her "baby", her "son", based on statements by witnesses who found a "fetus" of approximately 22 weeks lying on the toilet of the hospital bathroom. These displacements of meaning of the figure of an "unborn" are frequent among those who oppose the legalization of abortion, but they are also present in the mass culture, the pregnancy/maternity market, children's books on sexual education and women's stories. We present a bibliographic review on these complexities and an analysis of the judicial decision of the Belén Case to collaborate to a socio-cultural history of the unborn and contribute to the discussion on (non) reproductive rights and gender justice

S'analitza l'avortament com un bé social des de les diferents mirades que té la societat pel que fa a l'avortament i les lleis que ho regulen. Es critica la posició dels diferents actors socials pel que fa a la posició de l'Església o la d'aquells que estan a favor de la vida. Aquests actors no haurien d'estar influenciats per les seves creences personals sinó per les necessitats de la població i de les polítiques públiques. S'estudia la necessitat de despenalitzar l'avortament per motius de salut pública i de la dignitat de les dones

Conocimientos sobre prevención de la transmisión sexual del Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana en la comunidad La Silsa / Knowledge about prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus sexual transmission in the community La Silsa

Introducción: Las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual representan a nivel mundial un serio problema, tanto en términos de salud como económicos y sociales. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimientos sobre prevención de la transmisión sexual del Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana en la población de 15 a 49 años de edad en la comunidad de La Silsa. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de intervención en la comunidad de La Silsa, municipio Libertador del Estado de Caracas, Venezuela, sobre conocimientos y cambios de actitudes acerca de la prevención de la transmisión sexual del Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana, donde se aplicó un cuestionario antes y después de la intervención. El estudio se diseñó en 3 etapas: diagnóstico, intervención, y evaluación. Como procedimientos estadísticos se emplearon números absolutos y porcentajes para resumir la información y tablas para presentar los resultados. Resultados: Se encontró que el grupo de edad más frecuente fue el de 15-19 años (22.3 por ciento) y el sexo que predominó fue el femenino con 54.1 por ciento. Se observó que 59.4 por ciento presentaba un nivel básico de escolaridad, con predominio del sexo femenino. Después del estudio se logró 84.5 por ciento de conocimientos en cómo realizar sexo protegido, 100 por ciento de conocimientos respecto al momento idóneo para la colocación del condón, y 98.7 por ciento reconoció el riesgo para la infección por VIH. Conclusiones: Con la intervención se logró modificar positivamente los niveles de conocimientos sobre el VIH en cuanto a realización del sexo protegido, uso del condón y condiciones de riesgo para infección del VIH(AU)

Introduction: The Sexual Transmission Infections (STI) represents a serious problem worldwide, regarding health, economics and social issues. Objective: To determine the knowledge level about the prevention of sexual transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a group of population between 15 49 years old in the community of La Silsa. Material and methods: Was performed an intervention study in the community of La Silsa, El Libertador municipality, Caracas, Venezuela about ,knowledge and changes of attitudes about the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, applying a questionnaire before and after the intervention. The study was designed in three stages: Diagnosis, Intervention, and Evaluation. Results: Was found out that the most frequent age group was from 15 to 19 years old (22.3 percent) and the predominant gender was the feminine with 54.1 percent. It was observed that 59.4 percent has a basic grade level, with predominance of the feminine sex. After the study was achieved that 84.5 percent have the knowledge about how to make protected sex, 100 percent know which the suitable moment to put the condom is, and 98.7 percent recognized the risk of infection from HIV. Conclusions: With the intervention, was positively achieve a change of the knowledge level about HIV, regarding: the performance of protected sex, the use of condom and the risk conditions for the infection by the HIV(AU)

La explotación sexual comercial infantil en la ciudad de Bucaramanga: análisis y propuestas de intervención socio-sanitaria / The sexual exploitation of children in the city of Bucaramanga: analysis and proposals for social and health care intervention

Objetivo: Fortalecer la oferta institucional para la prevención y atención de la problemática de la explotación sexual comercial infantil en la ciudad de Bucaramanga (Colombia). Método: Se realizó una investigación bajo una perspectiva cualitativa con un enfoque de investigación acción y muestreo intencional: 6 grupos focales y 10 entrevistas en profundidad con diferentes actores implicados en la explotación sexual comercial infantil. Resultados: La percepción de la explotación sexual comercial infantil como una forma de trabajo por parte de las víctimas dificulta el reconocimiento de la situación como una violación de derechos humanos. La educación, la salud sexual y reproductiva y la protección desde sectores institucionales, son las mayores debilidades en las que hay que incidir para la prevención y atención de la problemática. Conclusiones: El entorno de pobreza junto con la cultura patriarcal androcéntrica, favorecen la explotación sexual comercial infantil en la ciudad de Bucaramanga. Es necesario priorizar en su agenda pública recursos para la atención y prevención de la explotación sexual comercial infantil poniendo énfasis en la dimensión social y de salud de la misma (AU)

Objective: To strengthen the institutional offer for the prevention and treatment of the problem of sexual exploitation of children in the city of Bucaramanga (Colombia). Method: We performed a qualitative research under an action research approach and a purposive sampling: 6 focus groups and 10 in-depth interviews with different actors involved in children commercial sexual exploitation. Results: The perception of sexual exploitation of children as a form of work on the part of the victims makes difficult to recognize the situation as a human rights violation. Education, sexual and reproductive health, and protection from institutional sectors are the major weaknesses that would need to face it for the prevention and care of the problem. Conclusion: The poverty environment together with androcentric patriarchal culture, promote the sexual exploitation of children in the city of Bucaramanga. It need prioritize in public agenda to resources for care and prevention of sexual exploitation of children by emphasizing the social and health dimensions (AU)

Claiming comprehensive sex education is a right does not make it so: a close reading of international law.

The international community is currently debating whether international law requires States to educate adolescents about their sexuality. Various nongovernmental organizations, United Nations Special Rapporteurs, and treaty-monitoring bodies assert a right to comprehensive sex education, a controversial approach to sex education that arguably encourages adolescents to experiment with their sexuality. This assertion of a right to comprehensive sex education is erroneous and misleading. International human rights are created in two ways: by treaty and by custom. Treaties do not mention comprehensive sex education, or any other form of sex education or training. Custom, found in international consensus documents and other declarations of political will, and confirmed by State practice, holds no universal agreement on sex education. Because neither treaty nor custom creates a right to comprehensive sex education, no such right exists.

Evaluating programs that address ideological issues: ethical and practical considerations for practitioners and evaluators.

There are important practical and ethical considerations for organizations in conducting their own, or commissioning external, evaluations and for both practitioners and evaluators, when assessing programs built on strongly held ideological or philosophical approaches. Assessing whether programs "work" has strong political, financial, and/or moral implications, particularly when expending public dollars, and may challenge objectivity about a particular program or approach. Using a case study of the evaluation of a school-based abstinence-until-marriage program, this article discusses the challenges, lessons learned, and ethical responsibilities regarding decisions about evaluation, specifically associated with ideologically driven programs. Organizations should consider various stakeholders and views associated with their program to help identify potential pitfalls in evaluation. Once identified, the program or agency needs to carefully consider its answers to two key questions: Do they want the answer and are they willing to modify the program? Having decided to evaluate, the choice of evaluator is critical to assuring that ethical principles are maintained and potential skepticism or criticism of findings can be addressed appropriately. The relationship between program and evaluator, including agreements about ownership and eventual publication and/or promotion of data, should be addressed at the outset. Programs and organizations should consider, at the outset, their ethical responsibility when findings are not expected or desired. Ultimately, agencies, organizations, and programs have an ethical responsibility to use their data to provide health promotion programs, whether ideologically founded or not, that appropriately and effectively address the problems they seek to solve.

Youth in India ready for sex education? Emerging evidence from national surveys.

CONTEXT: Sex education/family life education (FLE) has been one of the highly controversial issues in Indian society. Due to increasing incidences of HIV/AIDS, RTIs/STIs and teenage pregnancies, there is a rising need to impart sex education. However, introducing sex education at school level always received mixed response from various segments of Indian society. DATA AND METHODS: We attempt to understand the expectations and experiences of youth regarding family life education in India by analysing the data from District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3: 2007-08) and Youth Study in India (2006-07). We used descriptive methods to analyse the extent of access to FLE and socio demographic patterning among Indian youth. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: We found substantial gap between the proportion of youth who perceived sex education to be important and those who actually received it, revealing considerable unmet need for FLE. Youth who received FLE were relatively more aware about reproductive health issues than their counterparts. Majority among Indian youth, irrespective of their age and sex, favoured introduction of FLE at school level, preferably from standard 8(th) onwards. The challenge now is to develop a culturally-sensitive FLE curriculum acceptable to all sections of society.

"How can I gain skills if I don't practice?" The dynamics of prohibitive silence against pre-marital pregnancy and sex in Zimbabwe.

Young people face sexual and reproductive health (SRH) problems including Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is critical to continue documenting their situation including the contexts they live in. As part of a larger study that explored perspectives of men to SRH and more specifically abortion and contraceptive use, 546 pupils (51% female; age range 9-25 years) from a rural area in Zimbabwe were invited to write anonymously questions about growing up or other questions they could not ask adults for fear or shame. The pupils were included following descriptions by adults of the violence that is unleashed on unmarried young people who engaged in sex, used contraceptives, or simply suggested doing so. The questions by the young people pointed to living in a context of prohibitive silence; their sexuality was silenced and denied. As a consequence they had poor knowledge and their fears and internal conflicts around sexuality and pregnancy were not addressed. Current action suggests concerted effort at the policy level to deal with young people's SRH in Zimbabwe. It nevertheless remains necessary, as a way to provide support to these efforts, to continue examining what lessons can be drawn from the past, and how the past continues to reflect in and shape present dynamics and relations. There is also need to look more critically at life skill education, which has previously been described as having failed to address adequately the practical needs of young people. Life skill education in Zimbabwe has rarely been systematically evaluated. A fuller understanding is also needed of the different factors co-existing in contemporary African societies and how they have been and continue to be constituted within history, and the implications to the promotion of adolescent SRH.

Educación de la sexualidad en función de prevenir el embarazo en las adolescentes / Sexual education as a function of pregnancy prevention in adolescents

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de las adolescentes del Policlínico Universitario Luis Augusto Turcios Lima, del municipio Pinar del Río que concurrieron a la consulta de regulación menstrual durante el período enero-junio del año 2011, con el objetivo de caracterizar la educación de la sexualidad en función de prevenir el embarazo. Se les aplicó una encuesta a los adolescentes con previo consentimiento de sus padres. El universo lo constituyeron 345 adolescentes, y se tomó una muestra probabilística simple de 200 que asistieron a este servicio. Los datos fueron procesados y analizados con medidas de frecuencias (porcientos) y se le aplicó la prueba de hipótesis. Los principales resultados fueron: las adolescentes con edades entre 14 a 16 años (66,7 por ciento) fueron las que con mayor frecuencia utilizaron el servicio, los amigos (39,5 por ciento) y los medios de difusión (30,5 por ciento) son las vías principales por las cuales recibieron la información sobre el tema. Refieren que iniciaron las relaciones sexuales por las exigencias del otro miembro de la pareja y la presión de los amigos del grupo; el 55,5 por ciento refleja no tener una percepción adecuada sobre los riesgos que representa el aborto y las causas principales: estar estudiando y no esperaba embarazarse y ser un método anticonceptivo con pocos riesgos y no tener información o ser escasa de cómo prevenir el embarazo. Existen dificultades en la educación de la sexualidad en función de prevenir el embarazo en las adolescentes...(AU)

A descriptive and cross-sectional study including female adolescents that attended to menstrual extraction (ME) service from January to July 2011 at Luis Augusto Turcios Lima University Polyclinic in Pinar del Rio municipality was conducted with the purpose of characterizing sexual education with respect to pregnancy prevention. A survey having a previous informed consent of their parents was applied. The target group was comprised of 345 female adolescents and a simple probabilistic sample of 200 adolescents attending to this service. Data were processed and analyzed using frequency measures (percentages) applying also a hypothesis tests. The main results were: female adolescents between 14-16 years old (66, 7 per cent) showed the highest incidence using the service. Friends (39, 5 per cent) and mass media (30, 5 per cent) were the main ways to find information concerning the topic. With regard to the commencement of sexual relations they referred the demands of the couple or because of friends pressure, and 55,5 per cent reflected an inappropriate perception in relation to abortion risks. The principal causes that stimulate the use of this service were: the studies, a non-expected pregnancy, a contraceptive less-risky method, luck of information about pregnancy prevention as well, finding difficulties in sexual education concerning pregnancy prevention in female adolescents...(AU)

A model of moral identity: applications for education.

The purpose of this chapter is to build an intellectual bridge between moral psychology and education. Our hope is that the findings from moral psychology will inform and explain best practices in moral education. With that end in mind, we briefly and selectively review the moral education and character education literature highlighting some of the challenges these domains have faced. Next, we review the moral identity literature and offer our own model of moral identity formation emphasizing the "characteristic adaptations" (i.e., moral orientation, moral self, moral emotions, and social relationships and opportunities) of the model. Finally, we illustrate and explain how some of these "characteristic adaptations" have been or could be used in the development of successful moral education programs, and provide specific examples for application of our model in the domain of sex education.

Diversidade sexual no contexto escolar: percepção e atitudesdos educadores / Sexual diversity in the school context: perception and attitudes ofthe educators / Diversidad sexual en el contexto escolar: percepción y actitudes delos educadores

O presente estudo constitui-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa feita com o objetivo de analisar a percepção e asatitudes dos educadores do Ensino Fundamental quanto à diversidade sexual no cenário escolar. Elegeu-se oGrupo Focal como técnica de investigação, tendo participado vinte e três educadores de duas escolas públicasde Cajazeiras-PB. O material empírico obtido foi submetido à técnica de análise de conteúdo, modalidadetemática. A suposta tranquilidade com que alguns educadores aceitam comportamentos homoafetivos escondeuma diversidade de práticas e sentimentos. A postura do educador volta-se para re(orientar) acriança/adolescente, atribuindo à orientação sexual desse indivíduo a condição de doença e/ou desvio docomportamento. As condutas revestem-se de penalizantes insistências sobre que formas de masculinidade efeminilidade devem ser estabelecidas como rigidamente opostas, reforçando o paradigma heteronormativo econvocam à reflexão sobre as consequências e prejuízos da intolerância social, sinalizando que o enfrentamentoda discriminação fundamenta-se na adoção de políticas públicas que defendam a igualdade de direitos e respeitoà diversidade sexual.

This is a qualitative study with the purpose of analyze perceptions and attitudes of primary school educators,regarding the sexual diversity in the school scenario. The Focus Group was applied to twenty-three educators oftwo public schools of Cajazeiras–PB. The obtained empiric material was submitted to the Technique of ContentAnalysis, thematic modality. The supposed tranquility which some educators accept homo-affective behaviorshides a diversity of practices and feelings. The posture of the educator is directed to re-(orient) thechild/adolescent, attributing the sexual orientation of this individual as disease and /or deviation of behavior. Theprocedures are permeated with punitive insistence regarding which male or female forms should be establishedas rigidly opposite, reinforcing the hetero-normative paradigm. It calls to the reflection about the consequencesand damage of the social intolerance, signing that the facing of the discrimination is founded in the adoption ofpublic policies that defend the equality of rights and respect to the sexual diversity.

El presente estudio se constituye de una investigación cualitativa hecha con el objetivo de analizar la percepcióny las actitudes de los educadores de lo Enseñanza Primaria en cuanto a la diversidad sexual en el escenarioescolar. Se eligió el Grupo Focal como técnica de investigación, con veintitrés educadores de dos escuelaspúblicas de Cajazeiras – PB. El material empírico obtenido fue sometido a la técnica de análisis de contenido,modalidad temática. La aparente tranquilidad con que algunos educadores aceptan comportamientoshomoafectivos, en realidad enmascara una diversidad de prácticas y sentimientos. La postura del educador sevuelve hacia un esfuerzo por re(orientar) al niño/adolescente, atribuyendo a la orientación sexual de eseindividuo la condición de enfermedad y/o desvío de comportamiento. Las conductas se revisten de penosasinsistencias sobre qué formas de masculinidades y femenilidades que deben ser establecidas como rígidamenteopuestas, reforzando el paradigma heteronormativo. Se llama la atención para la necesidad de una mayorreflexión sobre las consecuencias y perjuicios de la intolerancia social, señalando que el enfrentamiento de ladiscriminación está fundamentado en la adopción de políticas públicas que defiendan la igualdad de derechos yel respeto a la diversidad sexual.

[Ethic evaluation of sexual health programs on adolescence]. / Valoración Ética de los Programas de Salud Sexual en la Adolescencia.

In public health services, the interest in sexuality seems to turning from traditional topics such as potential treatments for male erectile dysfunction, psychosomatic disorders, the control of premature ejaculation and contraception. Instead, an increasingly prominent role is being given to prevention strategies carried out by means of campaigns or through sexual health programme sin schools. The different teaching strategies that underlie these programmes, which in many cases lack social consensus but are often promoted by international organizations such as WHO or UNESCO, reveal not only divergent ethical conceptions and worldviews on the meaning of sexuality, but also conflicting starting points, means and goals, focusing either on barrier-contraceptive methods or on sexual abstinence and personal responsibility. There is therefore a pressing need to understand the scientific evidence underlying each educational approach and the ethical postulates of each pedagogical proposal. This paper presents an outline of a six-point adolescent sexuality education program, which is respectful of individuals' ethical convictions. Given that few works on preventive medicine issues include an ethical evaluation of the steps followed in their development, this article also proposes a systematic evaluation of strategies for sexual health in the community that is developed through four steps verifying the following aspects: 1) the accuracy of information, 2) the level of evidence, 3) efficiency and 4) non-maleficence about the target population of each health program. The methodology used in these sexual health programs is another aspect that will verify their ethical consistence or, conversely, their absence of ethical values. We emphasize the duty of designers of programme for children not to carry then out against the will of their parents or tutors, and not conceal sensitive and relevant information.

Um estudo sobre as mães adolescentes brasileiras / A study on adolescent mothers in Brazil

O artigo analisa as mães-adolescentes, relacionando seus dados sociodemográficos com os rendimentos mensais dos domicílios onde vivem. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa na qual se utilizaram dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2001 e de 2008. Consideram-se mães-adolescentes aquelas que já haviam tido filhos nascidos vivos à época das pesquisas, que estão sendo estudadas no que tange a seu comportamento reprodutivo; frequência à escola; anos de estudo; condição no domicílio e condição de ocupação. Para observar a influência da origem socioeconômica sobre o comportamento reprodutivo das mães-adolescentes, bem como sobre os outros aspectos acima mencionados, estas foram desagregadas de acordo com o rendimento mensal dos domicílios onde viviam. Todas as informações sobre as mães-adolescentes foram comparadas com aquelas sobre as adolescentes na mesma faixa etária que não haviam tido filhos nascidos vivos, separadas em dois grupos etários: 15 a 17 e 18 a 19 anos.

This paper analyzes the adolescent mothers, relating their socio-demographic data with monthly income of households where they live. This is a quantitative study in which secondary data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) from 2001 to 2008 were used. We deemed adolescent mothers those who already had children born alive at the time of the surveys, which are being studied in regard to their reproductive behavior, school attendance, years of study, household condition and condition of employment. To observe the influence of socio-economic background on the reproductive behavior of adolescent mothers, as well as on the other aspects mentioned above, these were grouped according to the monthly income of the households where they lived. All information about the adolescent mothers was compared with those of the adolescent girls the same age who had not had live births, separated into two age groups: 15 to 17 and 18 to 19 years.

La educación sexual en Argentina, un contenido para repensar la educación frente a la formación de ciudadanos activos y responsables / Sex education, a content to think about the education to face the formation of active and responsible citizens

La promulgación de la Ley 26.150, que crea el Programa Nacional de Educación Sexual Integral: "establece que todos los educandos tienen derecho a recibir educación sexual integral en los establecimientos educativos públicos, de gestión estatal y privada de las jurisdicciones nacional, provincial, de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y municipal". Algunos docentes tuvieron actitudes reactivas, ubicándose en un espacio de "no saber" o "la educación sexual es responsabilidad de la familia"; otros retomaron las discusiones para hacer realidad la práctica esta nueva ley. Este texto busca desarraigar la idea tradicional de la escuela como un espacio sólo da transmisión de información en contraposición a un espacio de formación de sujetos activos y críticos, donde la educación sexual requiere de una pedagogía más activa. En segundo lugar dar algunos elementos sobre las demandas sociales frente a los contenidos en sexualidad que se convirtieron en obligación con la ley, y cómo los docentes pueden y deben acercarse a la misma. Por último se abordarán algunas líneas teóricas sobre la importancia de la Psicología de la Educación como una disciplina que puede apoyar la implementación de la ley y formación de ciudadanos conscientes de su sexualidad y salud.

The enactment of the Law 26.150, in 2006, which promotes the creation of the National Comprehensive Sex Education Program, it was established the right to receive comprehensive sex education in all public and private educative establishments, in the national and province jurisdictions, including the capital of Argentina and municipal level. Teachers began to have proactive and rective attitudes towards this law, some put themselves in the "I don't know" zone or the "family is the main responsible for this issue" zone, whereas others took up again the past debates to make this new law effective. This paper tries to uproot the traditional idea of school as a space that only transmits informations opposite to a space that cretes active and critical people. Sex education requires this second type of pedagogy. In second place it gives some elements regarding the social demands, in which the sexuality contents have become an obligations since the law came out, and how teachers could and should approach it. Finally it raises a few theoretical lines about the importnce of Educational Psychology as a discipline that can offer support, in political, institutional and individual level, to new generations of citizens aware of thir sexuality and health.