Assuntos
Acreditação/tendências , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia/tendências , Residências em Farmácia/tendências , Acreditação/história , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Residências em Farmácia/história , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar/organização & administração , Sociedades Farmacêuticas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Several problems of education and research for postgraduate courses in pharmaceutical universities are described. Some problems related to the foundation period of postgraduate courses in pharmaceutical universities in the 1950s are considered. The most important problem was that several professors in postgraduate courses could not secure enough approval to become authorized. Presented are some academic research by laboratories in the pharmaceutical industry in the 1950s-60s, education and research in the 1960s-70s are considered, and model curriculums of pharmaceutical postgraduate courses are presented. Medical and pharmaceutical education and some new fields of research have been carried out in the 1990s, which has helped progress the separation of prescription from dispensing. Medico-pharmaceutical science as a postgraduate course has been established in several universities since the turn of the century. Some new plans for education and research in postgraduate courses in pharmaceutical universities are proposed.
Assuntos
Educação de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia/história , Faculdades de Farmácia/história , Credenciamento/história , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia/normas , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , JapãoRESUMO
Since there was an increasing demand for highly educated pharmacists with clinical experience, a one-year graduate course in clinical pharmacy practice (Yakugaku Senkouka) was established at Meijo University in 1975. This was aimed to provide pharmacists a training program for clinical skills and hospital settings. The course became a leading school in clinical pharmacy education in Japan. The present study describes what it was like and how it contributed to the development of clinical pharmacy in the country. In this article, the history is divided into five terms ranging from 1975 to 2002. The first term (1975-1979): To introduce the educational system, a system that was modeled on those in USA was introduced. The curriculum of clinical clerkship and the methods for evaluating training process were devised. The second term (1980-1984): Clinical clerkships were systematized and modified to fit to society. A manual textbook for training in clinical pharmacy was edited. The third term (1985-1989): The activities in the course were recognized as a new professional practice of pharmacists in Japan under The New Medical Law and The Law of Healthcare Insurance. The fourth term (1990-1995): Clinical pharmacy became popular nationwide. In Meijo University, a new challenge was made to merge clinical pharmacy skills with scientific backgrounds. The fifth term (1996-2002): To cope with the trends of extending undergraduate pharmacy education to six years, it has been decided that the course will be reorganized into a 2-year master's course in clinical pharmacy and accepted as a graduate course in 2003. The history of the course, a forerunner of clinical pharmacy education in Japan, ended in 2002.
Assuntos
Educação de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia/história , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , JapãoRESUMO
Clinical pharmacy practice education started 30 years ago in Japan. Since 1975, a one-year graduate course, clinical pharmacy practice (Yakugaku Senkouka), has been offered at Meijo University, making it a leading school to raise pharmacists with sufficient experience in hospital settings. This article describes the scope of the course, the development of educational systems to meet public demand for new pharmaceutical skills, and the influences on reforming the Japanese health-care system. The content consists of the following: (1) The process of building up the first curricula of clerkship, (2) requirements for admission, namely including an essay, an interview, school records and an aptitude test, (3) establishing the teaching discipline, (4) achievement goals, (5) learning process modeled on methods used in the United States, (6) establishing the concept of medical ethics, (7) professional status of course graduates, and (8) nationwide influence on the social health-care of the country. The one-year graduate course of clinical pharmacy practice was terminated in 2002 and is to be reintroduced as a two-year graduate school course to cope with the present and future trends in health-care systems.
Assuntos
Educação de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia/história , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , JapãoAssuntos
Docentes , Farmácia , Tchecoslováquia/etnologia , Educação em Farmácia/história , Educação Continuada em Farmácia/história , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia/história , Docentes/história , Governo/história , Programas Governamentais/educação , Programas Governamentais/história , História da Farmácia , História do Século XX , Política Pública , Universidades/históriaRESUMO
Description of thesis about historical themes presented by students to obtain the grade of Doctor in Pharmacy, for the years 1992-1995, and in each Faculty. Study of their conditions of achievement. Possibilities for the future.
Assuntos
Educação de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia/história , Historiografia , Faculdades de Farmácia/história , França , História do Século XXRESUMO
Pharmacists had to wait until the Delong Act in 1979 to obtain a diploma of professional practice giving them the title of doctor. Since 1898, some of them could be called "Doctor of Pharmacy", but this title was neither a university degree nor a diploma of professional practice. A state doctorate of pharmacy was created in 1939 and replaced in 1977 by the doctorate of pharmaceutical sciences which was suppressed in 1984, like all other doctorates as university degrees. With the present reform, the doctorate of medicine, which was both a university degree and a diploma of professional practice, has only kept this latter qualification as "state diploma of doctor of medicine", like the pharmacists new diploma of professional practice. Physicians and pharmacists can now only obtain the highest university grade with the "doctorate" created in 1984. The conditions of obtention are indicated.
Assuntos
Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina/história , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia/história , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina/legislação & jurisprudência , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia/legislação & jurisprudência , França , História do Século XIX , História do Século XXRESUMO
Twenty years ago the subchair of medical law of the Institute for Postgraduate Medical and Pharmaceutical Training was established. Already then it was clear that doctors should be more familiar with selected legal problems concerning their profession. In the course of the 20 years' existence of the subchair an integrated system of postgraduate training of doctors in legal problems was created. It comprises the demands included in the syllabus of specialization training grade I and to a greater extent grade II, includes a wide range of selected lectures for the practical needs of doctors with various assignments with a different syllabus depending on the discipline, and intensive training of public health officers. It comprises also information of doctors various disciplines (in particular senior workers) on novelties in the legal code and its application in the health services. Since the establishment of the subchair its important tasks include also the training of lawyers engaged in the health services. The aim is to ensure a high standard of training of these workers and a uniform interpretation and application of legal norms in the field.