[The history of the fight against cholera epidemics in the Krasnodar territory in 1892 and 1910 (based on archival data)].

Epidemics of a wide variety of infectious diseases were constantly recorded in Russia. Asian cholera occupied a special place among epidemic diseases. In 1892, cholera was imported into the Russian Empire through the Black Sea ports, which reached the territory of the Kuban region by the summer of the same year. In 1892, about 300 thousand people died of cholera in Russia. They still did not know how to treat this terrible disease, did not know its mechanism of spread, as well as the peculiarities of its course. The article, prepared on the basis of an analysis of documentary data from the Archive Department of the administration of the municipal formation of the city of Novorossiysk and the archival Department of the Administration of the municipal formation of the Mostovsky district, examines the cholera epidemic that swept the territories of the Kuban region in 1892 and 1910. The authors characterize the main factors that contributed to the rapid spread of infection and assess the measures that were taken to combat the disease: the implementation of anti-cholera measures organized by the authorities was greatly hampered by the lack of education, prejudices and superstitions of the vast majority of the population; representatives of the nonresident population not only did not comply with basic standards of personal hygiene, but also expressed distrust, and sometimes and hostility towards doctors. Using archival data, the authors investigate the impact of infectious diseases on the demographic indicators of these settlements.

From morphology of human body to reshaping a morphology of the society: heritage in the field of pathology of infectious diseases of Wilhelm Ebstein and work of councilman Sigismund Asch. A story how to counteract epidemics and to transform feudal system into civil democracy.

Collected, primary resources enabled us to extract data that are scarcely present in medical literature of the two Breslauer morphologists of both the human body and - metaphorically - the society: Wilhelm Ebstein (1836-1912) and Sigismund Asch (1825-1901), particularly the latter, who described morphology of melanosis in his doctoral dissertation in 1846, to switch on reshaping social morphology of Wroclaw (Breslau) in Virchow-like manner. In contrast to the main perspective of Ebstein's anomaly that has been finely described in past biographical papers, a primary aspect of infectious diseases is highlighted here in Ebstein's heritage. In 1869, his habilitation on recurrent typhus provided professional support for Asch. As Ebstein cared for the poor in shelters of Wroclaw, Asch admitted poor patients from early morning hours to gain such a great esteem to be elected alderman. Asch's mentality corresponded to Ferdinand Lassalle's philosophy of the social democratic movement. In front of cholera epidemics, Asch contributed to medical control of meat, development of city canalization, establishment of green areas as well he deeply got involved in charity institutions for widows and orphans and was a model medical doctor to follow for much more famous Janusz Korczak who perished together with children from his orphanage in Nazi Concentration Camp in Treblinka. Asch was immortalized as "Doctor Klaus" in the popular play by Adolf L'Arronge and united people in progress from feudal discrimination to democracy and in fight for civil rights in industrial society to gradually replace aristocracy with meritocracy in the mainstream of development of modern society.

Revisiting Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hong Kong during the Influenza Epidemics in the 1950s and 1960s.

This paper examines the supply and utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in Hong Kong during the influenza epidemics of the 1950s and 1960s. Existing narratives of TCM in Hong Kong have predominantly framed with within the dichotomy of Western medicine "Xiyi" and Chinese medicine "Zhongyi," portraying TCM as marginalized and nearly wiped out by colonial power. Departing from this binary opposition, this study views TCM as an autonomous space that had never been subjugated by the colonial power which opted for minimal interventionist approach toward TCM. By adopting diachronic and synchronic perspectives on Hong Kong's unique environment shaped by its colonial history and the geopolitics of the Cold War in East Asia, particularly its relationships with "China," this research seeks to reassess the role and status of TCM in post-World War II Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, along with other countries in East Asia, traditional medicine has ceded its position as mainstream medicine to Western medicine. Faced with the crisis of "extinction," Chinese medical professionals, including medical practitioners and merchant groups, persistently sought solidarity and "self-renewal." In the 1950s and 1960s, the colonial authorities heavily relied on private entities, including charity hospitals and clinics; furthermore, there was a lack of provision of public healthcare and official prevention measures against the epidemic influenza. As such, it is not surprising that the Chinese utilized TCM, along with Western medicine, to contain the epidemics which brought about an explosive surge in the number of patients from novel influenza viruses. TCM was significantly consumed during these explosive outbreaks of influenza in 1957 and 1968. In making this argument, this paper firstly provides an overview of the associations of Chinese medical practitioners and merchants who were crucial to the development of TCM in Hong Kong. Secondly, it analyzes one level of active provision and consumption of Chinese medicine during the two flu epidemics, focusing on the medical practices of TCM practitioners in the 1957 epidemic. While recognizing the etiologic agent or agents of the disease as influenza viruses, the group of Chinese medical practitioners of the Chinese Medical Society in Hong Kong adopted the basic principles of traditional medicine regarding influenza, such as Shanghanlun and Wenbingxue, to distinguish the disease status among patients and prescribe medicine according to correct diagnoses, which were effective. Thirdly, this paper examines the level of folk culture among the people, who utilized famous prescriptions of Chinese herbal medicine and alimentotherapy, in addition to Chinese patent medicines imported from mainland China. In the context of regional commercial network, this section also demonstrates how Hong Kong served as a sole exporting port of medicinal materials (e.g., Chinese herbs) and Chinese patent medicines from the People's Republic of China to capitalist markets, including Hong Kong, under the socialist planned or controlled economy in the 1950s and 1960s. It was not only the efficacy of TCM in restoring immunity and alleviating symptoms of the human body, but also the voluntary efforts of these Chinese medical practitioners who sought to defend national medicine "Guoyi," positioning it as complementary and alternative medicine to scientific medicine. Additionally, merchants who imported and distributed Chinese medicinal materials and national "Guochan" Chinese patent medicine played a crucial role, as did the people who utilized Chinese medicine, all of which contributed to making TCM thrive in colonial Hong Kong.

Revisión de un libro pionero sobre epidemias de Risueño de Amador (1829) / Review of a pioneer book on epidemics by Risueño de Amador (1829)

En este artículo se revisa y comenta el libro de epidemiología escrito por el médico español Benigno Risueño de Amador (1802-1849), publicado inicialmente en francés (1829) y posteriormente traducido al español (1831). Este estudio documental retrospectivo de un manual científico-médico glosa el contenido del libro, destacando sus aspectos más importantes. El libro de casi doscientos años de antigüedad puede considerarse una valiosa y temprana contribución a la epidemio-logía, así como una muestra de la gran preocupación existente en la Europa de principios del siglo XIX por el tema de las epidemias. Representa además una valiosa contribución española, que muestra los esfuerzos realizados para avanzar en esta disciplina médica hacia una posición más científica en una época incipientemente microbiana.(AU)

This article reviews and comments on the epidemiological book written by the Spanish physician Benigno Risueño de Amador (1802-1849), initially published in French (1829), and its subsequent translation into Spanish (1831). This retrospective documentary case study of a scientific-medical manual reviews the contents of the book, highlighting its most important aspects. This almost 200-year-old book can be considered a valuable, early contribution to epidemiology, and a sign of the great concern in early 19th Europe about the subject of epidemics. It represents a valuable contribution that shows the enormous efforts made to advance in this medical discipline towards a more scientific position at an incipient microbial time.(AU)

"Valha-nos a Providência!": festas e ritos católicos em tempos epidêmicos, Salvador-BA, Brasil, 1918-1919 / "God for us!": Catholic festivals and rites in times of epidemics, Salvador-BA, Brasil, 1918-1919

Resumo O artigo analisa as reações dos católicos vinculados às associações leigas na cidade do Salvador, no período da gripe espanhola (1918) e da varíola (1919). Os jornais foram as principais fontes utilizadas para a identificação das festas e dos ritos, tanto dos praticados para pedir a intercessão dos santos quanto daqueles que foram suspensos em função da necessidade de isolamento social. Apesar de ambas as doenças serem transmissíveis e do curto espaço de tempo entre as duas epidemias, a análise das fontes evidenciou diferentes reações dos fiéis quanto às medidas de proteção e busca da cura.

Abstract This article analyzes the reactions of Catholics linked to lay associations in the city of Salvador, in the period of the Spanish flu (1918) and smallpox (1919). Newspapers were the main sources used to identify the festivals and rites, both those practiced to ask for the intercession of the saints, and those that were suspended due to the need for social isolation. In spite of both diseases being transmissible and the short interval between the two epidemics, the analysis of the sources showed different reactions from the faithful regarding the measures of protection and the search for a cure.

[The Japanese emperors' view of epidemic and medical relief in the 8th-10th centuries].

At the end of the 7th century, Chinese medicine was widely spread in the upper class of Japanese society, and Japanese emperors developed a medical based view on epidemics. At the beginning of the 8th century, emperors determined to reform by imitated the Tang to build a state ruled by law.They determine the way of TCM to relieve the epidemic in the form of legislation, and used medical measures in outbreaks on many occasions.However, with the spread of smallpox and other epidemics during the Tenpei year, Japan's backward medical level and poor medical resources were unable to cope with the epidemic, and the emperors turned to the epidemic as calamity. From the late 8th century to the end of 10th century, Japanese emperors responded with Buddhist, Shinto, and Confucian measures. Medical relief gradually became obsolete at the national level. But at the individual level of the emperors, they attached great importance to the use of Chinese medicine for epidemic prevention and treatment, in the mid to late 9th century, medical prevention measures were established in the court through legal means.

The Autumn Ghost-The Danish Polio Epidemic of 1952 and the Birth of Intensive Care Medicine.

This Arts and Medicine feature reviews The Autumn Ghost, an historical retelling of the 1952 polio epidemic in Copenhagen, Denmark, which catalyzed developments in anesthesia and respiratory support procedures that are still in use today.

Las epidemias de viruela y la introducción de la vacuna en el Virreinato del Río de la Plata / Smallpox epidemics and vaccine introduction in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

La viruela fue una de las enfermedades epidémicas más temidas desde la antigüedad debido a su alta mortalidad y a las secuelas que dejaba en aquellos que lograban sobrevivir. En el presente trabajo se abordará el ingreso de esta enfermedad en nuestro continente, así como su manifestación a través de epidemias, brotes y focos endémicos. Al mismo tiempo se verá qué reacciones provocó dentro del ámbito médico durante los años del Virreinato del Río de la Plata. Se analizarán los problemas que surgieron con el uso de la vacuna importada, así como el hallazgo de nuestra vacuna local, finalizando con los comienzos de la organización de los servicios de vacunación obligatoria. (AU)

Smallpox was one of the most feared epidemic diseases since ancient times due to its high mortality and the sequelae caused in those that managed to survive. In the present work, the introduction of this disease into our continent will be addressed as well as its manifestation through epidemics, outbreaks, and endemic foci. At the same time, the reactions this disease caused inside the medical field during the years of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata will be observed. The problems that arose from the usage of the imported vaccine and the discovery of our local vaccine will be analyzed, and it will finish with the beginnings of the organization of the mandatory vaccination services. (AU)

Las epidemias de cólera en Argentina. Breve reseña histórica / The cholera epidemics in Argentina. Brief historical review

El cólera es una toxoinfección alimentaria ocasionada por la ingesta de agua y alimentos contaminados por el Vibrio cholerae. Es una de las enfermedades más antiguas de la humanidad y las primeras descripciones corresponden a Hipócrates. La primera epidemia documentada, sucedió en la India en 1817 y se extendió a Turquía y a los países árabes. En nuestro país, el primer brote ocurrió en 1856 en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, asociada a la llegada de navíos con enfermos y a las deficientes condiciones sanitarias de la ciudad. Los sucesivos brotes se acompañaron de una alta mortalidad, a tal punto que el Dr. José María Penna señaló que costó más vidas a la nación que la guerra con Paraguay. En el presente artículo se analizan los sucesivos brotes de cólera en nuestro país

Cholera is a food poisoning caused by the ingestion of food and water contaminated by Vibrio cholerae. It is one of the oldest diseases of humanity and the first descriptions correspond to Hippocrates. The first documented epidemic occurred in India in 1817 and spread to Turkey and the Arab countries. In our country, the first outbreak occurred in 1856 in the city of Bahía Blanca, associated with the arrival of ships with patients and poor sanitary conditions in the city. The successive outbreaks were accompanied by high mortality, to the point that Dr. José María Penna pointed out that it cost the nation more lives than the war with Paraguay. This article analyzes the successive outbreaks of cholera in our country

Histories of Medieval Plague in Renaissance Italy.

During the sixteenth century, Italian scholars revised their conception of the field of history so that its purposes went beyond providing political and morally edifying narratives. These scholars contended that history must also account for culture and nature in an encyclopedic fashion. In the same years, numerous newly available texts from antiquity, the Byzantine empire, and the Middle Ages provided insight into the character of earlier outbreaks of plague. Italian physicians, embracing new visions of the field of history, the culture of humanism, and an inductivist epistemology, used these texts to argue that there were continuities among ancient, medieval, and Renaissance epidemics. They catalogued plague and formed historical categories based on severity and perceived origins, leading to the rejection of the conclusions of fourteenth-century western Europeans who viewed the plague of 1347-1353 as unprecedented. These erudite physicians saw medieval plague to be one example of the extreme epidemics that have regularly occurred throughout history.

Cuando el presente puede ayudar a refinar las interpretaciones del pasado: covid-19 en tiempo real y la historiografía de las epidemias / When the present can help refine interpretations of the past: covid-19 in real time and the historiography of epidemics

Resumen Estas notas abordan la proliferación de discursos con enfoques improvisados, desinformados, apocalípticos y voluntaristas. Enfatizan cuestiones como la ignorancia sobre la historia de las epidemias, y también la incapacidad para lidiar con las incertidumbres que reinan durante las pandemias, así como los anuncios que este extraordinario evento sanitario produciría un profundo parteaguas en todos los órdenes de la vida y en todos los rincones del mundo. Finalmente, estas notas buscan señalar cómo el presente puede iluminar el estudio del pasado - o, de modo más personal, lo que creo haber aprendido como historiador en los tiempos de la pandemia de la covid-19.

Abstract These notes address the proliferation of discourses with improvised, uninformed, apocalyptic and voluntarist approaches. They emphasize issues such as the widespread ignorance about the history of epidemics, and the inability to deal with the uncertainties that reign during pandemic times, as well as the announcements that this extraordinary health/sanitary event would produce a profound watershed in all walks of life and in all corners of the world. Finally, these notes seek to point out how the present can illuminate the study of the past - or, more personally, what I think I have learned as a historian in the times of the covid-19 pandemic.

La respuesta a las epidemias en los siglos XIX y XX: un estudio comparado entre Portugal y Chile / [The response to epidemics in the 19th and 20th centuries: a comparative study between Portugal and Chile]

En tiempos de crisis sanitarias como las que ocurrieron en Portugal en 1854-56, 1899 y 1918, especialmente en Oporto, donde el cólera morbus, la peste bubónica, el tifo exantemático, la gripe neumónica y la viruela mataron a un alto porcentaje de la población, las imágenes de las epidemias en los periódicos y en la literatura científica de la época nos permiten conocer el estado de la ciencia y las respuestas de las autoridades para controlar su difusión. La comparación de estas epidemias en Portugal con las de Chile —cólera 1886-88, peste en Valparaíso y Iquique en 1903 y gripe en 1918— en la bibliografía y en algunos periódicos de época nos muestran las semejanzas del conocimiento científico y de las medidas sanitarias aplicadas. Esto nos confirma la circulación del conocimiento médico y farmacéutico y el alto nivel de especialización de los médicos y científicos. (AU)

Las tercianas en Menorca en el contexto de la Oscilación Maldá: las fiebres de 1782 / Tertian fevers in Menorca in the context of the Maldá Oscillation the fevers of 1782

A finales del siglo XVIII la confluencia de anomalías climáticas de carácter extremo propició la alteración de los ecosistemas, y la expansión de las fiebres palúdicas más allá de sus tradicionales áreas endémicas afectando al desarrollo de la vida cotidiana de la sociedad de la época. Entre 1783 y 1786 las fiebres se extendieron por la península Ibérica suscitando una creciente inquietud por parte de médicos y de autoridades para lograr atajar la epidemia de forma efectiva. Las tercianas, también estuvieron presentes en las Islas Baleares, especialmente en Menorca, como desvelan los informes remitidos por los corresponsales de la Real Academia Médico-Práctica de Barcelona en relación con el episodio de fiebres de 1782. La finalidad de este artículo reside en analizar, a través del testimonio del doctor Miquel Oleo, médico de Ciutadella en Menorca, los principales puntos de infección de la isla, atendiendo a las condiciones del medio que imperaban en ese momento y a las particularidades del clima de la isla y de las actividades humanas que se desarrollaban. Asimismo, dedicamos un apartado a analizar las soluciones propuestas por el médico en respuesta a las preguntas formuladas por Juan Baptista de San Martín y Navas, Auditor Real del Ejército e Isla de Menorca y vocal de su junta de gobierno. (AU)

The confluence of extreme climatic anomalies in the late 18th Century led to the alteration of ecosystems and the expansion of malarial fevers beyond their traditional endemic areas, affecting the development of daily life in the society of the time. Fevers spread throughout the Iberian Peninsula between 1783 and 1786, causing growing concern among doctors and authorities about ways to effectively tackle the epidemic. Tertial fevers were also present in the Balearic Islands, especially in Menorca, as reported by correspondents of the Real Academia Médico-Práctica de Barcelona in relation to the episode of fevers in 1782. The aim of this article was to analyze, through the testimony of Dr. Miquel Oleo, a doctor from Ciutadella in Menorca, the main points of infection on the island, taking account of the prevailing environmental conditions and the particularities of the island’s climate and human activities. We also devote a section to analyzing the solutions proposed by the doctor in response to the questions posed by Juan Baptista de San Martín y Navas, Royal Auditor of the Army and Island of Menorca and member of its governing board. (AU)

Ancient DNA reveals Black Death source.

Graves in Kyrgyzstan hold early victims of plague that swept medieval Europe.

Epidemias y pandemias: un viaje de Hipócrates a Hollywood / Epidemics and pandemics: a journey from Hippocrates to Hollywood

La Historia de la Medicina y los acontecimientos alrededor de las epidemias y pandemias deben servir para aprender de experiencias previas en momentos tan complicados. Las diez mayores pandemias de la Historia anteriores a la COVID-19 nos han dejado una serie de lecciones con cuatro protagonistas: al principio, Yersinia pestis, y luego tres virus (viruela, gripe y coronavirus). El cine nos permite el paso de la realidad a la ficción, y lo confirmamos al revisar veintisiete películas sobre epidemias y pandemias a lo largo de la historia del séptimo arte. De ellas, cabe "prescribir" seis películas argumentales: El doctor Arrowshmith (John Ford, 1931), Philadelphia (Jonathan Demme, 1993), Estallido (Wolfgang Petersen, 1995), 22 ángeles (Miguel Bardem, 2016), 93 días (Steve Gukas, 2016) y, especialmente, Contagio (Steven Soderbergh, 2011). En este viaje de Hipócrates a Hollywood (de la ciencia al arte), en el entorno de las epidemias y las pandemias, es posible adquirir algunas enseñanzas: 1) la historia nos demuestra dos realidades pasadas de las epidemias y pandemias: su gravedad y su recurrencia en el tiempo; 2) el cine nos revela dos supuestos futuros de las epidemias y las pandemias: su visión apocalíptica y su limitada positividad al ser reflejadas en la gran pantalla. De este modo, el cine actúa como una vacuna, pues nos expone en pequeñas dosis repetidas frente a las emociones y reflexiones que nos provocan las epidemias y pandemias; y ello con el fin de ganar en conocimiento, prudencia y resiliencia frente a esas entidades (AU)

The history of medicine and the events surrounding epidemics and pandemics should allow us to learn from previous experiences in such difficult times. The 10 largest pandemics in history prior to the coronavirus 2019 pandemic have left us a series of lessons with four main characters: earliest of all, Yersinia pestis, and then three viruses: smallpox, influenza and coronavirus.Filmmaking allow us to travel from reality to fiction, which we confirmed by reviewing 27 films about epidemics and pandemics throughout the history of the seventh art. Of these, six plot films can be "prescribed": Arrowsmith (John Ford, 1931), Philadelphia (Jonathan Demme, 1993), Outbreak (Wolfgang Petersen, 1995), 22 ángeles (Miguel Bardem, 2016), 93 days (Steve Gukas, 2016) and, especially, Contagion (Steven Soderbergh, 2011).In this journey from Hippocrates to Hollywood (from science to art) in the context of epidemics and pandemics, there are lessons to be gained: 1) History evinces two facts from previous epidemics and pandemics: that they are severe and that they recur over time; 2) Film shows us two future assumptions about epidemics and pandemics: an apocalyptic vision and a hardly positive perspective as reflected on the big screen. And this is how film acts as a vaccine, by exposing us in small and repeated doses to the emotions and reflections that epidemics and pandemics elicit in us, in pursuit of knowledge, prudence and resilience against these diseases. (AU)

La herencia de Prometeo. Las enfermedades ocupacionales en el Corpus Hippocraticum / Prometheus’ legacy occupational diseases in the Hippocratic Corpus

RESUMEN: el presente trabajo analiza las enfermedades ocupacionales en el Corpus Hippocraticum. Principalmente nos centraremos en Epidemias, que recoge numerosas historias clínicas, con el objetivo de analizar la asistencia sanitaria de los trabajadores en la médi-ca griega. Finalmente, abordamos el debate historiográfico en torno al acceso a la sanidad en el mundo antiguo

ABSTRACT: the aim of this paper is to analyze the occupational diseases through the Hippocratic Corpus. Mainly, the analysis will be focus on Epidemics, that collect many medical histories, in order to analyze the workers’ medical care in Greek Medicine. Finally, we address the historiographical debate around the general access to medical Care in the ancient world

Vigilância epidemiológica: breve histórico e a experiência dos Estados Unidos e do estado de São Paulo / Inteligencia epidemiológica: breve histórico y la experiencia de los Estados Unidos y del estado de São Paulo, en Brasil / Epidemiological surveillance: a brief history and the experiences of the United States and the state of São Paulo

Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão narrativa foi elencar alguns aspectos históricos da vigilância epidemiológica, modelo tecnológico de intervenção inicialmente desenhado para auxiliar no controle das doenças transmissíveis, no último século. Métodos: Narrativa construída a partir de textos selecionados, para registrar o desenvolvimento da vigilância epidemiológica nos Estados Unidos e no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Resultados: São apresentadas as origens de algumas das ações componentes do repertório da vigilância epidemiológica, e uma breve história da construção do originalmente nomeado Center for Disease Control, agência dos Estados Unidos exemplar na forma como se faz vigilância em praticamente todo o mundo. Do mesmo modo, são delineados os caminhos que levaram à organização do sistema de vigilância no estado de São Paulo, traçando alguns paralelos com o sistema brasileiro. Conclusão: A narrativa é concluída com uma diferenciação conceitual entre vigilância epidemiológica, monitoramento e vigilância em saúde.

Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es enumerar algunos aspectos históricos de la vigilancia epidemiológica modelo tecnológico de intervención diseñado para apoyar en el control de las enfermedades transmisibles en el último siglo. Métodos: Narrativa construida a partir de textos seleccionados y la experiencia del autor, para registrar el desarrollo dsen en los Estados Unidos y en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Resultados: Se presentan los orígenes de algunas de las acciones que componen el repertorio de la vigilancia epidemiológica, así como una breve historia de la construcción del Center for Disease Control, una agencia de Estados Unidos que es ejemplar por la forma en que realiza la vigilancia en, prácticamente, todo el mundo. Asimismo, se delinean los caminos que llevaron a la organización del sistema de vigilancia en el estado de São Paulo, trazando algunos paralelos con el sistema brasileño. Conclusión: Finalmente, concluye con la diferenciación entre vigilancia epidemiológica, monitoreo y vigilancia en salud.

Objective: The objective of this narrative review was to list some historical aspects of epidemiological surveillance, a technological intervention model initially designed to help control communicable diseases in the last century. Methods: This narrative was built based on texts selected to record the development of epidemiological surveillance in the United States and in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Results: The origins of some of the actions that constitute epidemiological surveillance activities are presented, as well as a brief history of the establishment of the originally named Center for Disease Control, a United States agency that is held up as an example in relation to the way surveillance has been performed, practically all over the world. Likewise, we outline the paths that led to the establishment of the surveillance system in the state of São Paulo, drawing some parallels with the Brazilian system. Conclusion: The narrative concludes with a conceptual differentiation between epidemiological surveillance, monitoring and health surveillance.

Entre la voluntad de Allah y las balas de los jnun la epidemia de peste de 1799 y 1800 en Marruecos / Between the will of Allah and the bullets of the jnun the plague epidemic of 1799 and 1800 in Morocco

La peste que golpeó Marruecos en 1799 y 1800 fue una epidemia sin precedentes. En este artículo, examino algunas observaciones hechas sobre la peste por el agente comercial británico James Grey Jackson, en particular sus ideas sobre las comprensiones islámicas locales de la agencia de los jnūn y de Dios (Allāh) en la aparición de esta enfermedad (AU)

La gestión sanitaria de la epidemia de fiebre amarilla de 1800 en Cádiz / The sanitary management of the yellow fever epidemic of 1800 in Cádiz

Este artículo tiene por objetivo estudiar la gestión sanitaria que hicieron las auto-ridades locales de Cádiz durante la epidemia de fiebre amarilla de 1800. Con este propósito, el trabajo analiza el desarrollo global de este brote y las consecuencias que tuvo sobre la pobla-ción gaditana, estudia las primeras medidas adoptadas y examina las disposiciones tomadas para erradicar la epidemia. Las fuentes utilizadas en esta investigación proceden del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Cádiz, el Archivo Histórico Provincial de Cádiz, el Archivo de la Catedral de Cádiz y el Archivo Histórico Nacional, así como la amplia gama de literatura médica que surgió en torno a esta enfermedad. Del análisis realizado se concluye que la alta mortalidad se puede explicar por la confusión inicial, la tardanza en la toma de medidas efectivas y el caos social generado tras la huida de gran parte de la población (AU)