Localization of external urethral orifice in coronary sulcus during urethroplasty in case of severe hypospadias accompanied by prostatic utricle cyst.

BACKGROUND: To explore whether opening the external urethral orifice in the coronal sulcus can reduce the incidence of epididymitis after operating on hypospadias with prostatic utricle cyst (PUC) connecting to the vas deferens. Group A consisted of 3 patients with severe hypospadias and PUC undergoing cystostomy, hypospadias correction and urethroplasty, along with the relocation of the external orifice of the urethra to the coronal sulcus. Group B consisted of 4 patients having initial hypospadias repaired with meatus in the orthotopic position in the glans, presenting with multiple epididymitis after hypospadias surgery and unsuccessful conservative treatment. MR confirmed that all the Group B patients had PUC connecting to the vas deferens. Group B patients underwent urethral dilatation along with urethral catheterization, cutting of the original corpus cavernosum that encapsulated the urethra, and extension of the position of the external urethral orifice to the coronal sulcus. RESULTS: In group A, 3 children underwent bladder fistula removal 2 weeks after the operation. The penis developed normally without any complications. Four children in group B underwent stent removal 12 weeks after operation, and one patient was still stenosed and dilated again. All patients in group B were followed without epididymitis recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with hypospadias complicating with a PUC, connecting to one side of the vas deferens, the positioning of the external urethral orifice in the coronary sulcus would be helpful to reduce the occurrence of epididymitis.

Ectopic Intravesical Ejaculatory Ducts: Case Report of Bulking Agent Injection for Treatment of Recurrent Epididymitis in a Patient With Anorectal Malformation.

As far as we know this is the first report on bulking agent injection into intravesical ectopic ejaculatory orifices reported in the English literature. During a follow-up period of 23 months, the child was free of episodes of epididymo-orchitis. Deflux injection in this rare anomaly of intravesical refluxing ducts had prevented irreversible damage to the testes from recurrent EO. Thus, it may be a better option than vasectomy when antibiotic treatment fails.

Melatonin protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced epididymitis in sheep epididymal epithelial cells in vitro.

Melatonin has protective effects against inflammation but its role in epididymitis is unknown. We addressed this in the present study using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated sheep epididymal epithelial cells as an in vitro inflammation model. We found that interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA levels; COX-2 and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 protein levels; and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 phosphorylation were increased by LPS treatment. These effects were reversed in a dose-dependent manner by melatonin (10-11-10-7 M). Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunofluorescence analyses showed that the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 were expressed in sheep epididymal epithelial cells. The inhibitory effect of melatonin on inflammation was abrogated by the MT1 and MT2 receptor antagonist luzindole and the MT2 ligand 4-phenyl-2-propanamide tetraldehyde. Thus, melatonin exerted anti-inflammatory effect in epididymal epithelial cells by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling, suggesting its potential as an effective drug for the treatment of epididymitis in sheep.

Modulation of the inflammatory response after sclerotherapy for hydrocoele/spermatocoele.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the modulation of the inflammatory response after sclerotherapy for hydrocoele/spermatocoele. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients with hydrocoele or spermatocoele presenting at the Department of Urology, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden, from 2006 to 2012, were included in this prospective observational study of sclerotherapy for hydrocoele/spermatocoele using polidocanol as a sclerosing agent and adjuvant antibiotic and anti-inflammatory medication (AAAM) for modulation of the inflammatory response. Patients were clinically evaluated within 24-48 h after a complication or adverse event possibly related to sclerotherapy. Evaluation of cure was scheduled after 3 months and re-treatment, if necessary was carried out in the same manner as the first treatment. Groups of patients were compared using the chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: From a total of 191 patients, AAAM was given to 126, of whom 5% had subclinical epididymitis/swelling (SES) compared to 26% of the patients without AAAM (P < 0.001). No other complication was observed. The rate of cure for the whole group of patients was 93% after one or two treatments and significantly higher in the group with AAAM than in the group without AAAM (96% vs 88%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Modulation of the inflammatory response after sclerotherapy resulted in a lower incidence of SES and an increased cure rate.

Lipopolysaccharide-induced testicular dysfunction and epididymitis in mice: a critical role of tumor necrosis factor alpha†.

Systemic inflammation may impair male fertility, and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The present study investigates the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation on the testis and epididymis in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS significantly impaired testicular functions, including testosterone production, spermatogenesis, and blood-testis barrier permeability. The epididymitis characterized by leukocyte infiltration and fibrosis was observed in the cauda epididymis after LPS injection. LPS-induced testicular dysfunction and epididymitis were abolished in tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfa) knockout mice. Pomalidomide, a TNFA inhibitor, blocked the detrimental effects of LPS on the testis and epididymis. The results indicate that LPS-induced systemic inflammation impairs male fertility through TNFA production, suggesting that the intervention on TNFA production would be considered for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory impairment of male fertility.

Rosa damascena Mill. Essential Oil Has Protective Effect Against Testicular Damage in Diabetic Rats.

This study investigates the protective effect of Rosa damascena essential oil on diabetes-induced testicular damage in rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 equal groups: Group I: negative control (no treatment); Group II: positive control (diabetic by alloxan injection); Groups III-VI that rendered diabetic and received, respectively, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/kg/day rose oil, orally for 28 days. Rose oil did not significantly change body weight and blood glucose level as compared to positive control. Serum testosterone level of rose oil-treated rats remained statistically the same with both negative and positive control groups (Groups I and II). Rats treated with rose oil especially at 2 higher dosages (Groups V and VI) had higher sperm count and increased diameters of seminiferous tubules as compared to Group II. Rose oil even at the lowest dosage significantly increased cell count of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells, with better outcomes for higher dosages. It appears that short-term repeated dose administration of rose oil can dose-dependently improve structural deteriorations of testes and epididymal sperm count in diabetic rats.

Chronic bacterial prostatitis and irritable bowel syndrome: effectiveness of treatment with rifaximin followed by the probiotic VSL#3.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of treatment with rifaximin followed by the probiotic VSL#3 versus no treatment on the progression of chronic prostatitis toward chronic microbial prostate-vesiculitis (PV) or prostate-vesiculo-epididymitis (PVE). A total of 106 selected infertile male patients with bacteriologically cured chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were randomly prescribed rifaximin (200 mg, 2 tablets bid, for 7 days monthly for 12 months) and probiotic containing multiple strains VSL#3 (450 × 10(9) FU per day) or no treatment. Ninety-five of them (89.6%) complied with the therapeutic plan and were included in this study. Group A = "6Tx/6-": treatment for the initial 6 and no treatment for the following 6 months (n = 26); Group B = "12Tx": 12 months of treatment (n = 22); Group C = "6-/6Tx": no treatment for the initial 6 months and treatment in the last 6 months (n = 23); Group D = "12-": no treatment (n = 24). The patients of Groups A = "6Tx/6-" and B = "12Tx" had the highest frequency of chronic prostatitis (88.5% and 86.4%, respectively). In contrast, group "12-": patients had the lowest frequency of prostatitis (33.4%). The progression of prostatitis into PV in groups "6Tx/6-" (15.5%) and "6-/6Tx" (13.6%) was lower than that found in the patients of group "12-" (45.8%). Finally, no patient of groups "6Tx/6-" and "6-/6Tx" had PVE, whereas it was diagnosed in 20.8% of group "12-" patients. Long-term treatment with rifaximin and the probiotic VSL#3 is effective in lowering the progression of prostatitis into more complicated forms of male accessory gland infections in infertile patients with bacteriologically cured CBP plus IBS.

The acute scrotum in childhood and adolescence.

BACKGROUND: The acute scrotum in childhood or adolescence is a medical emergency. Inadequate evaluation and delays in diagnosis and treatment can result in irreversible harm, up to and including loss of a testis. Various diseases can produce this clinical picture. The testis is ischemic in only about 20% of cases. METHODS: This review is based on a selective literature search, the existing clinical guideline, and the authors' experience. RESULTS: The clinical approach to the acute scrotum must begin with a standardized, rapidly performed diagnostic evaluation. Dopper ultrasonography currently plays a central role. Its main use is to demonstrate the central arterial blood supply and venous drainage of the testis. The resistance index of the testicular vessels should also be determined. CONCLUSION: Physical examination and properly performed Doppler ultrasonography enable adequate evaluation of the acute scrotum in childhood and adolescence. In the rare cases of diagnostic uncertainty, immediate surgical exposure of the testis remains the treatment of choice.

mBin1b transgenic mice show enhanced resistance to epididymal infection by bacteria challenge.

The mBin1b is a beta-defensin gene identified in the mouse epididymis. In the current report, its expression pattern and antibacterial activities were characterized, and a transgenic (TG) mouse model was developed in which mBin1b was exclusively overexpressed by up to 50-fold over normal levels in the caput epididymis. The experimental animals are healthy with normal reproductive activity, but are more resistant to epididymal infection from Escherichia coli than normal animals. The expression of IL1α and IL1ß in the epididymis was decreased in the TG mice, which suggests that mBin1b has a role in the regulation of inflammatory response in the epididymis.

Vaccination programs for reproductive disorders of small ruminants.

Vaccines are available for the control of contagious epididymitis and abortion in small ruminants, although many of them have significant limitations either in efficacy or safety to both the animals vaccinated and to the people handling the vaccine or animals. Shelf-life of vaccines should be extended and improved, so that the vaccine remains effective with longer term storage and ideally without refrigeration, so that use in under-developed rural areas is not restricted (e.g., Brucella melitensis, Toxoplasma gondii). The vaccines should not be dangerous for veterinarians or producers to handle (again as examples, B. melitensis, T. gondii). The vaccines should prevent shedding of the organism, in order to prevent spread of the disease causal agent through the sale of vaccinated but shedding animals (e.g., inactivated killed Chlamydophila abortus vaccines), as well as to prevent possible exposure to people handling those vaccinated animals. Production of vaccines using zoonotic disease agents is problematic and sometime dangerous, which increases regulatory restrictions and reduces availability of those vaccines (e.g., C. abortus, Coxiella burnetii). Development of subunit recombinant DNA vaccines may offer a method to increase access to these important vaccines, as long as they are also effective, prevent shedding and remain cost effective. It is important that these vaccines are brought to international commercial production. As many of these disease agents are zoonotic and prevalent world-wide, improvement in vaccine efficacy and safety is of extreme importance.

The cost and cost-effectiveness of opportunistic screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in Ireland.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the cost and cost-effectiveness of opportunistic screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in Ireland. METHODS: Prospective cost analysis of an opportunistic screening programme delivered jointly in three types of healthcare facility in Ireland. Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using an existing dynamic modelling framework to compare screening to a control of no organised screening. A healthcare provider perspective was adopted with respect to costs and included the costs of screening and the costs of complications arising from untreated infection. Two outcome measures were examined: major outcomes averted, comprising cases of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility in women, neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia, and epididymitis in men; and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) gained. Uncertainty was explored using sensitivity analyses and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. RESULTS: The average cost per component of screening was estimated at €26 per offer, €66 per negative case, €152 per positive case and €74 per partner notified and treated. The modelled screening scenario was projected to be more effective and more costly than the control strategy. The incremental cost per major outcomes averted was €6093, and the incremental cost per QALY gained was €94,717. For cost-effectiveness threshold values of €45,000 per QALY gained and lower, the probability of the screening being cost effective was estimated at <1%. CONCLUSIONS: An opportunistic chlamydia screening programme, as modelled in this study, would be expensive to implement nationally and is unlikely to be judged cost effective by policy makers in Ireland.

Ovine genital actinobacillosis: a review.

Actinobacillus seminis infection in rams constitutes a spectrum of pathological changes in various genital organs, with a predilection for the cauda epididymis. There is a need to understand the disease, as it represents a significant factor contributing to infertility and sterility. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the biological characteristics of A. seminis, modes of transmission, epidemiology and pathogenesis, clinical signs and pathological changes of the disease, the laboratory techniques that have been used in diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prevention, and the considerations that need to be taken into account for future research.

Self-catheterization during adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) during the teenage years is associated with poor motivation to comply with the treatment, recurrent urinary tract infections and epididymitis. The aim of this study was to identify the main problems and complications associated with self-CIC in a group of adolescents with no overt neurological problems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The medical records of 24 boys and girls aged >/=12 years on self-CIC with severe bladder dysfunction and intact perineal sensibility and motor function in the lower limbs were reviewed. The median age of the patients was 16.5 years (range 12-24 years) and they had been on CIC for a median of 11 years (range 2-16 years). RESULTS: No urethral damage was reported. Of the 11 patients (46%) who had good CIC routines, two had cystitis and none had epididymitis. Thirteen patients (54%) reported a poor CIC regimen at a median age of 11.5 years (range 9-16 years). In this group, 10 had recurrent cystitis, five had pyelonephritis, four had increasing creatinine levels and three of nine boys had epididymitis. CONCLUSIONS: One of the main problems associated with CIC during adolescence is poor compliance with the treatment. Epididymitis and recurrent urinary tract infections were seen more frequently in connection with poor CIC routines.

Epididymitis after transrectal ultrasound-guided needle biopsy of prostate gland.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence, predisposing factors, and time-course of epididymitis after transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) needle biopsy of the prostate gland. METHODS: A total of 739 consecutive patients underwent TRUS-guided biopsy of the prostate gland from January 2000 through December 2002 using a systematic approach, 18-gauge needles, and antibiotic prophylaxis. A median of 9 biopsies was obtained per patient (range 4 to 16). All cases of epididymitis occurring within 6 months of biopsy were attributed to the TRUS procedure. The parameters evaluated for epididymitis included patient age, prostate-specific antigen, prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen density, number of biopsies obtained, and number of biopsies positive for malignancy. RESULTS: Five patients (0.7%) developed biopsy-related epididymitis with a median onset of 85 days (range 13 to 143) after biopsy. Patients developing epididymitis were statistically older, with a trend for a greater number of prostate biopsies (P = 0.071 on linear regression analysis). Only 1 patient developed epididymitis within 3 weeks of biopsy. All cases of epididymitis responded to therapeutic antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Epididymitis after TRUS-guided biopsy is a relatively uncommon event, with an incidence of approximately 1% and an onset of weeks to months after the procedure. Patients who developed epididymitis were statistically older, with a trend for a greater number of prostate biopsies taken.

Uso de la REV-1 en el control de la brucelosis ovina en una empresa ovejera del Perú / Using the REV-1 in the control of ovine brucellosis in sheep company in Peru

Se evaluó el efecto de la vacuna Rev-1 en el control de la brucelosis ovina causado por Brucella ovis en una empresa lanar de la sierra central del Perú. El uso de esta vacuna fue reintroducida en 1996, después de un lapso de 5 años. Al momento de la evaluación, la empresa mantenía el 86.3 por ciento de carneros vacunados (3,284/3,804) y el 100 por ciento de carnerillos vacunados (n=1,811). La evaluación consistió en exámenes clínicos testiculares a toda la población de reproductores machos (n=5,615) durante la campaña de esquila del año 2000. Paralelamente, se evaluó niveles de infección en 320 muestras sanguíneas (214 de carneros y 106 de carnerillos), detectando anticuerpos específicos para la Brucella ovis mediante la prueba de inmunodifusión en gel de agarosa (AGID). Los exámenes testiculares revelaron prevalencias de lesiones de epididimitis en tasas de 89.4 x 10 mil en la población adulta (carneros) y 38.6 x 10 mil en la población de jóvenes (carnerillos). Estas prevalencias son significativamente inferiores a las encontradas antes de la reintroducción de la vacuna, en la que se detectaron prevalencias de 817 x 10 mil en carneros y 241 x 10 mil en carnerillos, encontrándose una asociación directa entre el uso de la vacuna y la disminución progresiva de la prevalencia de epididimitis. Asimismo, la prevalencia de la infección global en la población de machos disminuyó significativamente desde 1,186.4 x 10 mil en 1996 a 531.2 x 10 mil en el año 2000; pero con niveles altos de infección en la población de carneros vacunados (635.8 x 10 mil). La población de carneros vacunados muestra una relativa alta prevalencia de la enfermedad clínica (97.4 x 10 mil) comparada con la población no vacunada (38.5 x 10 mil), pero con menor tasa de infección (635.8 x 10 mil) que los no vacunados (1,219.5 x 10 mil).

In 1996, after a 5 year hiatus, the use of the Rev-1 vaccine was reintroduced to control ovine brucellosis (Brucella ovis) in a large sheep company of the central Peruvian Andes, and by the year 2000, 86.3 percent of the rams (3,284 of 3,804) and 100 percent of the young males (n=1,811) were vaccinated. During the shearing campaign for year 2000, testicles of the entire male breeding population (n=5,615) were examined manually and 320 blood samples (214 rams and 106 yearlings) were taken for AGID testing to determine the presence of Brucella ovis antibodies. Epididymitis lesions were found in 89.4 x 10,000 of the rams and 38.6 x 10,000 of the yearlings, compared to 817 x 10,000 for rams and 214 x 10,000 for yearlings prior to reintroduction of Rev-1 vaccination. The progressive reduction in epididymitis was directly related to vaccination. The level of infection was found 1,186.4 x 10,000 in 1996 decreasing to 531.2 x 10,000 in 2000, but infection levels remained high in the vaccinated population (635.8 x 10,000). Clinical expression of the disease was 38.5 x 10,000 in unvaccinated males compared to 97.4 x 10,000 in vaccinated animals, but infection rates were considerably lower in vaccinated (635.8 x 10,000) than in unvaccinated (1,219 x 10,000) males. These results clearly demonstrate the efficaciousness of Rev-1 in controlling epididymitis in rams.

1998 guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

These guidelines for the treatment of patients who have sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were developed by CDC staff members after consultation with a group of invited experts who met in Atlanta on February 10-12, 1997. The information in this report updates the "1993 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines" (MMWR 1993;42[no. RR-14]). Included are new recommendations for treatment of primary and recurrent genital herpes and management of pelvic inflammatory disease; a new patient-applied medication for treatment of genital warts; and a revised approach to the management of victims of sexual assault. Revised sections describe the evaluation of urethritis and the diagnostic evaluation of congenital syphilis. These guidelines also include expanded sections concerning STDs among infants, children, and pregnant women and the management of patients who have asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection, genital warts, and genital herpes. Guidelines are provided for vaccine-preventable STDs, including recommendations for the use of hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines.