Human Anatomy in ancient Indian sculptures of Gandhara art illustrating the fasting Buddha

The present article intends to report the surface anatomical features in the three fasting Buddha sculptures and also tries to understand the anatomical knowledge of these ancient Indian sculptors by observing the digital images of the sculptures of the Gandhara art depicting the fasting Buddha. Close examination of the colour 2D digital photographs of the fasting Buddha which are available freely at Google Cultural Institute, the British Museum and the Metropolitan Museum web portals. Our observations demonstrate that the bones and joints of the thoracic cage, pectoral girdle, the extremities, particularly the upper limb, the skull and the pelvis were distinctly shown in the sculptures. Muscles of the neck (sternocleidomastoid, trapezius), shoulder (deltoid), thoracic cage (pectoralis major), limbs (arm and forearm), and anterior abdominal wall were clearly carved into the sculptures. The trachea was correctly placed in the neck. The boundaries of the axilla, and triangles of the neck were also clearly seen. Our observations demonstrate that ancient Indian artists of the Gandhara region had a basic knowledge of human anatomy, especially surface anatomy and musculoskeletal features. They also possessed knowledge of the approximate size and position of the bones, joints and muscles, including their approximate origin and insertion points. However, certain errors of anatomical knowledge including an extra number of ribs and a segmented sternum were noticed. Further, they also seemed to have some basic ideas about the physiological changes that occur during starving, as it is evident in the Buddha sculptures, which are skinny and emaciated

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Ways of seeing: using the visual arts in nursing education.

Professional nursing defines its foundation of practice as embedded in the sciences and humanities of a liberal education. This liberal education is commonly alluded to with the phrase "the art and science of nursing." Yet how do we as nursing educators integrate these two concepts? This article describes a method of integrating the humanities as part of an innovative clinical experience. A defined visual art experience was used to improve professional nursing students' observational and communication skills, narrative sequencing abilities, and empathy. The nursing and medical literature describing the use of visual art encounters in health care education is reviewed. The incorporation of an art education program into the curriculum of a cohort of accelerated baccalaureate nursing students is described. Qualitative evaluation measures from the students suggest this was an experience that broadened their understanding of patient encounters.

Ornato urbano y rural dedicado a cirujanos / Rural and urban adornment dedicated to surgeons

Se revisan algunas de las obras escultóricas dedicadas a cirujanos en España, tanto en las ciudades como en los pueblos. Se describen algunas de las características de las mismas, y las biografías de los escultores autores de las mismas y de los cirujanos homenajeados (AU)

This article describes the monuments to famous surgeons in Spin, both in towns and rural areas. We describe it characteristics and the biographies of both the surgeons and artists (AU)

Esculturas ortopédicas / Orthopedics sculptures

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Blending aesthetics and empirics: teaching health assessment in an art gallery.

An art gallery was used successfully as a clinical laboratory for nursing students studying health assessment. Art galleries provide students with a visually rich and stimulating environment that can support the development of astute visual inspection skills. Working in pairs, students examined artwork incorporating design elements common to both physical assessment and artistic inquiry. Students described new learning and clinical application through this innovative laboratory experience. Uniting traditionally empirical coursework with an aesthetic learning opportunity is important in the development of caring, humanistic professionals.