Prevalence of feline calicivirus in cats with odontoclastic resorptive lesions and chronic gingivostomatitis.

Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) and feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) are two of the most common diseases of the feline oral cavity. While evidence is emerging that FCGS is caused by gingival inflammation initiated and perpetuated by the oral microbiota, little is known in this regard for FORL. Feline calicivirus (FCV) has been associated with the presence of FCGS and is thought to play a role in the initiation of this disease. In this study, the incidence of FCV was investigated in cats with FORL and FCGS, and compared to unaffected controls. FCV was detected by viral culture. The incidence of FCV was as follows: 6 (24.0%) of 24 control cats, 9 (22.5%) of 40 cats with FORL and 15 (60.0%) of 25 cats with FCGS were positive for FCV. There was a significant difference in FCV incidence between all the groups (p=0.003) but none between the control group and the FORL group. However, significant differences were observed in the incidence of FCV between control and FCGS (p=0.010) and between FORL and FCGS (p=0.006). It is concluded that although FCV may be associated with FCGS, it appears unlikely to play a role in FORL.

[Prevention of the recurrent herpetic stomatitis in employees of Kazan city industrial enterprises frequently suffering from acute respiratory viral infections]. / Profilaktika retsidiviruyushchego gerpeticheskogo stomatita u rabotnikov promyshlennykh predpriyatii goroda Kazani, chasto boleyushchikh ostrymi respiratornymi zabolevaniyami.

Research objective was to study the efficacy of ingavirin for prevention of recurrent herpetic stomatitis in employees of Kazan city industrial enterprises frequently suffering from acute respiratory viral infections. 128 employees aged from 18 to 56 years were included in the study. Clinical and immunological efficiency of ingavirin prevention of recurrent herpetic stomatitis is proved by estimation of oral cavity local immunity (SlgA, lisozyme), humoral immunity (IgE and IgG) and cellular immunity (RBTL with FGA, defined T-lymphocytes). After administration of ingavirin significant (p<0.05) increase of lisozyme and SlgA, RBTL with FGA, number of T-lymphocytes and IgG concentration was observed. The obtained data allow to recommend ingavirin for prevention of recurrent herpetic stomatitis.

Frequency of Oral Mucositis and Local Virus Reactivation in Herpes Simplex Virus Seropositive Children with Myelosuppressive Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Oral mucositis (OM) is a common chemo- and radiotherapy adverse effect in oncological pediatric patients. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection can cause a severe clinical course. We hypothesize, that HSV seropositivity is a risk factor for local HSV-1 reactivation and increased frequency of OM in patients with myelosuppressive therapies. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We evaluated the prevalence of seropositivity of HSV-1 between June 2011 and April 2014 in patients with potential oncological disease and correlated it to the frequency of OM and local viral reactivation in OM under myelosuppressive therapy. RESULTS: The overall rate of HSV-seropositivity in our cohort was 22%. 48 patients underwent myelosuppressive therapy. Of these, 7 were HSV-1 IgG positive and 41 negative. All patients with OM under myelosuppressive therapy and positive local swab for viral HSV (l-PCR) were HSV-1 IgG positive before the start of therapy (100%). The absolute risk for OM in HSV-1 IgG positive patients was increased by 58.5% (95%CI: 20.0 - 72.2%) corresponding to a relative risk (RR) of 2.4 (95%CI: 1.7-3.5, P=0.009). The multivariable adjusted OR to suffer 2 or more OM episodes in HSV-1 IgG positivity was 8.8 (95%CI: 1.5-95.8, P=0.014). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In HSV-1 IgG positive patients half of the OM episode showed HSV reactivation, and the risk for multiple OM episodes was increased. These patients should be investigated for HSV-infection in every OM episode. Prophylactic and preemptive therapeutic measures should be discussed early, but prospective data on HSV prophylaxis and preemptive treatment is required.

Dental and Oral Lesions in HIV-Positive Individuals in East Bohemia--Czech Republic, Single Centre Experience.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a serious health issue and one of the world most devastating epidemics. An estimated 1.5 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2013, and an estimated 37 million people with AIDS have died worldwide since the epidemic has begun. HIV infection is known for its oral manifestations which causes discomfort and pain for infected individuals. The objective of this study was to document oral conditions of HIV positive patients and the pattern and frequency of oral and dental lesions. METHODS: All patients with confirmed HIV infection who were treated at the Department of Dentistry, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, were examined. RESULTS: During the study period, 29 HIV positive patients were examined and treated--19 men, 10 women, with mean age of 32.9 years (range 22-58 years). 72.41% patients received ART. In total, all patients underwent 186 visits. The most frequent treatments were associated with teeth and periodontal lesions (71.80%), oral mucosal lesions were diagnosed and treated only in 3.96% cases. CONCLUSION: Since the introduction of ART, the frequency of oral mucosal lesions is minimal in patients with HIV infection.

Characteristics of hospitalizations attributed to herpetic gingivostomatitis: analysis of nationwide inpatient sample.

OBJECTIVE: Herpetic gingivostomatitis (HGS) is a prevalent oral condition of viral origin. Some patients with HGS visit emergency departments for treatment. This study is aimed at determining the nationwide estimates of hospitalizations due to HGS in the United States. STUDY DESIGN: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality was used for the years 2004 to 2010. Hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of HGS were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9-CM code 054.2. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 12 536 hospitalizations were attributed to HGS, and the number of hospitalizations per year (mean, 1791) remained fairly constant during the years examined. The median age was 3.2 years. The mean age (15.6 years for the overall period) ranged from a low of 15.2 in 2010 to a high of 16.8 in 2007. The total charges that resulted from these hospitalizations were $229.4 million. CONCLUSIONS: This study further confirms that substantial resources are spent in treating oral conditions in hospital settings.

Hospital-based emergency department visits with herpetic gingivostomatitis in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine the number of hospital emergency department (ED) visits with a diagnosis of herpetic gingivostomatitis (HGS) for 2007 in the United States and to identify the possible comorbid conditions associated with HGS. STUDY DESIGN: The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample for 2007 was used in this study. Patients who visited the ED with a diagnosis of HGS were selected. Estimates were projected to the national levels using the discharge weights. Presence of comorbid conditions in these patients was also analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 23,124 patients had ED visits and received the diagnosis of HGS. Most of the patients were young females and those belonging to the lower socioeconomic strata. All patients with HGS also presented with comorbid conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians should be trained to diagnose, manage, and refer common dental emergencies. In the long term, improving access to dental care for these patients is crucial to managing this problem.

Prevalencia de herpes virus en bolsas periodontales de pacientes asistidos en la Cátedra de Periodoncia de la FOUNNE / Prevalence of herpes virus in periodontal pockets of patients assisted at the Periodontics Department, FOUNNE

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de herpesvirus humano en la enfermedad periodontal en pacientes concurrentes y asistidos en la Cátedra de Periodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología de laUniversidad Nacional del Nordeste y su posible mecanismo histopatológico.El procedimiento fue realizado en el ámbito de la F.O.U.N.N.E., en la Cátedra de Periodoncia lo que se refiere a su faz clínica y en el Laboratorio Central de laProvincia Corrientes la detección microbiológica mediante Nested PCR.Con una población de 30 hombres y mujeres con edades comprendidas entre 25 y 60 años que concurran como pacientes a la Cátedra de Periodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología de la U.N.N.E. La recolección de datos se hizo a través de métodos de observación,validando, como herramientas metodológicas para el área clínica, la sonda periodontal tipo Marquis e imágenes radiográficas periapicales tomadas con la técnica del paralelo del sector o sectores compatibles con diagnóstico clínico de periodontitis. Se procedió, en el sitio de mayor profundidad de bolsa, a introducir tres conos de papel absorbentes estériles para tomar el contenido, estos conos luego fueron introducidos en medios detransporte específicos y derivados inmediatamente al Laboratorio Central de la Provincia de Corrientes, parael desarrollo del método de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (P.C.R.) sobre las muestras tomadas a cadapaciente a fin de detectar la presencia de los virus. Resultados: Total de pacientes que constituyeron lamuestra: 30 (100 por ciento). Pacientes con herpesvirus (HVS): 5 (17 por ciento). Pacientes sin presencia viral: 25 (83 por ciento). Los sitios infectados con virus presentaron mayor destrucción de tejidos periodontales comparativamente con sitios no infectados.

Manifestaciones orales y caries dental en niños expuestos al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana / Oral manifestations and dental caries in children exposed to human immunodeficiency virus

Objetivo Determinar las manifestaciones orales y caries dental en niños expuestos al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Métodos Se estudiaron 37 niños que acuden a la consulta pediátrica del programa nacional de control de SIDA (PRONASIDA-Lara). Se informó a padres y representantes sobre los objetivos del estudio y su carácter confidencial. El examen de la cavidad oral lo realizó un odontólogo, quien además indagó sobre historia de manifestaciones bucales y corroboró la información con la historia clínica. Resultado La edad promedio fue 5,15±3,79 años, 62,2 % era del género masculino. Se infectaron por trasmisión vertical 91,8 %. La mayoría de los niños pertenecían a la categoría clínica A (35,1 %). El mayor porcentaje (37,8 %) de niños se encontró en la categoría 15-24 % de linfocitos CD4. Entre las manifestaciones orales más prevalentes se encontró la candidiasis oral, queilitis angular, eritema gingival lineal y parotiditis. Se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el porcentaje de linfocitos CD4 y queilitis angular (p<0,05). Cuarenta y cinco coma nueve (45,9 %) presentó caries dental y 29,7 % tenían necesidad de tratamiento dental "urgente". Por otra parte, el índice de necesidad de tratamiento calculado (INT) muestra que tres cuartos de los niños tenían necesidad de tratamiento dental. Conclusiones Los resultados del estudio permiten concluir que existe la necesidad de una estrategia basada en el manejo de las manifestaciones orales, frecuentes en la infección por VIH en niños, que permita un tratamiento desde un punto de vista integral, con un enfoque clínico y preventivo.

Objective Determining oral manifestations and dental caries amongst children exposed to the immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods Thirty-seven (n=37) children attending the Colombian AIDS Control Program (PRONASIDA-Lara) pediatric service were studied. Parents and guardians were informed about the purpose of the study and its confidentiality. An oral examination was conducted by a dentist; parents/guardians were asked about their children's history of oral manifestations and this was corroborated with their clinical charts. Results The mean age was 5.15±3.79; 62.2 % were males. Ninety-eight point eight percent had become vertically infected. Most of the children were classified in the A immune suppression category (35.1 %). The highest percentage (37.8 %) of children were in the 15 %-24 % total CD4+ lymphocyte category. The most prevalent oral manifestations were oral candidiasis, angular cheilitis, linear gingival erythema and parotid enlargement. There was a significant statistical difference between percentages of CD4 lymphocytes and angular qualities (p<0.05). Forty-five point nine percent had dental caries and 54.1 % were in "urgent" need of dental treatment. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) showed that ¾ of the children needed dental treatment. Conclusions The results of the study led to concluding that there was a need for an oral manifestation management-based strategy focusing on clinical and preventative treatment, as oral manifestations are frequent in children suffering from HIV infection.

Prevalence, incidence, and recurrence of oral lesions among HIV-infected patients on HAART in Alabama: a two-year longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to quantify prevalence, incidence, and recurrence of oral lesions (OL) among a population in the Southeast. METHODS: A retrospective study based on chart review was conducted among patients (n = 744) who were ≥19 years of age and initiated highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) between January 2000 and June 2006 at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) 1917 Clinic. Patients' laboratory data and oral conditions were recorded for 2 years after enrollment into the study. RESULTS: During 2 years of follow-up, the period prevalence of individuals experienced at least one OL was 35.6% (266/744). Among all of the 374 episodes of OL, 183 were new cases, while 57 were recurrences. The OL person-visit incidence rate was 0.02 per 100 person-visits. Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) was the most frequent manifestation in terms of period prevalence (74.9%) with a person-visit incident rate of 0.01 per 100 person-visits. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing HAART continue to be affected by HIV-related oral conditions, especially OPC. These results clearly indicate that OL during HIV infection are still highly prevalent in spite of the improvements in medical care and the availability of HAART.

Recurrent intraoral HSV-1 infection: A retrospective study of 58immunocompetent patients from Eastern Europe

Objectives. To revise the clinical features of the recurrent intraoral herpetic infection (RIOH) with respect to precipitatingfactors, demographic, clinical features and outcome.Study design. Fifty-eight, unrelated Caucasian, immunocompetent patients with positive laboratory test for intraoralHerpes simplex virus infection were studied.Results. The mean age in the women’s group (n=42) was 41.23 years (± 21.73) and in the men’s group was 32.25years (± 15.68). Possible trigger factors were identified in 9 cases (15.5%). General symptoms were noted in 20cases (34.48%). Most of patients in this study presented multiple lesions. 14 patients had vermillion lesions associatedwith intraoral lesions. In most of the cases both fixed and mobile mucosa was concomitantly involved. Treatmentwas prescribed in order to control the symptoms and to shorten the evolution with minimal side effects.Conclusions. Intraoral secondary herpetic infection could be polymorphous and sometimes associated with generalsymptoms. The recognition of its atypical features may prevent unnecessary and costly investigations andtreatments for unrelated though clinically similar-appearing disorders (AU)

Prevalence of herpes simplex, Epstein Barr and human papillomaviruses in oral lichen planus

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virusand Human Papilloma virus -16 in oral lichen planus cases and to evaluate whether any clinical variant, histopathologicalor demographic feature correlates with these viruses.Study Design: The study was conducted on 65 cases. Viruses were detected immunohistochemically. We evaluatedthe histopathological and demographic features and statistically analysed correlation of these features withHerpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus and Human Papilloma virus-16 positivity.Results: Herpes Simplex virus was positive in six (9%) cases and this was not statistically significant. The numberof Epstein Barr virus positive cases was 23 (35%) and it was statistically significant. Human Papilloma viruspositivity in 14 cases (21%) was statistically significant. Except basal cell degeneration in Herpes Simplex viruspositive cases, we did not observe any significant correlation between virus positivity and demographic or histopathologicalfeatures. However an increased risk of Epstein Barr virus and Human Papilloma virus infection wasnoted in oral lichen planus cases. Conclusions: Taking into account the oncogenic potential of both viruses, orallichen planus cases should be detected for the presence of these viruses (AU)

Herpesvirus / Herpesvirus

El Herpes virus (HSV) destaca por ser el principal responsable de un gran número de infecciones de la región orofacial, así como de la región genital. El virus del herpes simple es el prototipo de una gran familia de virus de doble cadena de ADN, los herpes viridiae, que causan una gran morbilidad en humanos. La infección en las células de la mucosa epitelial da lugar a una serie de signos clínicos y a la infección latente a nivel de las neuronas sensoriales. Durante la fase de infección productiva se expresan múltiples proteínas virales mientras que en fases latentes apenas se expresan dichas proteínas. La reactivación del virus da lugar a infecciones recurrentes, desencadenando en lisis celular y múltiples cuadros con manifestaciones clínicas bien definidas y que desarrollaremos en esta revisión. Por otro lado analizaremos la evidencia disponible que relaciona ciertos virus de esta familia con la progresión de la enfermedad periodontal tanto en adultos como en niños (AU)

The HSV is a virus that causes of a great number of infections both in the orofacial and in the genital area. The herpes simple virus is the prototype of a big family of double DNA strand viruses, the herpes viridiae, which causes a great morbidity in humans. The infection of epithelial cells of the oral mucosa gives rise to a series of clinical signs and symptoms and to a latent infection of the sensitive neurons. During the active phase of infection, multiple viral proteins are expressed while in the latent phase they are barely expressed. When the virus is reactivated, recurrent infection starts, producing cell lisis and different clinical manifestations that we are will reviewed in this article. We will explain the. The fact that certain virus of the herpesvirus family might be related with the progression of periodontal diseases in adults and children which is gaining interest lately (AU)

The impact of oral herpes simplex virus infection and candidiasis on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis among patients with hematological malignancies.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influences of oral candidiasis and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections in chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM). The medical records of 424 consecutive patients with hematological malignancies who had received chemotherapy at a medical center in Taiwan from January 2006 to November 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. The results of swab cultures of fungus and HSV-1 for OM were correlated with associated clinical features. Younger age, myeloid malignancies, and disease status other than complete remission before chemotherapy were significantly correlated with the development of OM. Risks of fever (p < 0.001) and bacteremia were higher in patients with OM. Among 467 episodes of OM with both swab cultures available, 221 were non-infection (47.3%) and 246 were related to either fungal infections, HSV-1 infections, or both (52.7%); of the 246 episodes, 102 were associated with fungal infections alone (21.8%), 98 with HSV-1 infections alone (21%), and 46 with both infections (9.9%). Patients who had received antifungal agents prior to OM occurrence tended to have HSV-1 infection (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that Candida albicans and HSV-1 play an important role in chemotherapy-induced OM in patients with hematological malignancies.

[Oral manifestations and dental caries in children exposed to human immunodeficiency virus]. / Manifestaciones orales y caries dental en niños expuestos al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana.

OBJECTIVE: Determining oral manifestations and dental caries amongst children exposed to the immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: Thirty-seven (n=37) children attending the Colombian AIDS Control Program (PRONASIDA-Lara) pediatric service were studied. Parents and guardians were informed about the purpose of the study and its confidentiality. An oral examination was conducted by a dentist; parents/guardians were asked about their children's history of oral manifestations and this was corroborated with their clinical charts. RESULTS: The mean age was 5.15±3.79; 62.2 % were males. Ninety-eight point eight percent had become vertically infected. Most of the children were classified in the A immune suppression category (35.1 %). The highest percentage (37.8 %) of children were in the 15 %-24 % total CD4+ lymphocyte category. The most prevalent oral manifestations were oral candidiasis, angular cheilitis, linear gingival erythema and parotid enlargement. There was a significant statistical difference between percentages of CD4 lymphocytes and angular qualities (p<0.05). Forty-five point nine percent had dental caries and 54.1 % were in "urgent" need of dental treatment. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) showed that ¾ of the children needed dental treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study led to concluding that there was a need for an oral manifestation management-based strategy focusing on clinical and preventative treatment, as oral manifestations are frequent in children suffering from HIV infection.

[Improvement of herpetic stomatitis therapy in patients with chronic tonsillitis].

To determine the clinicopathogenetic efficacy of cycloferon liniment in combined therapy of herpetic stomatitis, 60 patients with herpetic stomatitis and chronic tonsillitis were examined and treated. It was shown that the use of cycloferon liniment in the combined therapy of herpetic stomatitis in the patients with chronic tonsillitis allowed to lower the infection load in the parodontal recesses and the local inflammation, to normalize the immunity indices and to reduce the level of the endogenous intoxication, that provided acceleration of the recuperation processes and decreased the frequency of stomatitis backsets.

Oral manifestations in pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral manifestations in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receiving chemotherapy, and to evaluate the significance of independent risk factors (oral health, gender, age, time and type of treatment, and phase of chemotherapy). A cross-sectional study was made in 49 children with ALL between 2 and 14 years of age. To describe oral manifestations, a clinical diagnosis was made and the following criteria were applied: the OHI-S index to describe oral health and the IMPA index to describe periodontal conditions and to differentiate gingivitis from periodontitis. The prevalence of oral manifestations was: gingivitis, 91.84%; caries, 81.63%; mucositis, 38.77%; periodontitis, 16.32%; cheilitis, 18.36%; recurrent herpes, 12.24%; and primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, 2.04%. Other oral manifestations were: dry lips, mucosal pallor, mucosal petechiae, ecchymoses, and induced ulcers. The prevalence of oral candidiasis was 6.12%. It was observed that high risk ALL and poor oral hygiene were important risk factors for the development of candidiasis and gingivitis. The type of leukemia, gender and phase of chemotherapy were apparently associated with the presence of candidiasis, gingivitis, and periodontitis, and they could be considered risk factors for the development of oral manifestations.

Oral mucosal lesions in children from 0 to 12 years old: ten years' experience.

OBJECTIVE: The exact prevalence of oral lesions in childhood is not well known. We sought to define the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a large group of children. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using clinical charts from January 1997 to December 2007. Data collected included age, gender, and pathologic diagnosis. RESULTS: In total, 10,128 children (0-12 years old) were enrolled. Clinical diagnostic criteria proposed by the World Health Organization were followed. The frequency of children presenting oral mucosal lesions was 28.9%, and no differences related to gender were observed. The most frequent lesions recorded were oral candidiasis (28.4%), geographic tongue and other tongue lesions (18.5%), traumatic lesions (17.8%), recurrent aphthous ulcerations (14.8%), herpes simplex virus type 1 infections (9.3%), and erythema multiforme (0.9%). Children suffering from chronic diseases had a higher frequency of oral lesions compared with healthy children (chi-square: P < .01). CONCLUSION: Mucosal alterations in children are relatively common, and several oral disorders are associated with underlying medical conditions.

Oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS in China: a review.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to review the Chinese-language medical and dental literature from 1982 to 2008 on oral manifestations (OMs) of patients with HIV/AIDS for introducing the spectrum of OMs of the patients in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All data were extracted from 18 references which had used diagnostic criteria for HIV/AIDS. Four of the references had used the EC-Clearinghouse classification for oral lesions in HIV infection. The feasible overall rate and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of the data on OMs were calculated. RESULTS: Risk group analysis revealed that, of 203 patients, 64.3% were men and 35.7% were women (age range, 5 months to 64 years; mean age in three studies, 34.0, 34.3, and 36.1 years). Of these patients, 22.2% were infected by sexual contacts, 11.8% by intravenous drug use (IDU), 59.6% by blood or its products, 2.9% by mother to child transmission, and 3.4% were unclear. In 203 patients, oral candidiasis (OC) was the most common lesion (66%, 95%CI = 59.48-72.52%), followed by herpes simplex (HS) (22.2%, 95%CI = 16.48-27.92%), ulcerative stomatitis (14.8%, 95%CI = 9.92-19.68%), salivary gland disease (11.3%, 95%CI = 6.94-15.66%), oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) (9.8%, 95%CI = 5.71-13.89%), necrotizing gingivitis (5.9%, 95%CI = 2.66-9.14%), Kaposi's sarcoma (2.9%, 95%CI = 0.59-5.21%), other malignant tumors (2.9%, 95%CI = 0.59-5.21%), and linear gingival erythema (2.0%, 95%CI = 0.07-3.93%). CONCLUSIONS: The spectrum of OMs reported from China is similar to that described in the international literature. Present data are useful to supplement international resources of HIV/AIDS research.

Impact of PI and NNRTI HAART-based therapy on oral lesions of Brazilian HIV-infected patients.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of oral lesions related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been investigated after treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) including protease inhibitors (PI) but no data are available on the effect of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based therapy on incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) oral manifestations or impact of HAART on oral manifestations of HIV infection in Brazil. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of anti-HIV therapy on the incidence of oral lesions during 17 years of AIDS epidemics in a Brazilian population. METHODS: From 1989 to 2006, we collected data from 1595 consecutive HIV patients at the Special Care Dentistry Center, São Paulo, Brazil. We compared the effect of PI- and NNRTI-based antiretroviral therapy (ARVT) on the annual incidence of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), oral candidiasis (OC) and hairy leukoplakia (HL). The chi-squared test was used to test the association between oral lesions and therapeutic regimen (P < 0.05). RESULTS: None of patients on ARVT presented with KS. Patients who used (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) NRTI + PI were 0.9 times as likely to present with HL as those who used NRTI + NNRTI. This finding, however, was not statistically significant (P = 0.5). The relative risk for OC was 0.8 in patients with PI-based HAART. The increased risk among those on PIs was statistically significant (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The superiority of NNRTI regimens in decreasing OC incidence is consistent with current therapeutic guidelines which recommend NNRTI-based therapy as the treatment of choice for initial ARVT.