[Nicolas Lémery, student apothecary in Montpellier (1668-1671)].

The stay of Lémery in Montpellier as a companion-apothecary from 1668 until 1671 was attested, especially by his registration to the book of rolls. What he has done there is rather a matter of the oral tradition. But the atmosphere of rivalry and fuss between the followers of the Catholicism and those of the Protestantism was tangible through the trials, the rulings or the namings. Even unsaid things, for example in the books of chemistry published then, tell a lot on the atmosphere of the city during the three years of the stay of Lémery in Montpellier.

[Studying at École de pharmacie de Lille with Alfred Giard in the XIXth century]. / Etudier à 'École de pharmacie de Lille avec Alfred Giard au XIXe siècle.

This article describes a pharmacy student's notebook in Lille in the 1870s. The Medical Natural History course is taught by Alfred Mathieu Giard. Following a brief biography of the latter, excerpts of the manuscript are presented, they reveal the extent of scientific knowledge of the late nineteenth century, especially in the field of Parasitology.

Pharmacy students at the University of Tartu 1802-2010--a historical study.

The aim of this article was to give an historical overview of pharmacy education in Estonia and the social profile of pharmacy students of the University of Tartu (previously Dorpat and Jurjew) during the period 1802-2010. In addition, separate data is presented about female students and students of Estonian ethnicity. During the period observed, 6736 students studied pharmacy in the University of Tartu, of whom 4184 graduated in the specialty. The largest proportional representation by place of birth was Tartu and the Tartu region (13.5%). 42% of the students were 21-25 years old. The majority (96.84%) of the students were Estonians. At the end of the 19th century, russification of the university resulted in Russian being made the official language of instruction, with a concomitant decrease of ethnically German and an increase in ethnically Estonian students. Changes in admission policies have led to an increased number of Russian students among graduates since 2004. 2319 of the total 6736 students were female. During the period 1926-1940, women achieved the majority among graduates and they represent the majority up to the present day.

The mandatory residency dilemma: parallels to historical transitions in pharmacy education.

OBJECTIVE: To review recent literature regarding mandatory residencies in the perspective of the historical entry-level degree debate. DATA SOURCES: Articles were identified through searches of MEDLINE/PubMed, national pharmacy association Web sites, and a review of the references of related literature. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Several studies, commentaries, and reviews are examined to discuss viewpoints from both the entry-level degree and mandatory residency debates. Similarities were observed between the 2 debates in regard to objectives and rationale for change, educational issues, pharmaceutical care issues, and economic issues. DATA SYNTHESIS: Fewer than 10 years ago, after many years of debate, colleges of pharmacy made the transition to offering the PharmD degree as the sole entry-level degree for licensure as a pharmacist. Similar debates have taken place over the past several years and continue to take place regarding the necessity for residency training. One key 2006 document by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy calls for mandatory residency training for entry into pharmacy practice by 2020. CONCLUSIONS: In parallel with the entry-level degree debate, consensus has yet to be reached among pharmacists and pharmacy organizations, but several have shown support for mandatory residency training for all pharmacists involved in direct patient care. Many questions have yet to be answered regarding the timeline, economics, and feasibility of such a mandate.

Estudiantes y graduados de Farmacia en la Real Universidad de La Habana en el período 1880-1898: las primeras farmacéuticas cubanas / Pharmacy students and graduates in the Real University of Havana during 1880-1898: The first Cuban pharmacists women

Se relacionan los doctores que se graduaron en la Facultad de Farmacia de la Real Universidad de La Habana entre 1880 y 1898, último período universitario bajo control español. Se destacan los que integraron el claustro de esa Facultad y los que màs sobresalieron en el ejercicio de la profesión. Se hace especial referencia a las primeras mujeres que estudiaron y se graduaron de licenciadas y doctoras en Farmacia y de las que habilitaron en Cuba los títulos obtenidos en el extranjero. Se rinde también un merecido homenaje los estudiantes, profesores y graduados de la Facultad de Farmacia que abandonaron sus estudios o el ejercicio de la profesión para incorporarse a la guerra por la independencia de Cuba, iniciada el 24 de febrero de 1895(AU)

Doctors graduated in he Pharmacy Faculty of Real University of Havana between 1880 and 1898 are mentioned, this was the last university period under the Spanich government control. Are emphasized those that were part of the Faculty staff and those more outstanding in exercising of the profession. Authors made a special reference to the first student women graduated of Bachelor and Pharmacy Doctors and those fitted out in Cuba the titles obtained abroad. Also, to pay tribute to students, professors and graduated of Pharmacy Faculty that abandon their studies or the practice of the profession to Cuban Independence War started in February 24, 1895(AU)

Estudiantes y graduados de Farmacia en la Real Universidad de La Habana en el período 1880-1898: las primeras farmacéuticas cubanas / Pharmacy students and graduates in the Real University of Havana during 1880-1898: The first Cuban pharmacists women

Se relacionan los doctores que se graduaron en la Facultad de Farmacia de la Real Universidad de La Habana entre 1880 y 1898, último período universitario bajo control español. Se destacan los que integraron el claustro de esa Facultad y los que màs sobresalieron en el ejercicio de la profesión. Se hace especial referencia a las primeras mujeres que estudiaron y se graduaron de licenciadas y doctoras en Farmacia y de las que habilitaron en Cuba los títulos obtenidos en el extranjero. Se rinde también un merecido homenaje los estudiantes, profesores y graduados de la Facultad de Farmacia que abandonaron sus estudios o el ejercicio de la profesión para incorporarse a la guerra por la independencia de Cuba, iniciada el 24 de febrero de 1895.

Doctors graduated in he Pharmacy Faculty of Real University of Havana between 1880 and 1898 are mentioned, this was the last university period under the Spanich government control. Are emphasized those that were part of the Faculty staff and those more outstanding in exercising of the profession. Authors made a special reference to the first student women graduated of Bachelor and Pharmacy Doctors and those fitted out in Cuba the titles obtained abroad. Also, to pay tribute to students, professors and graduated of Pharmacy Faculty that abandon their studies or the practice of the profession to Cuban Independence War started in February 24, 1895.

[How the history of pharmacy should be taught to pharmacy students]. / Jak studentom wydzialów farmaceutycznych wykladac historie farmacji? (uwagi praktyczne bylego wykladowcy).

This is a question which by and of every lecturer of the history of pharmacy, especially when there is plenty of information about the subject, and very little "lecture time" available. A lecturer should also remember, that pharmaceutical faculties aim to produce a good expert on medicine, not "an historian of pharmacy". But it is also desirable for pharmacists - experts on medicines - to obtain an elementary body of information about who contributed to shaping the practice of medicine, its variety and ...its kindness. If such aims were achieved - it would be a great score. And if this basic knowledge leads and encourages on independent exploration of the history of pharmacy - we can put it down as due to the success of this first lecturer.

[Pharmacy students of the Universities of Strasbourg and Clermont-Ferrand victime of nazi barbarity, in 1943]. / Les etudiants en pharmacie des Universites de Strasbourg et de Clermont-Ferrand victimes en 1943 de la barbarie nazie.

A first roundup took place on June 25th 1943, in Clermont-Ferrand, in the hostel of students from Alsace and Lorraine, called La Gallia. An assistant-professor and two Alsatian pharmacy students were arrested and died later on in a concentration camp. Five months later, a great operation was savagely conducted by German army and Gestapo, against the University of Strasbourg, which had moved to Clermont-Ferrand since September 1939. A professor was killed, others wounded or mauled. It was also the case with many students from the various faculties. A hundred and fifty professors and students were sent to concentration camps, two of the pharmacy students from the Clermont University never came back to France. Three of our lady colleagues, who lived through the second roundup (November 25th 1943) give their hitherto unpublished testimonies.

[The first French guide for the use of pharmacy students]. / Le premier guide français à l'usage des étudiants en pharmacie.

The author analyzes the Nouveau guide de l'étudiant en médecine et en pharmacie published in 1825, in which the section on pharmacy is due to J.-B.-A. Chevallier. In particular he stresses the importance of this work in understanding the history of pharmacy instruction.