Diffuse adherence, ST-I enterotoxin and CFA/IV colonization factor are encoded by the same plasmid in the Escherichia coli O29:H21 strain.

Escherichia coli O29:H21 is a human enterotoxigenic serotype that produces heat-stable (ST-I) enterotoxin, adheres diffusely to HeLa cells, and presents colonization factor antigen IV (CFA/IV) composed of CS5CS6 surface antigens. In one strain studied the genes for diffuse adherence and CFA/IV (CS5CS6) production were found to be present in the same plasmid encoding ST-I. The virulence plasmid (Ent) presented two unrelated basic replicons homologous to repFIC and repW. Gene(s) encoding diffuse adherence did not share homology with the probe for F1845 fimbrial adhesin which is responsible for this phenotype in other E. coli strains. Ent plasmids containing genes for diffuse adherence have not been described previously.

[Toxic demyelination of the central nervous system. II. Biological aspects of Schwann cells observed during the tissue repair process]. / Desmielinização tóxica do sistema nervoso central. II. Aspectos biológicos das células de Schwann observados durante o processo de reparação do tecido.

The gliotoxic chemical ethidium bromide when injected locally in the rat spinal cord induced areas of demyelination which developed at various times according to the dose used. High doses induced lesions of fast development (type I) and intermediate lesions (type III) whereas low doses induced slow lesions (type II). Following the demyelinating process, naked axons were remyelinated either by oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells (SC) depending on their location in areas respectively with or without astrocytes. In most lesions the area remyelinated by SC was prominent. In lesions of slow development it was possible to observe the factors that influenced SC behavior within the central nervous system. Following the initial invasion from subpial areas and perivascular spaces, SC expansion depended on the presence of a stable extracellular matrix. In type I lesions this matrix was present due to the inflammatory nature of the process. In type II lesions that matrix did not occur thus SC only could migrate among demyelinated axons using them as stepping stones. Between adjacent SC thin diameter collagen fibres could be detected. It was not found any evidence of SC migration along the naked axons.

[Toxic demyelination of the central nervous system. I. Effect of an intercalating gliotoxic drug on the spinal cord in Wistar rats]. / Desmielinização tóxica do sistema nervoso central. I. Ação de uma droga intercalante gliotóxica na medula espinhal de ratos Wistar.

Small volumes of ethidium bromide were injected into the dorsal columns of the spinal cord of Wistar rats. It was induced a demyelinating process, variable in nature and speed of repair according to the dose used. The induced lesions were classified into three groups (type I or fast lesions; type II or slow lesions; type III or intermediate lesions) according to the histological appearance and extension of remyelination. In some lesions or in areas within the same lesion, myelin and glial cell debris were rapidly processed by macrophages and the naked axons soon remyelinated by Schwann cells. In other lesions of similar duration, or areas within the lesions, myelin underwent transformation into mazes of membranes which persisted around the axons for long periods of time. In the lesions which contained such myelin-derived membranes, macrophages were scant and remyelination by Schwann cells was slow and arduous. It may be concluded that the slow resolution of some lesions resulted from the time elapsed between intoxication and disappearance of myelin-related cells. That time difference determined that the cellular responses to demyelination took place in an area devoid of glial cells and therefore without a support for the cellular migration needed for the removal of myelin debris and eventual remyelination. This investigation indicates that the development and outcome of demyelination may be altered by the cellular events that occur during oligodendrocyte degeneration.

Desmielinizaçäo tóxica do sistema nervoso central: I. Açäo de uma droga intercalante gliotóxica na medula espinhal de ratos Wistar / Toxic demyelination of the central nervous system: I. Effects of an intercalating gliotoxic chemical in the spinal cord of Wistar rats

Pequenos volumes de brometo de etídio foram injetados nas colunas dorsais da medula lombar de ratos Wistar. Foi assim induzido processo desmielinizante que variou em natureza e velocidade de reparaçäo de acordo com a dose empregada. As lesöes produzidas foram classificadas em três tipos (I, rápidas: II, lentas; III, intermediárias), de acordo com as características histológicas e a extensäo da remielinizaçäo. Em algumas lesöes ou em áreas dentro da mesma lesäo, os restos de mielina e de células eram rapidamente processados por macrófagos e os axônios rapidamente remielinizados por células de Schwann, em quanto em outras lesöes de duraçäo similar, ou em áreas dentro da mesma lesäo, a mielina se transformava em emaranhados de membranas que persistiam ao redor do axônio por longos períodos de tempo. Nas lesöes que continham tais membranas derivadas da mielina, os macrófagos eram escassos e a remielinizaçäo, feita pelas células de Schwann, era demorada e trabalhosa. Concluiu-se que a resoluçäo lenta de algumas lesöes resultara do lapso transcorrido entre a intoxicaçäo e o desaparecimento das células relacionada a mielina, significando que as respostas celulares a desmielinizaçäo tiveram lugar em área livre de células gliais. Esta näo podia sustentar, portnto, a movimentaçäo celular necessária para a remoçäo dos restos de mielina e a posterior remielinizaçäo. Esta investigaçäo indica que o desenvolvimento e o desfecho da desmielinizaçäo podem ser alterados pelos eventos celulares que acompanham a degeneraçäo dos oligodendrócitos

Desmielinizaçäo tóxica do sistema nervoso central: II. Aspectos biológicos das células de Schwann observados durante o processo de reparaçäo do tecido / Toxic demyelination of the central nervous system: II. Biological aspects of Schwann cells observed during the process of tissue repair

A droga gliotóxica brometo de etídio, quando injetada localmente na medula espinhal do rato, induziu áreas de desmielinizaçäo que se desenvolveram em tempos diferentes de acordo com a dose empregada. Doses altas induziram lesöes de desenvolvimento rápido (tipo I) e intermediárias (tipo III), enquanto doses baixas induziram lesöes lentas (tipo II). Após o processo desmielinizante, os azônios desprovidos de suas bainhas de mielina foram remielinizados por oligodendrócitos ou células de Schwann (CS) dependendo de sua localizaçäo em áreas contendo ou näo astrócitos, respectivamente. Na maioria das lesöes, a área remielinizada pelas CS era proeminente. Nas lesöes que repararam mais lentamente foi possível observar os fatores que influenciaram o comportamento dessas células dentro dos limites do sistema nervoso central. Após a invasäo inicial a partir da superfície pial e dos espaços preivasculares, a expansäo das CS dependeu da presenca de matriz extracelular estável. nas lesöes de tipo I, esta matriz estava presente devido a natureza inflamatória do processo. Nas lesöes de tipo II a matriz näo ocorreu e as CS só podiam migrar entre os axônios desmielizados usando-os tal como uma passadeira. Entre as células contíguas podiam ser observadas fibras colágenas de diâmetro pequeno. Näo foi evidenciada migraçäo das CS ao longo dos axônios