Satisfactory adherence to the Dutch physical therapy guideline for patients with a total knee arthroplasty. A survey study involving 103 specialised physical therapists.

OBJECTIVE: To explore and gain more insight into the usual preoperative and postoperative physical therapy (PT) treatment of patients with a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) among Dutch physical therapists experienced with TKA rehabilitation. Secondly, to evaluate physical therapists' adherence to guideline recommendations for postoperative rehabilitation. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, physical therapists working in primary care within a designated Dutch hospital's catchment area were surveyed online. The survey queried PT treatment approaches before surgery, during hospitalisation, and after surgery. All data were analysed descriptively. When both education and all recommended exercise modalities were used postoperatively, therapists were considered fully adherent with the Dutch clinical practice guideline. RESULTS: One hundred and three therapists participated, representing a response rate of 58%. Postoperative PT treatment was applied by all therapists, of which 65 (63.1%) were fully adherent to the guideline. Partial adherence was mainly due to not using the aerobic exercise modality. Furthermore, beyond the modalities recommended in the guideline, a range of PT interventions were used. Preoperative treatment was applied by 73 therapists (70.9%). These 73 indicated that only a median of 20% (IQR 10%-40%) of their patients received preoperative PT. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed satisfactory adherence to guideline recommendations on postoperative management of patients with a TKA among experienced physical therapists. Aerobic exercises were utilised less often or with inappropriate intensity. Correct adherence to guideline recommendations on aerobic exercise training can result in more physically active individuals and important general health benefits.

Physiotherapists' adherence to Clinical Practice Guidelines in fibromyalgia: a cross-sectional online survey.

To evaluate the level of knowledge and adherence to Clinical Practice Guidelines on fibromyalgia of physiotherapists in Spain. A cross-sectional study using an ad-hoc online survey was implemented to assess aspects on the assessment, treatment, and decision of the length of the therapeutic approach on fibromyalgia. Based on the results, professionals were classified as adherent, partially adherent, or non-adherent. The level of agreement with several statements on the condition was also evaluated across the professionals surveyed to evaluate the potential consensus. A total of 240 physiotherapists met inclusion criteria, amongst which 68 (28.33%) were adherent. The academic level of studies (Chi-square = 48.601, p-value = 0.001) and having had previous training in fibromyalgia (Chi-square = 151.011, p-value = 0.001) displayed statistically significant differences across adherence-based groups. Consensus was reached for 15 out of 24 statements. Our findings highlight the presence of an acceptable level of knowledge and adherence to clinical practice guidelines in the field of fibromyalgia among physiotherapists in Spain.Practice implicationsOur results also reveal the existence of an evidence-to-practice gap in the field, with potential room for improvement: further efforts on promoting and reinforcing the importance of evidence-based therapies are needed, from university teaching plans to clinical updates for daily practice.

Agreeing priority categories and items for inclusion in a future best practice delegation framework for musculoskeletal outpatient physiotherapy services: A consensus groups study.

PURPOSE: Delegation of clinical tasks from physiotherapists to physiotherapy support workers varies considerably in musculoskeletal outpatient physiotherapy services leading to variation in patient care. This study aimed to develop consensus amongst physiotherapists, support workers and managers about what components should be included in a future framework to guide effective and safe delegation of clinical tasks to physiotherapy support workers in United Kingdom's National Health Service musculoskeletal outpatient physiotherapy services. METHODS: A consensus study was carried out, using Nominal Group Technique. Seven physiotherapists, ten physiotherapy support workers and ten physiotherapy operational/clinical leads from 13 musculoskeletal physiotherapy services within United Kingdom's National Health Service were recruited through the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy's professional networks and social media. Three separate, role-specific consensus groups were convened, involving participants generating, discussing and rating on a Likert scale, components for inclusion in a future delegation framework. RESULTS: 32 out of 38 generated items reached consensus of ≥70%, i.e. a mean of ≥4.9 on a 7-point Likert scale, across the three groups. Items were grouped under five main categories: 1) training/Continuous Professional Development for physiotherapists and support workers; 2) need for a clear delegation process; 3) competencies 4) defining the role of support workers and 5) safety net. CONCLUSION: Key stakeholder groups were able to reach consensus on five priority areas which will be developed into a best practice framework to standardise delegation and guide physiotherapists when delegating clinical tasks to support workers.

The Conundrum of Kappa and Why Some Musculoskeletal Tests Appear Unreliable Despite High Agreement: A Comparison of Cohen Kappa and Gwet AC to Assess Observer Agreement When Using Nominal and Ordinal Data.

In clinical practice, physical therapists often use different kinds of tests and measures in the assessment of their patients. For therapists to have confidence when using their tests and measures, an important attribute is having intratester and intertester reliability. Studies that assess reliability are cases of observer agreement. Many studies have been performed assessing observer agreement in the physical therapy literature. The most commonly used method to assess observer agreement studies that use nominal or ordinal data is the statistical method suggested by Cohen and the corresponding reliability coefficient, Cohen kappa. Recently, Cohen kappa has undergone scrutiny because of what is called kappa paradox, which occurs when observer agreement is high but the resulting kappa value is low. Another paradox also occurs when asymmetries exist between raters on their disagreements, resulting in a higher kappa value. In the physical therapy literature, there are numerous examples of this problem, which can often lead to misunderstanding the meaning of the data. This Perspective examines how and why these problems occur and suggests an alternative method for assessing observer agreement.

Movement System Diagnoses for Balance Dysfunction: Recommendations From the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy's Movement System Task Force.

The movement system was identified as the focus of our expertise as physical therapists in the revised vision statement for the profession adopted by the American Physical Therapy Association in 2013. Attaining success with the profession's vision requires the development of movement system diagnoses that will be useful in clinical practice, research, and education. To date, only a few movement system diagnoses have been identified and described, and none of these specifically address balance dysfunction. Over the past 2 years, a Balance Diagnosis Task Force, a subgroup of the Movement System Task Force of the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy, focused on developing diagnostic labels (or diagnoses) for individuals with balance problems. This paper presents the work of the task force that followed a systematic process to review available diagnostic frameworks related to balance, identify 10 distinct movement system diagnoses that reflect balance dysfunction, and develop complete descriptions of examination findings associated with each balance diagnosis. A standardized approach to movement analysis of core tasks, the Framework for Movement Analysis developed by the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy Movement Analysis Task Force, was integrated into the examination and diagnostic processes. The aims of this perspective paper are to (1) summarize the process followed by the Balance Diagnosis Task Force to develop an initial set of movement system (balance) diagnoses; (2) report the recommended diagnostic labels and associated descriptions; (3) demonstrate the clinical decision-making process used to determine a balance diagnosis and develop a plan of care; and (4) identify next steps to validate and implement the diagnoses into physical therapist practice, education, and research. IMPACT: The development and use of diagnostic labels to classify distinct movement system problems is needed in physical therapy. The 10 balance diagnosis proposed can aid in clinical decision making regarding intervention.

A Framework for Movement Analysis of Tasks: Recommendations From the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy's Movement System Task Force.

The American Physical Therapy Association's Vision Statement of 2013 asserts that physical therapists optimize movement in order to improve the human experience. In accordance with this vision, physical therapists strive to be recognized as experts in movement analysis. However, there continues to be no accepted method to conduct movement analysis, nor an agreement of key terminology to describe movement observations. As a result, the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy organized a task force that was charged with advancing the state of practice with respect to these issues, including the development of a proposed method for movement analysis of tasks. This paper presents the work of the Task Force, which includes (1) development of a method for conducting movement analysis within the context of the movement continuum during 6 core tasks (sitting, sit to stand, standing, walking, step up/down, and reach/grasp/manipulate); (2) glossary of movement constructs that can provide a common language for movement analysis across a range of tasks: symmetry, speed, amplitude, alignment, verticality, stability, smoothness, sequencing, timing, accuracy, and symptom provocation; and (3) recommendations for task and environmental variations that can be systematically applied. The expectation is that this systematic framework and accompanying terminology will be easily adapted to additional patient or client-specific tasks, contribute to development of movement system diagnostic labels, and ultimately improve consistency across patient/client examination, evaluation, and intervention for the physical therapy profession. Next steps should include validation of this framework across patient/client groups and settings.

Hybrid Ubiquitous Coaching With a Novel Combination of Mobile and Holographic Conversational Agents Targeting Adherence to Home Exercises: Four Design and Evaluation Studies.

BACKGROUND: Effective treatments for various conditions such as obesity, cardiac heart diseases, or low back pain require not only personal on-site coaching sessions by health care experts but also a significant amount of home exercises. However, nonadherence to home exercises is still a serious problem as it leads to increased costs due to prolonged treatments. OBJECTIVE: To improve adherence to home exercises, we propose, implement, and assess the novel coaching concept of hybrid ubiquitous coaching (HUC). In HUC, health care experts are complemented by a conversational agent (CA) that delivers psychoeducation and personalized motivational messages via a smartphone, as well as real-time exercise support, monitoring, and feedback in a hands-free augmented reality environment. METHODS: We applied HUC to the field of physiotherapy and conducted 4 design-and-evaluate loops with an interdisciplinary team to assess how HUC is perceived by patients and physiotherapists and whether HUC leads to treatment adherence. A first version of HUC was evaluated by 35 physiotherapy patients in a lab setting to identify patients' perceptions of HUC. In addition, 11 physiotherapists were interviewed about HUC and assessed whether the CA could help them build up a working alliance with their patients. A second version was then tested by 15 patients in a within-subject experiment to identify the ability of HUC to address adherence and to build a working alliance between the patient and the CA. Finally, a 4-week n-of-1 trial was conducted with 1 patient to show one experience with HUC in depth and thereby potentially reveal real-world benefits and challenges. RESULTS: Patients perceived HUC to be useful, easy to use, and enjoyable, preferred it to state-of-the-art approaches, and expressed their intentions to use it. Moreover, patients built a working alliance with the CA. Physiotherapists saw a relative advantage of HUC compared to current approaches but initially did not see the potential in terms of a working alliance, which changed after seeing the results of HUC in the field. Qualitative feedback from patients indicated that they enjoyed doing the exercise with an augmented reality-based CA and understood better how to do the exercise correctly with HUC. Moreover, physiotherapists highlighted that HUC would be helpful to use in the therapy process. The longitudinal field study resulted in an adherence rate of 92% (11/12 sessions; 330/360 repetitions; 33/36 sets) and a substantial increase in exercise accuracy during the 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The overall positive assessments from both patients and health care experts suggest that HUC is a promising tool to be applied in various disorders with a relevant set of home exercises. Future research, however, must implement a variety of exercises and test HUC with patients suffering from different disorders.

Physiotherapists' Use of Web-Based Information Resources to Fulfill Their Information Needs During a Theoretical Examination: Randomized Crossover Trial.

BACKGROUND: The widespread availability of internet-connected smart devices in the health care setting has the potential to improve the delivery of research evidence to the care pathway and fulfill health care professionals' information needs. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the frequency with which physiotherapists experience information needs, the capacity of digital information resources to fulfill these needs, and the specific types of resources they use to do so. METHODS: A total of 38 participants (all practicing physiotherapists; 19 females, 19 males) were randomly assigned to complete three 20-question multiple-choice questionnaire (MCQ) examinations under 3 conditions in a randomized crossover study design: assisted by a web browser, assisted by a federated search portal system, and unassisted. MCQ scores, times, and frequencies of information needs were recorded for overall examination-level and individual question-level analyses. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess differences between conditions for the primary outcomes. A log file analysis was conducted to evaluate participants' web search and retrieval behaviors. RESULTS: Participants experienced an information need in 55.59% (845/1520) MCQs (assisted conditions only) and exhibited a mean improvement of 10% and 16% in overall examination scores for the federated search and web browser conditions, respectively, compared with the unassisted condition (P<.001). In the web browser condition, Google was the most popular resource and the only search engine used, accounting for 1273 (64%) of hits, followed by PubMed (195 hits; 10% of total). In the federated search condition, Wikipedia and PubMed were the most popular resources with 1518 (46% of total) and 1273 (39% of total) hits, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In agreement with the findings of previous research studies among medical physicians, the results of this study demonstrate that physiotherapists frequently experience information needs. This study provides new insights into the preferred digital information resources used by physiotherapists to fulfill these needs. Future research should clarify the implications of physiotherapists' apparent high reliance on Google, whether these results reflect the authentic clinical environment, and whether fulfilling clinical information needs alters practice behaviors or improves patient outcomes.

Psychometric characteristics of the BEITI - an assessment scale of daily functioning.

BACKGROUND: BEITI is a comprehensive test of a wide range of basic and extended daily functioning. It was developed for physiotherapists in the community to enable increased sensitivity in detecting changes in the functioning of patients with different diagnoses. BEITI was found to be valid, reliable and valuable in terms of the time and effort involved. Its clinical properties as a measurement in inpatients with brain lesions is yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE: To translate BEITI from Hebrew into English, and explore its psychometric properties in inpatients with brain lesions in the subacute phase. METHODS: The admission and discharge records of 131 patients hospitalized in a neurological rehabilitation department were reviewed retrospectively. The internal consistency, responsiveness, and floor and ceiling effects of BEITI were assessed. RESULTS: Excellent internal consistency was found for BEITI at admission and discharge (Cronbach's α ≥ 0.964). BEITI had high effect sizes (effect size = 1.11, standardized response mean = 1.54). Significant changes over time were found for the BEITI (p < 0.001). No floor or ceiling effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: BEITI is a reliable and responsive scale for assessing basic and extended daily functioning in inpatients with brain injuries in the subacute phase.

Estudio descriptivo sobre la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento y el diagnóstico de fisioterapia / Descriptive study on the International Classification of Functioning and diagnosis of physiotherapy

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: El diagnóstico de fisioterapia es uno de los eslabones menos desarrollados en la profesión y, aunque se reconoce a la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento (CIF) como marco teórico, no se interpretan adecuadamente las propuestas y etiquetas diagnósticas. El objetivo de este estudio es describir los elementos clave que configuran el diagnóstico en fisioterapia integrando el contexto de la CIF. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal de corte cualitativo, basado en el modelo de análisis interpretativo de Grounded Theory. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo una encuesta tipo Likert (n = 42) y, en segundo lugar, se realiza un análisis interpretativo de un grupo de discusión. RESULTADOS: El diagnóstico de fisioterapia es percibido por los participantes del grupo de discusión como un sello de identidad de la profesión, por su objetividad, su carácter científico y por favorecer la comunicación interdisciplinar. Se identificaron trece códigos organizados en cuatro categorías. Estas categorías son: las áreas de desarrollo del diagnóstico de fisioterapia, los perfiles de los fisioterapeutas, los conocimientos sobre la Clasificación, y las competencias de la Clasificación. Los códigos que definen estas categorías son, respectivamente: los roles académico, profesional e investigador; los perfiles clínico-asistencial, científico y afectivo-emocional; las definiciones, desventajas, mejoras y utilidad en el diagnóstico de fisioterapia; y los componentes de salud, conjuntos básicos y nivel internacional. CONCLUSIÓN: Los códigos obtenidos definen el diagnóstico de fisioterapia en el contexto actual de la CIF. Estos son aspectos para el estudio y elementos de referencia para desarrollar etiquetas diagnósticas acordes con las necesidades de la fisioterapia actual

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Physiotherapy assessment is one of the least developed elements of the profession. Diagnostic proposals and labels are not properly interpreted, although the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) is recognized as a theoretical framework. The objective of the study is to describe the key elements that make up the physiotherapy assessment within the context of the ICF. METHOD: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional qualitative study based on the Grounded Theory interpretative analysis model. First, a Likert-type survey (n = 42) is carried out, and second, an interpretative analysis of a discussion group. RESULTS: Physiotherapy assessment is perceived by the discussion group respondents as a hallmark of the profession, due to its objectivity, its scientific nature and in promoting interdisciplinary communication. Thirteen codes organized into four categories were identified. These categories are areas of development of physiotherapy diagnosis, physiotherapist profiles, knowledge about the ICF, and domains of the classification. The codes that define these categories are: academic, professional and research roles; clinical, scientific and affective-emotional profiles; definitions, disadvantages, improvements and diagnostic suitability; and health-related domains, basic sets and international level. CONCLUSION: The codes obtained define the physiotherapy assessment in the current context of the ICF. These elements are essential for study and to develop diagnostic labels according to the needs of current physiotherapy

A Survey of Pediatric Competencies in Entry-Level Physical Therapy Programs in Australia.

PURPOSE: To describe perspectives of pediatric physical therapy clinical facilitators on contemporary curricula for Australian entry-level physical therapy programs. METHODS: Physical therapy clinical facilitators completed an online survey based on the Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy of the APTA essential competencies. RESULTS: Conditions including cerebral palsy, cystic fibrosis, and prematurity were highly rated by most participants to include in an entry-level program. Exercise prescription, goal-directed training, and group-based physical therapy were the highest rated interventions. Outcome measures considered important to include were the Alberta Infant Motor Scale and Goal Attainment Scale. Students should demonstrate knowledge and skills using relevant frameworks and have practical opportunities to interact with children. CONCLUSION: Pediatric clinical facilitators perceived that theoretical knowledge on frameworks, human development, movement skills, pediatric conditions, exercise prescription, and outcome measurement as well as face-to-face experiences with children are important to include in Australian entry-level physical therapy programs.

Development of a Musculoskeletal Imaging Competency Examination for Physical Therapists.

OBJECTIVE: The number of physical therapists with imaging ordering privileges is increasing; however, a known level of competency and knowledge is generally lacking within the profession, as is a method to determine practitioner competency. The purpose of this study was to develop a valid musculoskeletal (MSK) imaging competency examination for physical therapists. METHODS: This 3-round Delphi method study utilized experts to reach consensus on examination content and development. Round 1 was completed by 37 experts. The last 2 rounds were completed by 35 experts. Experts rated questions on a 5-point Likert rating scale of importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = very important). Consensus was achieved with an a priori decision of (1) >75% agreement of the expert panel rating and ≥4 on the Likert scale, and (2) ≥.90 on Cronbach alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients. Experts recommended a passing score of 75%. The examination was subsequently reviewed by a panel of 5 radiologists. RESULTS: The Delphi method and radiologist panel review resulted in the 151-question Burley Readiness Examination (BRE) for MSK Imaging Competency. Interrater agreement and internal consistency of the Delphi panel were excellent, with an average intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach alpha of .928 and .950, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The BRE is a tool that has the potential to demonstrate practitioners' level of baseline competency with MSK imaging. Additional testing among physical therapists will provide further validation and reliability of the examination. IMPACT: The use and application of diagnostic imaging is becoming more widespread in physical therapist practice throughout the United States. The BRE could potentially have broader implications for health care utilization and cost in the area of MSK imaging.

Video-Based Motion Analysis Use: A National Survey of Orthopedic Physical Therapists.

OBJECTIVES: Motion analysis is performed by physical therapists to assess and improve movement. Two-dimensional video-based motion analysis (VBMA) is available for smartphones/tablets and requires little to no equipment or cost. Research on VBMA use in clinical practice is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the current use of VBMA in orthopedic physical therapist practice. METHODS: Members of the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy completed an online survey. Questions examined frequency of VBMA use, reasons for use, facilitators/barriers, device/apps used, practice patterns, other certificates/degrees, and demographic information. RESULTS: Among the final analysis sample of 477 respondents, 228 (47.8%) use VBMA. Of 228 VBMA users, 91.2% reported using it for ≤25% of their caseload, and 57.9% reported using their personal device to capture movement. Reasons for using VBMA included visual feedback for patient education (91.7%), analysis of movement (91.2%), and assessment of progress (51.8%). Barriers to use included lack of device/equipment (48.8%), lack of space (48.6%), and time restraint (32.1%). Those with ≤20 years of clinical experience (odds ratio [OR] = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.21-2.76), residency training (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.14-5.43), and fellowship training (OR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.32-6.66), and those from the West region of the United States (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.07-2.56) were more likely to use VBMA. CONCLUSIONS: More than 50% of surveyed orthopedic physical therapists do not use VBMA in clinical practice. Future research should be directed toward assessing reliability and validity of VBMA use by smartphones, tablets, and apps and examining whether VBMA use enhances treatment outcomes. Data security, patient confidentiality, and integration into the electronic medical record should be addressed. IMPACT: This study is the first to our knowledge to describe the use of VBMA in orthopedic physical therapist practice in the United States. It is the first step in understanding how VBMA is used and might be used to enhance clinical assessment and treatment outcomes.

The Effect of a Personalized Newsletter to Physical Therapists on Patient Recruitment: A Cluster Randomized Trial in Primary Physiotherapy Care.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a personalized newsletter compared with a standard newsletter on patient recruitment in physiotherapy research. METHODS: We performed a cluster-randomized trial including 120 physiotherapists who recruited patients for a prospective cohort and were randomly assigned to either receiving personalized feedback in a newsletter (intervention group) or a standard newsletter (control group). We calculated the difference in the number of patients included in the study corrected for inclusion time between both groups. RESULTS: The physiotherapists in the control group (n = 59) included 110 patients (35.4% of the total number of patients included) compared with an inclusion of 200 patients (64.6% of the total number of patients included) by the physiotherapists in the intervention group (n = 61), a difference of 90 patients in favor of the intervention group. However, when corrected for inclusion time and a cluster effect, we found no statistically significant difference between both groups. In addition, therapists who did not include a single patient (inactive therapists) were evenly divided between the 2 groups (n = 29 [49%] in the control group; n = 30 [49%] in the intervention group). CONCLUSIONS: A personalized newsletter does not significantly increase the number of recruited patients by physiotherapists. However, therapists receiving personalized feedback recruited nearly double the number of patients compared with the ones receiving standard feedback.

A Structured Goal-Setting Process to Promote Functional and Measurable Outcomes in School-Based Physical Therapy: A Knowledge Translation Study.

INTRODUCTION: Goal setting is an important component of school-based physical therapy; however, evidence suggests that therapists may not consistently write goals that are relevant, context specific, and measurable. The aims of this knowledge translation study were to evaluate implementation of a goal-setting method for school-based therapists. METHOD: This study was created to align with the Knowledge to Action framework and included 1-day training and follow-up mentorship. Goals were assessed pre- and posttraining, and questionnaires assessed barriers and facilitators. RESULTS: Twenty-two physical therapists participated. Nineteen participants (90%) strongly agreed/agreed that the training helped change their perspectives about goal setting in the school environment. There was a statistically significant difference in goal quality pre- and posttraining. Therapists identified barriers and facilitators to implementation of effective goal setting in practice. DISCUSSION: Results indicate that this method may be effective at improving goal writing that is relevant, context specific, and measurable in school settings.

Assimilation of the Pediatric Essential Core Competencies by Professional Physical Therapist Education Programs.

PURPOSE: This study examined the degree to which pediatric essential core competencies (ECCs) are meeting their intended purpose to provide guidance to pediatric educators in professional physical therapy (PT) education programs and to determine facilitators, barriers, and recommendations to implementation of ECCs in curricula. METHODS: Pediatric PT educators from professional PT education programs were recruited to participate in a survey. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze close-ended questions for frequency of responses and content analysis to generate themes. RESULTS: Of the 162 completed surveys, most participants were aware of the ECCs (96%) and used them to inform pediatric curriculum (88%). A mean proportion (86%-95%) of participants perceived their program curricula addressed the ECCs very or moderately well. Multiple themes of facilitators/barriers/recommendations to ECC implementation were determined. CONCLUSIONS: Most pediatric educators are aware of and using the ECCs to guide pediatric education to prepare graduates for pediatric patients/clients.