Evolution of the strikingly diverse submandibular muscles in Anura.

The most ventral muscles of the head (the mm. submentalis, intermandibularis, and interhyoideus) provide support to the gular region and lift the buccal floor during ventilation and feeding. These muscles show limited variation in most gnathostomes, but in Anura they exhibit a surprising diversity. The few studies that have explored this character system highlighted its potential as a source of phylogenetic information. In this paper we explored the diversity of this character system studying specimens of 567 anuran species and reviewing published data to cover a total of 1321 species, belonging to 53 of the 54 currently recognized anuran families, as well as caudates and caecilians. We defined 27 discrete characters including the number of muscle bellies, supplementary layers, hypertrophy and diversity of elastic fibres, and pigmentation, among others, and optimized them on a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis. We recognized 223 unambiguously optimized synapomorphies for numerous clades on different scales, including three for Anura and many for suprafamiliar clades with poor phenotypic support. Finally, we discussed the evolution of this highly diverse character system, including homology, development, and its functional role in vocalization and feeding. Interestingly, the striking levels of variation in some structures contrast with the amount of phylogenetic inertia, allowing us to recognize several general patterns. Supplementary elements of the m. intermandibularis evolved first as broad layers occuring in more than half of extant anuran species and then concentrated forming discreet bellies in several clades. The anterior portion of the gular region is not sexually dimorphic, and is likely related to ventilation and tongue protraction. Conversely, the diversity of the m. interhyoideus is strongly linked to vocal sacs, which are present only in adult males, suggesting the presence of two independent modules.

Características morfocuantitativas de la glándula submandibular de ratón (Mus musculus) / Morphocuantitative characteristics of the mouse (Mus musculus) submandibular gland

El ratón (Mus musculus) es un buen modelo animal de experimentación, donde sus glándulas salivales han sido utilizadas en estudios, especialmente de tipo preclínico. Sin embargo, las diferencias en la morfología de estas glándulas y, en particular de las submandibulares, entre humanos y roedores no son de conocimiento común. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las características morfocuantitativos de la glándula submandibular del ratón macho C57BL/6. Se utilizaron cinco ratones macho, cepa C57BL/ 6, de 11 a 13 semanas de nacidos, con un peso promedio de 30 g. Luego de su ambientación, los ratones fueron eutanasiados. Para el análisis histológico, las glándulas fueron extraídas y fijadas en formalina tamponada por 48 horas, procesada para su inclusión en paraplast y teñidas con hematoxilina y eosina, azul alcián pH 2,5, ácido peryódico de Schiff y Picrosirius Red. Se determinaron las características estereológicas de densidad de longitud (LVcond), de volumen (VVcond) y de superficie (SVcond) de los conductos. En las células acinares se evaluó la densidad de número (NVcel) y la densidad de volumen (VVcel). Para cada variable se obtuvo la media ± desviación estándar. La glándula submandibular se encontraba organizada de manera lobulada, cuyo parénquima era de tipo túbuloacinar mixto con predominio seroso, que se conectaba a través de conductos. Las células acinares presentaban reacción positiva para azul alcián y ácido peryódico de Schiff. El estroma de la glándula contenía principalmente colágeno tipo 1. Los resultados de las mediciones estereológicas fueron: LVcond = 220,02 ± 50,51 mm/mm3; VVcond = 50,48 ± 9,55 %; SVcond = 26,39 ± 5,45 mm2/mm3; NVcel = 16,85 x 104 ± 9,13 × 104/mm3; VVcel = 24,98 ± 6,22 %. Con los análisis presentados es posible realizar investigaciones experimentales, considerando las similitudes y diferencias morfocuantitativas que presenta la glándula submandibular de ratón macho, cepa C57BL/6 con la del humano.

The mouse (Mus musculus) is a good experimental animal model, where murine salivary glands have been widely used in research by their similarities with human glands. Stereology is a tool that has to demonstrated to be valuable in biomedical researc h. Therefore, the objective was to realize an analogy between morphology, function and morpho-quantitative characteristics of the C57BL/6 mouse submandibular gland. Five male mice, C57BL/6, from 11 to 13 weeks old were used, with an average weight of 30 g. After seven days, the mice were euthanized and the samples were extracted. Then, these were processed following the conventional histological processing protocol and stained with H&E, Picrosirius Red, AA and PAS. Finally, the histological and stereological analysis of the samples was performed. In the glandular ducts the length density (LVcond), volume density (VVcond) and surface density (SVcond) were determined; whereas, in the acinar cells the density of number (NVcel) and the density of volume (VVcel) were evaluated. For each stereological variable the mean ± standard deviation was obtained. The histological study revealed no discrepancies as previously described. Descriptive statistical analysis revealed the following: LVcond = 220.02 ± 50.51 mm/mm3; VVcond = 50.48 ± 9.55 %; SVcond = 26.39 ± 5.45 mm2/mm3; NVcel = 168467.38 ± 91288.67 /mm3 and VVcel = 24.98 ± 6.22 %. From this study, it will be possible to conduct comparative experimental research analyzing quantitative results from those presented in this research. From this study, it will be possible to carry out comparative experimental research, analyzing quantitative results from those presented in this investigation.

Management of the Submandibular Gland in Neck Lifts: Indications, Techniques, Pearls, and Pitfalls.

Neck contour deformities are common among patients who present for facial rejuvenation. A thorough physical examination and photographic analysis, including an upward view of the flexed neck, enable the surgeon to determine which structures should be treated. Common causes of neck concerns include hypertrophy of the subplatysmal fat, the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, and/or the submandibular salivary glands. Partial removal of the submandibular salivary glands requires advanced knowledge of subplatysmal anatomy and surgical expertise but can be performed safely and reliably to yield favorable results of neck rejuvenation.

Subplatysmal Necklift: A Retrospective Analysis of 504 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Improvement of neck contour is a primary goal of patients who seek rejuvenation of the face and neck. Subplatysmal structures, including fat, the digastric muscle, and the submandibular salivary glands (SMSGs), may contribute to the appearance of a disproportionately large neck. OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and predictability of necklift combined with reshaping and repositioning of the subplatysmal structures. METHODS: The records of 504 patients were reviewed retrospectively. Surgical maneuvers for subplatysmal necklift were described comprehensively and supplemented with videos. The subplatysmal anatomy was detailed by means of 2 cadaver dissections. RESULTS: A total of 430 patients (85.3%) underwent subplatysmal necklift. The most commonly treated structures were fat (423 patients [83.9%]), the SMSGs (307 patients [60.9%]), and the digastric muscle (91 patients [18.1%]). The most common complications were weakness of the lower lip depressor (29 patients [5.7%]), followed by sialoma of the parotid gland (10 patients [2%]). No patients experienced subplatysmal hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: Subplatysmal necklift is a safe, effective, and reliable option for patients who desire improved cervical contour. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Therapeutic.

Sialoadenitis purulenta submaxilar producida por cuerpo extraño en el conducto de Wharton / Submandibular sialoadenitis due to a foreign body in the Wharton duct

Una causa frecuente de infección crónica de la glándula submaxilar es la obstrucción de su conducto excretor que puede ser causada por litiasis, tapones de moco o a por la presencia de un cuerpo extraño. En las tres circunstancias se desarrollan cuadros de inflamación crónica del conducto (sialodoquitis) y de la glándula (sialoadenitis). Los estudios de imágenes radiográficas adecuadas son de gran utilidad para el diagnóstico, puesto que revelan el elemento obstructivo La presencia dentro del conducto salival de un cuerpo extraño es extremadamente rara. En este reporte se presenta un caso inusual de un paciente masculino de 23 años de edad que presentaba secreción purulenta debajo de la lengua y dolor crónico en la región submaxilar izquierda, de diez años de duración, donde el examen radiográfico convencional y la tomografía espiral multicorte contribuyeron al diagnóstico, identificando un mondadientes de madera alojado dentro del con ducto de Wharton. Se discute la importancia de la anamnesis y la interpretación de las imágenes en el manejo del caso.

One of the more frequent causes of submandibular sialoadenitis is the obstruction of its duct. The obstruction can be caused by lithiasis, mucus plug or a foreign body. The three circumstances produce inflammation and infection of the duct and the gland. Appropriated radiographic image techniques are very useful to demonstrate the obstructive object. The presence of a foreign body in the salivary duct is extremely rare. In this article is reported an unusual case of a 23-year-old male patient that presented purulent secre tion in the floor of the mouth and complained of chronic pain in the submandibular salivary gland, both lasting for ten years. Conventional radiographies and computed radiographs allowed to identify a wood toothpick inside the WhartonÆs duct. Data obtained during anamnesis and interpretations of radiographic findings are discussed for the adequate management of the case.

Efeito terapêutico do chá verde na morfologia das glândulas submandibulares de ratos com diabetes induzido pela estreptozotocina / Therapeutic effect of green tea on the morphology of the submandibular glands streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

A Camellia sinensis, vem sendo amplamente estudada, em função das suas propriedades medicinais, devido aos polifenóis com funções antioxidantes, tendo seu uso propostos como terapêutica para algumas doenças metabólicas como o Diabetes mellitus. A ingestão diária de antioxidantes, principalmente com compostos fenólicos pode retardar o aparecimento destas doenças. O atual trabalho o avaliou possível efeito terapêutico do chá verde (Camellia Sinensis) em ratos diabéticos induzido pela estreptozotocina, parâmetros clínicos (peso, ingestão hídrica) e laboratoriais (glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, triglicérides, proteínas totais, albumina e uréia) esse efeito na glândula submandibular pelo método morfométrico. Cento e sessenta ratos machos com 2 meses de idade foram distribuídos inicialmente em controle (n = 80) e diabéticos (n = 80). Os animais do grupo controle água (CA) e diabético água (DA) consumiram água como dieta líquida e os animais dos grupos controle chá (CC) e diabético chá (DC) receberam apenas dieta líquida de chá verde. Os parâmetros bioquímicos e morfométricos foram avaliados nos períodos experimentais de 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias (n = 5), após a indução. Os resultados mostraram que: a) a ingestão hídrica dos animais dos grupos DA e DC foram em média 6 vezes maior em relação aos controles; b) aos 15 dias, todos os animais dos grupos CA, CC e DA apresentaram aumento nos índices glicêmicos final de, respectivamente, 45 mg/dL, 65 mg/dL e 88mg/dL em relação ao período inicial, enquanto que todos os animais do grupo DC tiveram seus índices glicêmicos reduzidos em média de 119 mg/dL; c) nos ratos diabéticos o perfil bioquímico das proteínas totais e albumina foram menores em relação aos controles e o da uréia maior, enquanto que, o colesterol total, triglicérides não apresentaram diferenças; d) os ácinos das glândulas submandibulares dos animais dos grupos DA e DC exibiram aumento da eosinofilia citoplasmática e...

The Camellia sinensis, has been widely studied because of their medicinal properties due to the polyphenols with antioxidant functions, and proposed its use as treatment for various metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus. The daily intake of antioxidants, mainly phenolic compounds may prevent or delay onset of these diseases. In this study, the possible therapeutic action of green tea (Camellia Sinensis) in diabetic rat induced chemically by streptozotocin was evaluated by clinical (weight, water intake) and laboratory parameters (fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin and urea) and its effect in the submandibular glands by morphometric methods. One hundred and sixty male rats with 2 months of age were distributed initially in control (n = 80) and diabetic (n = 80). The animals of the water control (WC) and water diabetic (WD) groups received only regular drinking water and green tea control (GTC) and green tea diabetic (GTD) groups received green tea solution ad libitum. Morphometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated after 15, 30, 60 and 90 days (n = 5) after induction. The results showed that: a) the water intake of animals from group WD and GTD were six times higher on average than control groups; b) at 15 days, all animals of the WC, WD and GTC groups showed an increase of the glycemic index of, respectively, 45 mg/dL, 65 mg/dL and 88 mg/dL compared to the initial period, while that all animals in CTD group, showed a decrease of 119mg/dL; c) in the diabetic rats of WD and GTD groups the total protein and albumin levels were lower than control groups and urea level higher, whereas, the total cholesterol and triglyceride did not show significant differences, d) the acini of submandibular glands of animals in groups WD and GTD showed increase of the cytoplasmic eosinophilia and absence of the basal basophilia, which may be indicative of changes in protein content and/or structure, and pyknotic...

Inmunohistochemical expression of PCNA, p53 and bcl-2 in pleomorphic adenomas / Expresión inmunohistoquímica de PCNA, p53 y bcl-2 en adenomas pleomórficos

The aim of the study was to determine the immunohistochemical expression of the PCNA, p53 and bcl-2 proteins in pleomorphic adenomas. Nineteen specimens of pleomorphic adenomas were selected for analysis by the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method with antibodies againstp53, PCNA and bcl-2 proteins. It was observed weak labeling for p53 in 12 cases (63.1 percent) andforPCNA in 8 (42.1 percent). With respect to the bcl-2 labeling index, o no expression of this protein was detected in 12 cases, corresponding to 63.1 percent of the sample. Based on these findings, it was concluded that p53 and PCNA can favour the proliferative activity of pleomorphic adenomas, whereas bcl-2 probably does not effectively participate in the pathogenesis of this tumor.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la expresión inmmunohistoquímica de las proteínas PCNA, p53 y bcl-2 en adenomas pleomórficos. Fueron seleccionados 19 especímenes de adenomas pleomórficos para análisis a través del método de la estreptavidina-biotina-peroxidasa con anticuerpos contra las proteínas p53, PCNA y bcl-2. Fue observada leve marcación para p53 en 12 casos (63,1 por ciento) y para PCNA en 8 (42,1 por ciento). Con relación al índice de marcación para bcl-2, ono fue detectada en 12 casos (63,1 por ciento) expresión de esta proteína. En base a los resultados, se concluyó que las proteínas p53 y PCNA pueden favorecer la actividad proliferativa de adenomas pleomórficos, y por otro lado, la bcl-2 probablemente ono participaría efectivamente de la patogenia de este tumor.

Anatomía microscópica de las glándulas salivales por medio de una técnica histológica convencional y no convencional / Microscopio anatomy of the salivary glands for mean of conventional and not-conventional histologic technique

Las técnicas de fijación y conservación permiten detener los procesos de desorganización de los tejidos y son necesarios para analizar la anatomía microscópica de ellos. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar las características histológicas de las glándulas parótida y submandibular obtenidas a partir de tres cadáveres humanos fijados y conservados mediante: a) solución conservadora en base a formaldehido (muestra I) y b) cámara de frío por 12 horas (muestra II), ambas muestras procesados para hematoxilina-eosina (H-E); c) plastinación con resina epóxica (muestra III) y procesado para H-E y con azul de metileno- eosina sin inclusión previa. Se analizaron las características de los adenómeros y sistema de conductos glandulares. Las mejores características se encontraron en la muestra II, con un buen nivel de detalle en el parénquima glandular, una mayor basofilia se presentó en la muestra I. La muestra III presentó un bajo nivel de detalle a la observación microscópica, los mejores resultados se obtuvieron utilizando azul de metileno. Las mayores dificultades en el procesamiento histológico de las piezas plastinadas se encontraron en el corte y en el tiempo necesario para la tinción. Los resultados sugieren que es posible obtener preparaciones histológicas a partir de necropsias en cadáveres fijados y conservados para la docencia e investigación anatómica.

The techniques of fixation and conservation allow to stop the processes of tissues disorganization and they are necessary to analyze the microscopic anatomy of them. The purpose of this study was to analyze the histologic characteristic of the parotid and submandibular glands obtained from three human cadavers fixed and conserved by means of: a) conservative solution based on formaldehyde (Sample I) and b) camera of cold for 12 hours (Sample II), both samples processed for hematoxilin-eosin (H-E); c) plastination with epoxic resin (Sample III) and processed for H-E and with methylene blue - eosin without previous inclusion. The characteristics of the adenomer and glandular ducts system were analyzed. The best characteristics were in the sample II, with a good detail level in the glandular parenchyma, a greater basophilia was presented in the sample I. The sample III it presented a low detail level to the microscopic observation, the best results were obtained using methylene blue. The biggest difficulties in the histologic process of the plastinated specimens were in the cut and time for tintion. The results suggest that it is possible to obtain histologic preparations from autopsies in fixed cadavers and conserved for teaching and anatomical investigation.

Contribution to the study of the vasculature of submandibular and sublingual glands and lymph nodes of rats by corrosion cast technique combined with scanning electron microscopy.

The study of anatomical structures in their normal state allows the identification of pathological changes that can occur in them. Angiogenesis and the vasculature have been widely studied, mainly because of their association with the development of neoplasms. One of the methods applied for such purposes is the corrosion cast technique, which provides a copy of the vessels with normal as well as pathological structures. The replica of the vasculature provided by this technique allows the three-dimensional analysis of vessels by means of scanning electron microscopy. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate, by means of corrosion casts, the angioarchitecture of the submandibular and sublingual glands and lymph nodes. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the three structures have distinct vascular patterns. The corrosion cast technique can be employed in the study of the angioarchitecture of the submandibular and sublingual glands and lymph nodes, but requires specific precautions. The removal of the structures en bloc and the handling of the replicas with the aid of a stereoscopic magnifier reduce the risk of fractures.

Avaliação do efeito da dieta alcoólica sobre a morfometria das glândulas submandibulares de rattus norvegicus / Effect of the alcoholic diet in the morphometry of submandibular glands of rattus norvegicus

A ingestão crônica de álcool atinge vários tecidos, inclusive as glândulas salivares, provocando alterações morfológicas das mesmas. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do consumo de álcool etílico sobre a largura e comprimento das glândulas submandibulares esquerdas de ratas fêmeas adultas. Foram utilizadas 75 ratas, divididas em 5 grupos de 15 animais, conforme o tipo de dieta líquida administrada: controle (G1), álcool 10% (G2), isocalórico ao álcool 10% (G3), álcool 20% (G4) e isocalórico ao álcool 20% (G5). Após o período de adaptação, foram administradas as soluções alcoólicas ou de sacarose por 56 dias. Ao sacrifício as glândulas foram removidas e medidas quanto ao comprimento e largura com paquímetro digital. Os valores médios por grupo foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA, post hoc Tukey) ao nível de significância de 5%. Não foram observadas diferenças significantes entre os grupos G1, G2 e G3 quanto ao comprimento (p=0,5778) e largura (p=0,1762). Contudo, entre G1, G4 e G5 foram verificadas medidas de comprimento e largura significativamente menores no grupo G4 (p<0,05). Portanto, foi observado que ratas adultas submetidas a dieta alcoólica na concentração de 10% não mostraram alterações na morfometria das glândulas submandibulares. Entretanto, quando a dieta alcoólica foi administrada na concentração de 20% pode-se verificar redução no comprimento e largura destas glândulas.

The chronic ingestion of alcohol reaches several tissues, besides the salivary glands, provoking morphologic alterations of the same ones. The objective of the present study went verify the effect of the consumption of ethyl alcohol on the width and length of the left submandibular glands of adult female rats. 75 rats divided in 5 groups of 15 animals in agreement with the administered diet: control (G1), alcohol 10% (G2), isocalórico of alcohol 10% (G3), alcohol 20% (G4) and isocaloric of alcohol 20% (G5). After an adaptation period, were administered alcoholic solutions or of sucrose for 56 days. To the sacrifice, the glands were removed and measures with relationship to the length and width with a digital caliper. The medium values for group were submitted to the variance analysis (ANOVA, post hoc Tukey). Any difference of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The statistical treatment of the groups G1, G2 and G3 didnÆt show significant differences in the morphometry of the glands. However, when applied for G1, G4 and G5 indicated length and width measures significantly smaller in the group G4 (p <0.05). Therefore, it was observed that adult rats submitted to the alcoholic diet in the concentration of 10% didnÆt show alterations in the morphometry of the submandibular glands. However, when the alcoholic diet was administered in the concentration of 20% it can be verified length and width reduction of these glands.

Comparative ultrastructure of the mandibular gland in Scaptotrigona postica ( Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) Workers and males

Differences in the ultrastructure and function of the mandibular glands in developing workers and maturemales of the meliponine stingless bee Scaptotrigona postica suggest that there are age-dependent variationsin the contents of the secretion and glandular functions. In this work, we used transmission (TEM) andscanning (SEM) electron microscopy to examine the mandibular glands of S. postica workers of differentages and compared them with those of mature males. The gland anatomy did not vary between workers andmales. However, the ultrastructure of the gland cells changed according to the worker’s age, task, and sex.The mandibular gland cells in workers and males had a well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum andpleomorphic mitochondria, indicating that the cells were involved in lipid synthesis. However, the secretionvaried in morphology and electrondensity between workers and males, which suggested differences in itscontents and, possibly, in glandular functions.

Análise microscópica do efeito da radioterapia fracionada em glândula submandibular de rato / Microscopic analysis of the effect of fractionated radiation therapy on submandibular gland of rats

OBJETIVO: O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar, quantitativamente, as alterações histológicas induzidas pela radioterapia sobre o parênquima e o estroma da glândula submandibular. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 30 ratos Wistar, distribuídos em dois grupos: teste e controle. Os 15 animais do grupo-teste foram submetidos a radioterapia da região de cabeça e pescoço, na modalidade fracionada rotacional por cobalto-60, na dose de 60 Gy, realizada em frações de 2 Gy diários, por seis semanas. Decorridas 60 horas da conclusão da radioterapia, as glândulas submandibulares dos animais de ambos os grupos foram excisadas, processadas pela técnica da parafina, coradas com hematoxilina e eosina e analisadas à microscopia óptica. O volume proporcional médio correspondente ao parênquima e ao estroma glandulares foi obtido pelo método estereológico de contagem manual de pontos. RESULTADOS: O volume proporcional de ácinos no grupo irradiado (60,67 por cento ± 6,43) foi significativamente menor que no grupo-controle (67,42 por cento ± 10,90) (p = 0,048), entretanto, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para as variáveis parênquima, ductos e estroma (teste t de Student, p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O esquema radioterápico empregado provocou atrofia acinar da glândula submandibular, sem, no entanto, ocorrer alteração quantitativa total do estroma ou do parênquima.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the histological changes produced by radiation therapy both on the stroma and the parenchyma of submandibular gland in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample size consisted of 30 Wistar rats, divided in two groups: test and control. The 15 animals of the test group were irradiated daily on the head and neck region with a dose of 2 Gy for six weeks using a rotational fractionated modality of 60Co-gamma rays. At the end of the experimental period the animals had received a total dose of 60 Gy. Sixty hours after the last radiation therapy session the submandibular glands of the animals from both groups were excised, processed using paraffin technique, stained with hematoxiline-eosin and analyzed by optical microscopy. RESULTS: The mean proportional volume of the glandular parenchyma and stroma was obtained using a stereological method of manual point counting. The proportional volume of the acini on the irradiated group (60.67% ± 6.43) was significantly lower than the control group (67.42% ± 10.90) (p = 0.048), however there was no statistical difference between the groups for parenchyma, ducts and stroma (Student t test, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The radiation therapy produced acinar atrophy in submandibular glands. No total quantitative changes in the stroma or in the parenchyma were observed

Allometric analysis of the postnatal growth of rat submandibular gland

The rat submandibular gland grows significantly during the first 10 weeks of postnatal life. During this growth, there is differentiation and maturation of the definitive glandular structures, (acini, intercalated ducts, convoluted granular tubules, striated ducts and excretory ducts) within a highly vascularized stroma. In this study, the absolute volume of each glandular component during postnatal development was determined morphometrically. The increases in gland mass and component volumes were analyzed allometrically relative to the growth of body mass, using Wald’s non-parametric method. The allometric growth of gland mass was monophasic and negative (k<1), with k = 0.86. The absolute volumes of the acini plus terminal tubules, intercalated ducts, striated ducts and excretory ducts all showed a biphasic pattern, with the first phase occuring from day 2 to day 28 and the second phase from day 28 to day 96. In the first phase, all of the structures showed positive allometric growth (k>1), with k values from 1.09, 1.15, 1.49 and 1.17, for the acini plus terminal tubules, intercalated ducts, striated ducts and excretory ducts, respectively, while in the second phase, all showed negative allometrtic growth (k<1), with k values of 0.72, 0.33, 0.77 and 0.82, respectively. The convoluted granular tubules showed a single phase of positive allometric growth (k>1) between 28 and 96 days of age, with k=1.28, whereas the stromal volume showed negative allometric growth (k<1) from day 14 to day 96, with k=0.77.

Morphological and morphometric alterations induced by valproic acid on rat fetuses' meckel's cartilage, lingual musculature, and submandibular gland

El acido valproico es una droga antiepileptica, bien conocida como agente teratogenico; su principal órgano blanco es el tubo neural, aunque malformaciones de otros órganos tambien han sido descritas. El propósito del trabajo fue analizar los efectos del acido valproico en las estructuras orales embriofetales: Cartilago de Meckel, músculos de la lengua y glándula submandibular. Las ratas recibieron una inyección diaria intraperitoneal de acido valproico (300 mg/Kg), durante 10 dias de su gestación. Las ratas hembras fueron sacrificadas al 20 dia post coito y fueron examinados los fetos. No fueron observadas malformaciones macroscópicas. Fueron observadas las siguientes malformaciones: bajo peso del cuerpo y de la placenta; cordón umbilical corto; parenquima de la glandula submandibular menos diferenciada con gran cordón celular y ramificaciones terminales e incremento del volumen nuclear; las fibras de los músculos de la lengua desorganizados y de menor tama¤o y de volumen nuclear peque¤o; cartilago de Meckel rudimentario, con peque¤os condrocitos y muy abundante matriz. Estos datos sugieren que alteraciones en el tejido oral, inducidos por acido valproico, como resultado de un efecto directo de la droga en los tejidos, provoca una diferenciación retardada de ellos.

Staining methods applied to glycol methacrylate embedded tissue sections.

The use of glycol methacrylate (GMA) avoids some technical artifacts, which are usually observed in paraffin-embedded sections, providing good morphological resolution. On the other hand, weak staining have been mentioned during the use of different methods in plastic sections. In the present study, changes in the histological staining procedures have been assayed during the use of staining and histochemical methods in different GMA-embedded tissues. Samples of tongue, submandibular and sublingual glands, cartilage, portions of respiratory tract and nervous ganglion were fixed in 4% formaldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate. The sections of tongue and nervous ganglion were stained by H&E. Picrosirius, Toluidine Blue and Sudan Black B methods were applied, respectively, for identification of collagen fibers in submandibular gland, sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cartilage (metachromasia) and myelin lipids in nervous ganglion. Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) method was used for detection of glycoconjugates in submandibular gland and cartilage while AB/PAS combined methods were applied for detection of mucins in the respiratory tract. In addition, a combination of Alcian Blue (AB) and Picrosirius methods was also assayed in the sublingual gland sections. The GMA-embedded tissue sections showed an optimal morphological integrity and were favorable to the staining methods employed in the present study. In the sections of tongue and nervous ganglion, a good contrast of basophilic and acidophilic structures was obtained by H&E. An intense eosinophilia was observed either in the striated muscle fibers or in the myelin sheaths in which the lipids were preserved and revealed by Sudan Black B. In the cartilage matrix, a strong metachromasia was revealed by Toluidine Blue in the negatively-charged glycosaminoglycans. In the chondrocytes, glycogen granules were intensely positive to PAS method. Extracellular glycoproteins were also PAS positive in the basal membrane and in the region occupied by the lamina externa and reticular fibers surrounding each smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels. In the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, acid and neutral mucins were histochemically detected by AB and PAS methods, respectively. Moreover, granules containing acid and neutral mucins were revealed in purple by AB and PAS concomitantly. In the sublingual gland sections, a distinct affinity of acid mucins by AB (in turquoise-blue) and collagen fibers by Picrosirius (in red) was obtained when these methods were combined. Although some routine dyes used in paraffin sections have showed a weak stain in historesin sections, our results showed that different dyes could be applied in GMA sections if modified staining procedures were assayed. Therefore, appropriate staining contrast and, thus, detection of one or different substances in a same section can be acquired in association to the good morphological resolution provided by GMA.

Efectos de la administración prenatal de cafeína sobre la glándula submandibular de fetos de rata / Effects of the prenatal administration of caffeine on the submandibular gland of rat fetuses

Fueron estudiados los efectos de una inyección intraperitoneal única de cafeína (10 mg/kg de peso corporal) en el 10 día de preñez sobre el feto de rata, en especial sobre la glándula submandibular. Al examen microscópico fueron observadas glándulas submandibulares inmaduras, constituidas por cordones sólidos y brotes terminales, en los fetos pertenecientes al grupo tratado. Morfométricamente fue verificado aumento del tamaño nuclear en las células de los acinos y de los conductos glandulares en los fetos del grupo inyectado. Los volúmenes relativos ocupados por los conductos y por el tejido conjuntivo fueron significativamente mayores en las glándulas submandibulares del grupo inyectado. No hubo diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos, en el diámetro medio de los acinos y de los conductos, mientras que el espesor del epitelio acinar fue menor en el grupo tratado. El aumento significativo del volumen relativo de los conductos en los fetos del grupo tratado, a pesar de poseer diámetros similares en ambos grupos, se debe, seguramente, a un aumento en el número de los conductos de las glándulas submandibulares en los fetos de las ratas inyectadas con cafeína en el 10 día de preñez.

Sialolitíase da glândula submandibular - relato de um caso / Sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland-case report

Os autores apresentam as características clínicas e radiográficas de um caso de sialolitíase da glândula salivar submandibular em um paciente do sexo masculino, leucoderma na quinta década de vida. Por meio de uma revisäo de literatura, os autores descrevem os aspectos anatômicos, fisiológicos e patológicos relacionados com as alteraçäes encontratadas. concluem que o tratamento pode ser fisioterápico ou cirúrgico, embora para o caso relatado em questäo, o tratamento eleito foi o cirúrgico em virtude do tamanho do sialolito encontrado.(au)

Efecto de la fenitoína prenatal en fetos de rata: estudio morfológico y morfométrico de la glándula submandibular / Effect of prenatal phenytoin on rat fetuses: and morphometrical study of the submandibular gland

La fenitoína (difenil hidantoína) es una droga anticonvulsiva y antiarrítmica, que posee acción teratógena en animales y humanos, causando importantes alteraciones, aún cuando se administra en dosis no teratógenas. Con el objetivo de estudiar morfológica y morfométricamente los efectos de la droga sobre la glándula submandibular fetal, ratas Wistar fueron inyectadas el 10ª día de preñez, con 70, 100 ó 150 mg/kg de fenitoína. Las dosis más altas provocaron la muerte intrauterina de todos los fetos. El peso de los fetos de las ratas inyectadas con 70 mg/kg de fenitoína fue menor que el de los controles. El examen histopatológico de la glándulas submandibular reveló una glándula inmadura, constituida por acinos y conductos mayores y con luz disminuida. Las células de los acinos y conductos eran mayores, con núcleos más grandes. El tejido conjuntivo era más escaso en los fetos del grupo tratado. Morfométricamente, fue posible confirmar los hallazgos histopatológicos. Los resultados sugieren que la exposición prenatal a la fenitoína, en dosis no teratógenas, actúa en la embriogénesis, causando alteraciones en el desarrollo (menor peso, cordón umbilical más corto y glándula submandibular menos diferenciada), mostrando el feto tratado aspectos de inmaturidad

Anatomic study of neotropic primates submandibular gland ducts

Algunos aspectos anatómicos de los canales excretores de 30 glándulas submandibulares de macaco prego, Cebus apella, estudiamos por técnicas de disección en lupa. Las cabezas fueron inyectadas con solución de látex (neoprene 450) y coloradeadas con pigmento verde. Con el propósito facilitar la disección, descalcificamos las mandíbulas, utilizando el siguiente procedimientos: anestesia del animal; retirada de la sangre: canulación de la aorta en sentido craneal y caudal; perfusión con agua tibia (40ºC); inyección del sistema arterial con látex; fijación en formol al 10 por ciento e inmersión en ácido nítrico al 2 por ciento por 10 días. Observamos que el conducto submandibular estaba formado por la confluencia de pequeños conductos que emergían de los acinos glandulares. El conducto dejaba la glándula por su hilio, acompañado de las estructuras neurovasculares. Seguía hacia rostral, hasta la parte inferior de la lengua, estando su parte proximal localizada arriba del tendón del músculo digástrico y los dos tercios distales, recubiertos por el músculo milohioídeo, manteniendo íntima relación con el parénquima de la glándula sublingual y ubicándose ínfero-medialmente a ésta. Los conductos de cada glándula se unían en el 26,67 por ciento de los casos o desembocaban libremente en el 73,33 por ciento de ellos, en la mucosa bajo la lengua, a travéz de un pequeño foramen. Los datos analizados trazan un patrón morfológico de estos conductos submandibulares en el Cebus apella. No existen diferencias significativas entre los antímeros, permitiendo la comparación con otras especies

Endoscopic excision of the submandibular gland by an intraoral approach.

The recent advent of endoscopic procedures has compelled both plastic and neck and head surgeons to reconsider the conventional methods by which the excision of submandibular gland is classically achieved. An endoscopic intraoral approach for excision of the submandibular gland is described. This procedure is anatomically safe and can be made with minimal morbidity; a transcervical incision is avoided. Both specific instruments and solid anatomical knowledge are necessary to perform a safe and efficient glandular endoscopic excision. The essential surgical steps are as follows: 1) Careful identification of the Wharton duct and lingual nerve; 2) Retraction of the mylohyoid muscle; 3) Protection of the sublingual gland and lingual nerve; 4) Extraoral manipulation of the submandibular gland obtaining intraoral protrusion; and 5) Careful dissection of the posterior third of gland, avoiding injury on the facial artery and vein. Two patients were operated on with this technique and were very pleased with their results. No complications were registered. With advanced endoscopic instruments, new surgical technique, and surgeon experience, endoscopic intraoral excision of the submandibular gland can be the method of choice in benign neoplasia, sialolith, sialoadenitis and plunging ranula.