Three-dimensional reconstructed eccrine sweat glands with vascularization and cholinergic and adrenergic innervation.

Functional integrity of the regenerated tissues requires not only structural integrity but also vascularization and innervation. We previously demonstrated that the three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed eccrine sweat glands had similar structures as those of the native ones did, but whether the 3D reconstructed glands possessing vascularization and innervation was still unknown. In the study, Matrigel-embedded eccrine sweat gland cells were implanted under the inguinal skin. Ten weeks post-implantation, the vascularization, and innervation in the 10-week reconstructed eccrine sweat glands and native human eccrine sweat glands were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that the fluorescent signals of general neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5, adrenergic nerve fiber marker tyrosine hydroxylase, and cholinergic nerve fiber markers acetylcholinesterase and vasoactive intestinal peptide embraced the 3D reconstructed glands in circular patterns, as the signals appeared in native eccrine sweat glands. There were many CD31- and von Willebrand factor-positive vessels growing into the plugs. We demonstrated that the 3D reconstructed eccrine sweat glands were nourished by blood vessels, and we for the first time demonstrated that the engineering sweat glands were innervated by both cholinergic and adrenergic fibers. In conclusion, the 3D reconstructed eccrine sweat glands may have functions as the native ones do.

Expression and localization of the vascular endothelial growth factor and changes of microvessel density during hair follicle development of Liaoning cashmere goats.

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) play important roles in neovascularization, tissue development, and angiogenesis. In this study, changes in VEGF expression patterns and microvessel density (MVD), and their correlations, were investigated during hair follicle development in epidermal appendages of Liaoning cashmere goats. Polyclonal antibodies to VEGF and microvessels were used for monthly immunohistochemical examinations of normal skin specimens from adult female goats for one year. VEGF was expressed in the hair bulb of primary and secondary hair follicles, the outer and inner root sheaths, sebaceous glands (ductal and secretory portions), eccrine sweat glands (ductal and secretory portions), and the epidermis. Abundant expression of VEGF was observed in the follicular basement membrane zone surrounding the bulb matrix and in ductal and secretory portions of eccrine sweat glands. The change in VEGFs in primary hair follicles showed a bimodal pattern, with the first peak observed from March to May, and the second in August. Maximal expression in secondary hair follicles occurred in May and August. Therefore, VEGF expression in primary and secondary hair follicles is synchronized throughout the year, and is correlated to hair development. In the later telogen and anagen phases, VEGF expression was higher in the secondary, compared to the primary, hair follicle. Changes in MVD also showed a bimodal pattern with peaks in May and August. VEGF expression and MVD showed moderate and strongly positive correlation in the primary and secondary hair follicles, respectively. Therefore, MVD and VEGF are closely related to the processes involved in hair cycle regulation.

Changes in eccrine sweating on the glabrous skin of the palm and finger during isometric exercise.

AIM: The goals of this study were to investigate changes in the sweating and cutaneous vascular responses on the palm and the volar aspect of the index finger during sustained static exercise of increasing intensity and to determine whether the former can be attributed to altered sweat gland activity. METHODS: Five male and five female subjects performed maximal voluntary handgrip contractions (MVC: right hand) for 60 s at 20, 35 and 50% MVC (ambient temperature 25 °C, relative humidity 50%). RESULTS: The sweat rate and the number of activated sweat glands on the non-exercised hand showed intensity-dependent increases (P < 0.05). At 35 and 50% MVC, finger sweat secretion was significantly higher than on the palm, which was primarily associated with the number of activated sweat glands (P < 0.05). In addition, there was a marked simultaneous decrease in the cutaneous vascular conductance for the finger at 35 and 50% MVC (P < 0.05), but not for the palm. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a difference exists between intensity-dependent increases of sudomotor responses within more than one glabrous skin site. Specifically, markedly greater sweating occurs on the volar finger than on the palmar surface during sustained static exercise. These differences in sweat rate mainly resulted from changes in the number of activated sweat glands. In addition, intra-segment variations in cutaneous blood flow on the glabrous hand are shown.

Multiple vascular eccrine spiradenomas: a case report and published work review of multiple eccrine spiradenomas.

Eccrine spiradenoma (ES) usually occurs as a solitary small nodule. It presents rarely as multifocal or multiple localized tumors arranged in a linear, zosteriform or nevoid distribution. We present a rare case of a 55-year-old woman who had a 48-year history of multiple vascular eccrine spiradenomas (VES) localized on the left side of the submandibular region and neck. All five tumors were skin-colored or pinkish-purple, and ranged in size 1.5-2.5 cm. Histologically, each tumor was composed of two characteristic cell types and many dilated vascular spaces were noted in the stroma. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed irregularly shaped, enhanced areas at the center of the tumors. A published work search revealed 35 cases of multiple ES, but multiple VES was extremely rare. We summarized the features of previously reported multiple ES and discuss the clinical and histological classification of ES.

Giant vascular eccrine spiradenoma: report of a case with immunohistochemical study.

We report a rare case of giant vascular eccrine spiradenoma (GVES) which developed in 56-yr-old Korean woman. It is a rare variant of eccrine spiradenoma (ES), which might be mistaken for angiomatous lesions in view of its florid vascularity and hemorrhagic features. Histogenesis of GVES is not clearly elucidated although it is known that ES presumably originates in the eccrine glands. To clarify the histogenesis of GVES, immunohistochemical stainings using various monoclonal antibodies were also performed. The tumor was composed of three types of cells, namely pale epithelial cells, small basal cells, and myoepithelial cells. Therefore, we conclude that GVES originated from eccrine gland and mainly differentiates toward secretory portion of secretory coil.

Giant Vascular Eccrine Spiradenoma: Report of a Case with Immunohistochemical Study

We report a rare case of giant vascular eccrine spiradenoma (GVES) which developed in 56-yr-old Korean woman. It is a rare variant of eccrine spiradenoma (ES), which might be mistaken for angiomatous lesions in view of its florid vascularity and hemorrhagic features. Histogenesis of GVES is not clearly elucidated although it is known that ES presumably originates in the eccrine glands. To clarify the histogenesis of GVES, immunohistochemical stainings using various monoclonal antibodies were also performed. The tumor was composed of three types of cells, namely pale epithelial cells, small basal cells, and myoepithelial cells. Therefore, we conclude that GVES originated from eccrine gland and mainly differentiates toward secretory portion of secretory coil.

Giant vascular eccrine spiradenomas: a report of two cases with histology, immunohistology and electron microscopy.

Two examples of a variant of benign spiradenoma are reported, both characterized by their large size and high degree of vascularity. The results of studies using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and immunohistology are described. The relationship of this unusual variant to other spiradenomas and their eccrine sweat gland origin is discussed. The possible misdiagnosis of this rare type of spiradenoma is emphasized.