[ADVANCED ABDOMINAL PREGNANCY].

INTRODUCTION: Abdominal pregnancy is a very rare obstetric complication which is seriously hazardous to the mother as well as the fetus. It poses a diagnostic challenge to this day. Both maternal and fetal mortality rates in such cases are high, as well as the malformation rate among the affected fetus. The best diagnostic tools are ultrasound and MRI. The availability of these instruments, and especially the latter, is scarce in developing countries, hence the higher rate of this type of pregnancy in these regions. The higher incidence of abdominal pregnancy in developing countries is also associated with the greater prevalence of low socioeconomic status, pelvic infections and infertility - all are more prevalent in these countries. Abdominal pregnancy may be primary - that is fertilization of an ovum in the abdominal cavity, or secondary - re-implantation following tubal abortion, perforation of the uterine wall during curettage or expulsion of pregnancy material through uterine rupture or dehiscence. Heterotopic pregnancies, in which one or both fetuses are found as abdominal pregnancy have been reported. Treatment is surgery. The issue of removing the placenta during the operation is controversial to this day. Treatment of the remaining placenta with methotrexate has recently been abandoned. Lately, conservative treatment by potassium chloride (KCl) injection to the fetal heart by sonographic guidance has been suggested.

Late Abdominal Pregnancies (≥20 Weeks Gestation): A Review from 1965 to 2012.

BACKGROUND: Information about the diagnosis and management of late abdominal pregnancies (≥20 weeks gestation) is limited to case reports and small case series. METHODS: We performed a literature review of abdominal pregnancies ≥20 weeks gestation from 1965 to November 2012. Excluded were abdominal ectopic pregnancies that did not primarily implant in the peritoneal cavity, including tubal, ovarian, and intraligamentary pregnancies, and those prior to 20 weeks gestation. RESULTS: The 31 cases identified were at 30.4 ± 7.4 weeks at diagnosis and 33 ± 8.3 weeks at delivery. The most common sites of placental implantation were uterus or adnexa (47.8%), bowel (30%), and the potential spaces surrounding the uterus (8.7%). There were 5 cases of an intra-abdominal abscess in the 14 patients in whom the placenta had been left in situ. Maternal outcomes were documented in 26 cases with 7 deaths; 27 fetal outcomes were documented in 22 cases with 3 fetal deaths (13.6%). CONCLUSION: An abdominal ectopic pregnancy is an uncommon but serious event and should be considered in all patients until intrauterine gestation is confirmed. Management should be undertaken by an experienced surgical team in a tertiary care facility.

Early abdominal ectopic pregnancies: a systematic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To define abdominal ectopic pregnancy outcomes by both location and treatment. METHODS: Literature review of abdominal pregnancies from 1965 to August of 2009. Ectopic pregnancy exclusions were interstitial, tubal, cervical, ovarian, or those beyond 20 weeks at diagnosis/treatment. RESULTS: There were 511 cases identified with 225 meeting the inclusion criteria. There were 7 maternal deaths (3.0%) with 18 (8%) of the early abdominal ectopic pregnancies occurring with an intrauterine device in place. Mean gestational age at the time of treatment was 10 weeks 0 days and mean maternal age was 29.7 years. The average blood loss associated with treatment was 1,450 ml. The top three sites of early abdominal ectopic pregnancies were pouches around the uterus (24.3%), serosal surface of the uterus and tubes (23.9%), and multiple sites (12.8%). Primary surgical management was performed in 208 cases (87.8%). Nonsurgical adjuvant or primary therapy included intramuscular methotrexate, intralesional methotrexate, intracardiac KCl, and artery embolization. CONCLUSION: Abdominal pregnancies should be considered in all patients until an intrauterine location can be confirmed. Understanding treatment options by pregnancy location may be helpful in the management of this potentially life-threatening condition.

Abdominal pregnancy in Usmanu Dan-Fodiyo university teaching hospital, Sokoto: A 10-year review

Background: Abdominal pregnancy, a rare condition with high maternal mortality (up to 50%), and even higher perinatal mortality (40 ­ 95%), is often associated with diagnostic difficulties. Objectives: To determine the mode of presentation and management of abdominal pregnancy, from cases in the Usmanu Dan-Fodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of the case records of all abdominal pregnancies managed in UDUTH, Sokoto, between January 2000 and December 2010. Results: During the 10-year study period, there were eight cases of abdominal pregnancies, 285 extrauterine pregnancies, and 25,506 total deliveries. All the patients were not booked for antenatal care and their ages ranged between 20 and 39 years (mean=28.1±3.4 years). The majority (88%) were grand multipara. The main presenting symptoms were persistent abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and prolonged pregnancy. Seven cases (87.5%) were diagnosed accurately by an ultrasound scan. There were seven perinatal deaths (87.5%) and one live birth. There was one maternal death (12.5%), which occurred in the patient whose placenta was left in-situ. Conclusion: Presence of persistent lower abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and prolonged pregnancy should raise the suspicion of abdominal pregnancy. Removal of the placenta, where feasible, improves the outcome of maternal health

Embarazo abdominal a término. Presentación de un caso / Term abdominal pregnancy. Presentation of a case

El embarazo ectópico es una entidad extremadamente peligrosa que, de no realizar un diagnóstico adecuado y un tratamiento precoz, conlleva una alta mortalidad. En las últimas décadas ha aumentado la frecuencia, oscilando entre 4,5 y 12,5 por mil embarazos. Hemos realizado un estudio retrospectivo tomando como base un caso que tuvimos la oportunidad de tratar mientras nos encontrábamos cumpliendo misión internacionalista en Guatemala. Se presenta el testimonio gráfico del mismo

Embarazo abdominal a término: presentación de un caso / Term abdominal pregnancy: presentation of a case

El embarazo ectópico es una entidad extremadamente peligrosa que, de no realizar un diagnóstico adecuado y un tratamiento precoz, conlleva una alta mortalidad. En las últimas décadas ha aumentado la frecuencia, oscilando entre 4,5 y 12,5 por mil embarazos. Hemos realizado un estudio retrospectivo tomando como base un caso que tuvimos la oportunidad de tratar mientras nos encontrábamos cumpliendo misión internacionalista en Guatemala. Se presenta el testimonio gráfico del mismo.

Ectopic pregnancy is an extremely dangerous entity, leading to a high mortality if an adequate diagnosis and an early treatment are not made. During the last decades its frequency has increased, oscillating form 4, 5 to 12, 5/1 000 pregnancies. We carried out a retrospective study, beginning from a case we attended when were in an international mission in Guatemala. We present a graphic testimony of the case.

Abdominal pregnancy at the University College Hospital, Ibadan: a ten-year review.

Fourteen cases of abdominal pregnancy managed at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, over a ten-year period (January 1994 to December 2003) were reviewed. The incidence ratio of abdominal pregnancy was one in 654 deliveries. It accounted for 4.3% of ectopic pregnancies. Age range was 20 to 43 years; 63.4% of the patients were unemployed and 50% were nullipara. Pre-operative diagnosis was possible only in half of the cases. Only two patients with advanced pregnancies and live fetuses (14.3%) were allowed to have conservative management while the others had immediate laparotomy. Live birth rate was 7.1%, but overall fetal survival rate was 0%. Fetal malformations were common, with talipes equinovarus and jaw abnormalities occurring in 49.2% and 14.3% respectively. Twelve patients (85.7%) who had complete removal of the placenta, though lost more blood, had better outcome than those with placenta left in-situ. The case fatality rate was 7.1%.

Embarazo abdominal / Abdominal pregnancy

El embarazo abdominal (EA) es una gestación ectópica potencialmente fatal que se ubica dentro de la cavidad peritoneal. Esta patología es a menudo no sospechada y es un desafío diagnóstico bastante frecuente para el clínico. La mortalidad materna se estima de 0,5-18 por ciento (1,2) y la mortalidad perinatal alcanza rangos entre 40-95 por ciento (3,4). Existen 10.8 EA por 100.000 nacimientos y 9,2 EA por 1.000 embarazos ectópicos en los Estados Unidos(2). El riesgo de muerte materna con un embarazo abdominal es de 7.7 veces mayor que con un embarazo ectópico tubario y 90 veces mayor que con un embarazo intrauterino. De acuerdo a los múltiples factores de riesgo que abarca esta patología se discuten los métodos diagnósticos y terapeúticos tratando de mejorar de esta forma el pronóstico materno y fetal

Abdominal pregnancy in the United States: frequency and maternal mortality.

From an analysis of 11 abdominal pregnancy-related deaths and an estimated 5221 abdominal pregnancies in the United States, we estimated that there were 10.9 abdominal pregnancies per 100,000 live births and 9.2 per 1000 ectopic pregnancies; the mortality rate was 5.1 per 1000 cases. Although the risk of having an ectopic pregnancy is rising, the risk of abdominal pregnancy, which is probably always a sequel of a missed ruptured ectopic pregnancy, is apparently declining; this may be due to improved prenatal care. However, only one of nine women who reached the hospital alive had an accurate preoperative diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy, which suggests that preventing abdominal pregnancy-related death may depend, at least in part, upon increasing physicians' awareness of its clinical features.