SEOM clinical guidelines on venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cancer (2023).

The Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) last published clinical guidelines on venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cancer in 2019, with a partial update in 2020. In this new update to the guidelines, SEOM seeks to incorporate recent evidence, based on a critical review of the literature, to provide practical current recommendations for the prophylactic and therapeutic management of VTE in patients with cancer. Special clinical situations whose management and/or choice of currently recommended therapeutic options (low-molecular-weight heparins [LMWHs] or direct-acting oral anticoagulants [DOACs]) is controversial are included.

Improvement of thrombosis management in patients with cancer: a practical consensus document of recommendations for cancer-associated thrombosis patients' healthcare in Spain.

Cancer patients are at risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), its recurrence, but also at risk of bleeding while anticoagulated. In addition, cancer therapies have been associated to increased VTE risk. Guidelines for VTE treatment in cancer patients recommend low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) for the initial treatment, DOAC for VTE short-term treatment, and LMWH or DOAC for VTE long-term treatment. This consensus article arises from a collaboration between different Spanish experts on cancer-associated thrombosis. It aims to reach an agreement on a practical document of recommendations for action allowing the healthcare homogenization of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) patients in Spain considering not only what is known about VTE management in cancer patients but also what is done in Spanish hospitals in the clinical practice. The text summarizes the current knowledge and available evidence on the subject in Spain and provides a series of practical recommendations for CAT management and treatment algorithms to help clinicians to manage CAT over time.

Prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin in women with thrombophilia undergoing in vitro fertilization.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) could increase pregnancy rates and/or decrease abortion rates in women with thrombophilia undergoing assisted reproduction cycles. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) (N = 104). Women without thrombophilia (control group, n = 20), women with thrombophilia who did not receive LMWH (untreated group, n = 30), and women with thrombophilia, treated with daily enoxaparin from the day of embryo transfer until week 36 of gestation (treated group, n = 54). All women underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. IVF was performed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and embryos were transferred on day 3. Pregnancy was detected by ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (biochemical pregnancy) and fetal heartbeat at week 5 to 6. Ongoing pregnancy was determined by ultrasound on week 12. RESULTS: Patients in the untreated thrombophilia group presented with significantly lower ongoing pregnancy rates and live birth rates and significantly higher early pregnancy loss and abortion rates when compared with the control and the treated thrombophilia groups. CONCLUSIONS: In women with diagnosed coagulation disorders, use of LMWH is important to avoid miscarriages.

Use of direct oral anticoagulants and low molecular weight heparin in venous thromboembolism associated with cancer: real-world evidence in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and major bleeding (MB) are common in cancer patients. Reduced-doses of antithrombotics as secondary prophylaxis have limited data. This work aims to describe and to compare treatments and outcomes for cancer-associated VTE. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Retrospective study. Adults with cancer-associated VTE were included. After 3-6 months of full-doses of anticoagulants, three strategies were considered: A) lowering the doses; B) maintaining full-doses; C) stopping treatment. The strategy and medication used were shown in a descriptive analysis and the rate of bleeding and VTE-recurrence between those in a comparative analysis. RESULTS: A total of 420 patients were included, 56.2% received DOACs, 43.8% enoxaparin. Strategy was defined in 257 patients: A (50.2%), B (46.3%), and C (3.5%). Forty-one (9.8%) had VTE-recurrence and 15 (3.6%) had MB or clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB).According to strategy, recurrent-VTE was 8.5% (A), 4.2% (B), and 11.1 (C) (p = 0.22), MB or CRNMB was 0.8% (A), 1.7% (B), and 0% (C) (p = 0.64). CONCLUSIONS: DOACs and strategy A were the most frequently used agent and strategy, respectively. There were no differences between medications or strategies used. The results must be interpreted with caution, and it is a retrospective single-center study, probably with information and selection bias.

Cost-effectiveness of mechanical thromboprophylaxis for cesarean deliveries in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using mechanical thromboprophylaxis for patients undergoing a cesarean delivery in Brazil. METHODS: A decision-analytic model built in TreeAge software was used to compare the cost and effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression to prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin or no prophylaxis from the perspective of the hospital. Related adverse events were venous thromboembolism, minor bleeding, and major bleeding. Model data were sourced from peer-reviewed studies through a structured literature search. A willingness-to-pay threshold of R$15,000 per avoided adverse event was adopted. Scenario, one-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of uncertainties on the results. RESULTS: The costs of care related to venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and associated adverse events ranged from R$914 for no prophylaxis to R$1,301 for low-molecular-weight heparin. With an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of R$7,843 per adverse event avoided. Intermittent pneumatic compression was cost-effective compared to no prophylaxis. With lower costs and improved effectiveness, intermittent pneumatic compression dominated low-molecular-weight heparin. The probabilistic sensitivity analyses showed that the probability of being cost-effective was comparable for intermittent pneumatic compression and no prophylaxis, with low-molecular-weight heparin unlikely to be considered cost-effective (0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent pneumatic compression could be a cost-effective option and is likely to be more appropriate than low-molecular-weight heparin when used for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for cesarean delivery in Brazil. Use of thromboprophylaxis should be a risk-stratified, individualized approach.

Venous thromboembolism incidence in postoperative breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is an important cause of morbidity in cancer patients. Breast cancer patients undergoing surgical treatment are at an increased risk of VTE. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of VTE in patients who underwent surgery for the treatment of breast cancer and to identify the related risk factors. METHODS: A historical cohort of patients at the São Paulo State Cancer Institute (ICESP) underwent surgery for breast cancer. The inclusion criteria covered patients with invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ who had breast surgery anytime from January 2016 to December 2018. RESULTS: Of the 1672 patients included in the study, 15 had a confirmed diagnosis of VTE (0.9%), and 3 of these had deep vein thrombosis (0.2%), and 12, had pulmonary thromboembolism (0.7%). Clinical and tumoral characteristics did not differ between the groups. The incidence of VTE was higher in patients who had undergone skin-sparing mastectomy or nipple-sparing mastectomy (p = 0.032). Immediate reconstruction, particularly with abdominal-based flaps (4.7%), increased VTE events (p = 0.033). Median surgical time was higher in patients with VTE episodes (p = 0.027), and total hospital length of stay increased in days (6 days vs. 2 days, p = 0.001). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and postoperative prophylaxis with Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) were associated with lower VTE rates (0.2% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.048 and 0.7% vs. 2.7%, p = 0.039; respectively) in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of VTE events in breast cancer patients who underwent surgery was 0.9%. Immediate reconstruction (especially with abdominal-based flaps), skin-sparing/nipple-sparing mastectomies, and longer surgeries were associated with increased risk. The LMWH postoperative prophylaxis reduced this risk.

Effect of the coughing technique during subcutaneous heparin injection on pain severity and individual satisfaction. / Efecto de la técnica de la tos durante la inyección subcutánea de heparina sobre la severidad del dolor y la satisfacción individual.

to examine the effect of the medium intensity coughing technique during subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin injection on pain severity and individual satisfaction in general surgery patients. the prospective, quasi-experimental study included 100 patients who had been prescribed a subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin injection once in 24 hours. Each patient received two injections by the same researcher, one using the standard injection technique with medium intensity coughing technique and the other only the standard injection technique. there was a statistically significant difference between patients' mean scores on pain severity and satisfaction levels after injections administered by the two techniques (p= 0.000). Also, it was found that gender affected pain severity relating to the injection but did not affect the level of individual satisfaction. the medium intensity coughing technique was found to reduce pain severity and increase patient satisfaction in general surgery patients receiving subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin injections. Trial registration: NCT05681338.

examinar el efecto de la técnica de tos de mediana intensidad durante la inyección subcutánea de heparina de bajo peso molecular sobre la severidad del dolor y la satisfacción individual en pacientes de cirugía general. estudio prospectivo, cuasi experimental, que incluyó a 100 pacientes a los que se les prescribió una inyección subcutánea de heparina de bajo peso molecular una vez cada 24 horas. Cada paciente recibió dos inyecciones por el mismo investigador utilizando técnica de inyección estándar con técnica de tos de intensidad media y solo técnica de inyección estándar. hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las puntuaciones medias de los pacientes sobre la intensidad del dolor y los niveles de satisfacción después de las inyecciones administradas por las dos técnicas (p= 0,000). Además, se encontró que el género afectó la severidad del dolor relacionado con la inyección, pero no afectó el nivel de satisfacción individual. se encontró que la técnica de tos de intensidad media reduce la severidad del dolor y aumenta la satisfacción del paciente de cirugía general que reciben inyecciones subcutáneas de heparina de bajo peso molecular. Registro del ensayo: NCT05681338.

examinar o efeito da técnica de tosse de média intensidade durante injeção subcutânea de heparina de baixo peso molecular na intensidade da dor e satisfação individual em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia geral. estudo prospetivo, quasi experimental que incluiu 100 pacientes que haviam recebido uma injeção subcutânea de heparina de baixo peso molecular em 24 horas. Cada paciente recebeu duas injeções pelo mesmo pesquisador usando a técnica de injeção padrão com técnica de tosse de média intensidade e apenas técnica de injeção padrão. houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as pontuações médias dos pacientes quanto à gravidade da dor e níveis de satisfação após as injeções administradas pelas duas técnicas (p = 0,000). Além disso, verificou-se que o sexo do paciente afetou a intensidade da dor relacionada à injeção, mas não afetou o nível de satisfação individual. a técnica de tosse de média intensidade reduz a intensidade da dor e aumenta a satisfação de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia geral recebendo injeções subcutâneas de heparina de baixo peso molecular. Registro do ensaio clínico: NCT05681338.

Hereditary thrombophilia and low -molecular -weight heparin in women: useful determinants, including thyroid dysfunction, incorporating the management of treatment and outcomes of the entity.

OBJECTIVE: Our study purposed to examine the complex relationship between low-molecular-weight heparin therapy, multiple pregnancy determinants, and adverse pregnancy outcomes during the third trimester in women with inherited thrombophilia. METHODS: Patients were selected from a prospective cohort of 358 pregnant patients recruited between 2016 and 2018 at the Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade. RESULTS: Gestational age at delivery (ß=-0.081, p=0.014), resistance index of the umbilical artery (ß=0.601, p=0.039), and D-dimer (ß=0.245, p<0.001) between 36th and 38th weeks of gestation presented the direct predictors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. The model fit was examined using the root mean square error of approximation 0.00 (95%CI 0.00-0.18), the goodness-of-fit index was 0.998, and the adjusted goodness-of-fit index was 0.966. CONCLUSION: There is a need for the introduction of more precise protocols for the assessment of hereditary thrombophilias and the need for the introduction of low-molecular-weight heparin.

An Update in Anticoagulant Therapy for Patients with Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to assess the treatment options for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) based on the most robust level of evidence recommendations and suggestions based on expert opinion. RECENT FINDINGS: Several classes of anticoagulants have been studied in the treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT). Since the CLOT trial, guidelines recommend the use of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for the treatment of this condition. However, since 2018, some direct oral anticoagulants became an alternative first-line treatment for CAT. Three Xa antagonists (rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) proved to be at least as effective as the LMWH strategy for the short-term prevention of VTE recurrence. The right choice of treatment in the context of anticoagulation strategy, thrombo-hemorrhagic risk management, and a patient's comorbidities represents a challenge. The correct management of CAT and a more individualized approach are needed to identify risk factors and offer the best treatment for each patient.

Rivaroxaban Versus Enoxaparin for Thromboprophylaxis After major Gynecological Cancer Surgery: The VALERIA Trial : Venous thromboembolism prophylAxis after gynecoLogical pElvic cancer surgery with RIvaroxaban versus enoxAparin (VALERIA trial).

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention after major gynecological cancer surgery might be an alternative to parenteral low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). Patients undergoing major gynecological cancer surgery were randomized at hospital discharge to receive rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily or enoxaparin 40 mg once daily for 30 days. The primary efficacy outcome was a combination of symptomatic VTE and VTE-related death or asymptomatic VTE at day 30. The primary safety outcome was the incidence of major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding. Two hundred and twenty-eight patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive rivaroxaban (n = 114)or enoxaparin (n = 114). The trial was stopped due to a lower-than-expected event rate. The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 3.51% of patients assigned to rivaroxaban and in 4.39% of patients assigned to enoxaparin (relative risk 0.80, 95% CI 0.22 to 2.90; p = 0.7344). Patients assigned to rivaroxaban had no primary bleeding event, and 3 patients (2.63%) in the enoxaparin group had a major or CRNM bleeding event (hazard ratio, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.007 to 2.73; P = 0.1963). In patients undergoing major gynecological cancer surgery, thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban 10 mg daily for 30 days had similar rates of thrombotic and bleeding events compared to parenteral enoxaparin 40 mg daily. While the power is limited due to not reaching the intended sample size, our results support the hypothesis that DOACs might be an attractive alternative strategy to LMWH to prevent VTE in this high-risk population.

Tromboprofilaxis precoz y evolución en embarazadas con COVID-19 / Early thromboprophylaxis and evolution in pregnant women with COVID-19

Introducción: en marzo del año 2020 se declara Pandemia, por la aparición de un nuevo Coronavirus, el SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19). Las mujeres embarazadas presentan un riesgo mayor de presentar procesos tromboembólicos, por lo que se recomienda utilizar de manera profiláctica heparina, para prevención de procesos tromboembólicos durante la infección por SARS-CoV2. Objetivo: Describir la evolución de las embarazadas con infección por SARS-CoV2 con la utilización de heparina de bajo peso molecular, Enoxaparina, ajustada al peso de manera precoz. Metodología: estudio descriptivo prospectivo, observacional, de corte transversal. Resultados: en la evolución de 30 mujeres embarazadas con infección por SARS-CoV2, las edades más frecuentes corresponden a 31 a 35 años, mayor número de infectadas en el segundo trimestre del embarazo, el índice de masa corporal predominante en rango de sobrepeso y obesidad, la dosis de enoxaparina utilizada fue de 40 mg/día, ya que se ajustó al peso de la embarazada, las comorbilidades más frecuentes correspondieron al sobrepeso y obesidad, enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo y diabetes gestacional, la sintomatología resultó muy variada, debido a las distintas variantes del virus, con más frecuencia la rinorrea, congestión nasal, tos, anosmia, disgeusia, cefalea, fiebre y dificultad respiratoria, y la mayoría de las embarazadas no estaban vacunadas. Conclusiones: ninguna de las 30 embarazadas que recibieron heparina de bajo peso molecular (Enoxapina), ajustada al peso, y de manera precoz, con infección por SARS.CoV2, falleció, ni requirió internación en Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Una embarazada, fue internada por disnea moderada y saturación de oxígeno menor a 95%. Las restantes embarazadas tuvieron buena evolución en su domicilio, sin ninguna complicación

Introduction: in March 2020, a Pandemic was declared, due to the appearance of a new Coronavirus, SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19). Pregnant women have a higher risk of presenting thromboembolic processes, so it is recommended to use heparin prophylactically, to prevent thromboembolic processes during SARS-CoV2 infection. Objective: to describe the evolution of pregnant women with SARS-CoV2 infection with the early use of Enoxaparin, adjusted to the weight of low molecular weight heparin. Methodology: prospective, observational, cross-sectional descriptive study. Results: in the evolution of 30 pregnant women with SARS-CoV2 infection, the most frequent ages correspond to 31 to 35 years, the highest number of infected in the second trimester of pregnancy, the predominant body mass index in the range of overweight and obesity. , the dose of enoxaparin used was 40 mg/day, since it was adjusted to the weight of the pregnant woman, the most frequent comorbidities were overweight and obesity, hypertensive disease of pregnancy and gestational diabetes, the symptoms were highly varied, due to the different variants of the virus, more frequently rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, cough, anosmia, dysgeusia, headache, fever and respiratory distress, and most of the pregnant women were not vaccinated. Conclusions: none of the 30 pregnant women who received low molecular weight heparin (Enoxapine), adjusted for weight, and early, with SARS.CoV2 infection, died or required admission to the Intensive Care Unit. A pregnant woman was hospitalized due to moderate dyspnea and oxygen saturation less than 95%. The remaining pregnant women had a good evolution at home, without any complications

Low molecular weight heparin is useful in adult COVID-19 inpatients. Experience during the first Spanish wave: observational study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The intensity of the thromboprophylaxis needed as a potential factor for preventing inpatient mortality due to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between anticoagulation intensity and COVID-19 survival. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study in a tertiary-level hospital in Spain. METHODS: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) status was ascertained based on prescription at admission. To control for immortal time bias, anticoagulant use was analyzed as a time-dependent variable. RESULTS: 690 patients were included (median age, 72 years). LMWH was administered to 615 patients, starting from hospital admission (89.1%). 410 (66.7%) received prophylactic-dose LMWH; 120 (19.5%), therapeutic-dose LMWH; and another 85 (13.8%) who presented respiratory failure, high D-dimer levels (> 3 mg/l) and non-worsening of inflammation markers received prophylaxis of intermediate-dose LMWH. The overall inpatient-mortality rate was 38.5%. The anticoagulant nonuser group presented higher mortality risk than each of the following groups: any LMWH users (HR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.40-3.15); the prophylactic-dose heparin group (HR 2.39; 95% CI, 1.57-3.64); and the users of heparin dose according to biomarkers (HR 6.52; 95% CI, 2.95-14.41). 3.4% of the patients experienced major hemorrhage. 2.8% of the patients developed an episode of thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study showed that LMWH administered at the time of admission was associated with lower mortality among unselected adult COVID-19 inpatients. The magnitude of the benefit may have been greatest for the intermediate-dose subgroup. Randomized controlled trials to assess the benefit of heparin within different therapeutic regimes for COVID-19 patients are required.

Low molecular weight heparin is useful in adult COVID-19 inpatients. Experience during the first Spanish wave: observational study.

BACKGROUND: The intensity of the thromboprophylaxis needed as a potential factor for preventing inpatient mortality due to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between anticoagulation intensity and COVID-19 survival. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study in a tertiary-level hospital in Spain. METHODS: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) status was ascertained based on prescription at admission. To control for immortal time bias, anticoagulant use was analyzed as a time-dependent variable. RESULTS: 690 patients were included (median age, 72 years). LMWH was administered to 615 patients, starting from hospital admission (89.1%). 410 (66.7%) received prophylactic-dose LMWH; 120 (19.5%), therapeutic-dose LMWH; and another 85 (13.8%) who presented respiratory failure, high D-dimer levels (> 3 mg/l) and non-worsening of inflammation markers received prophylaxis of intermediate-dose LMWH. The overall inpatient-mortality rate was 38.5%. The anticoagulant nonuser group presented higher mortality risk than each of the following groups: any LMWH users (HR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.40-3.15); the prophylactic-dose heparin group (HR 2.39; 95% CI, 1.57-3.64); and the users of heparin dose according to biomarkers (HR 6.52; 95% CI, 2.95-14.41). 3.4% of the patients experienced major hemorrhage. 2.8% of the patients developed an episode of thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study showed that LMWH administered at the time of admission was associated with lower mortality among unselected adult COVID-19 inpatients. The magnitude of the benefit may have been greatest for the intermediate-dose subgroup. Randomized controlled trials to assess the benefit of heparin within different therapeutic regimes for COVID-19 patients are required.

Factors associated with bleeding complications in hernia repair of warfarin users.

OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective study, we aimed to determine factors associated with bleeding complications in patients on long-term warfarin, undergoing inguinal hernia repair using low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) bridging. METHODS: Two-year hospital records yielded 44 inguinal hernia repair patients on long-term warfarin (26 men, 4 women, aged 57.4 [38-72] years). All patients were managed with LMWH bridging. Patient and operative characteristics, LMWH bridging characteristics, and international normalized ratio (INR) values were compared between patients with and without postoperative bleeding complications. RESULTS: Indication for warfarin use was heart valve disease (n=15), atrial fibrillation (n=7), deep venous thrombosis (n=3), cerebrovascular event (n=3), and pulmonary embolism (n=2). Four of the operations were urgent, while the remaining were elective. There were four ecchymosis cases and three hematoma cases in a total of seven patients. Baseline (2.94±0.26 versus 2.16±0.38, p<0.001) and preoperative INR values (1.69±0.67 versus 1.31±0.35, p=0.027) were significantly higher, while postoperative INR values (1.04±0.09 versus 1.2±0.13, p=0.004) were significantly lower in patients having bleeding complications. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline, preoperative INR, and postoperative INR were the only variables associated with postoperative bleeding complications in patients undergoing LMWH-bridged inguinal hernia repair. We suggest close monitoring of INR levels in long-term warfarin users, even for relatively low-bleeding risk operations such as inguinal hernia repair.

Venous sinus thrombosis in pediatrics. Case series of a tertiary hospital. / Trombosis de senos venosos en pediatría. Serie de casos de un hospital terciario.

INTRODUCTION: Venous sinus thrombosis (VST) is a rare entity in pediatrics, probably under-diagnosed and poten tially serious, described as a cause of stroke in childhood. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presenta tion, risk factors, treatment, and evolution of pediatric patients with VST. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Re trospective study of patients admitted to a referral hospital, diagnosed with VST, aged between one month and seventeen years, from January 2011 to December 2019. The following data were re viewed: age at diagnosis, sex, signs and symptoms of presentation, predisposing mechanisms, study of thrombophilias, treatment and duration of treatment, follow-up protocol, long-term sequelae, and mortality. Due to their differences in clinical presentation, the sample was divided into two age groups: young children between 1 month and 5 years and older children and adolescents between 6 and 17 years. RESULTS: 17 patients were diagnosed with VST, 45% were women, with a median age of 4.5 years. The most frequent symptoms in older children (6-17 years old) were headache (80%) and diplopia (60%). In children under 5 years old, the most frequent clinical presentation was cerebellar ataxia (42%), asymptomatic (34%), and headache (25%). In 23.5% of the total, VST was a casual fin ding in neuroimaging. 13 patients presented relevant histories such as complicated otitis media with mastoiditis (53%), severe traumatic head injury (6%), and resection of a space-occupying lesion of the brain (6%). 23% of the cases were idiopathic and in 23% there were prothrombotic factors. The treatment of choice in all patients was low-molecular-weight heparin. During the short-term follow- up, 11.8% presented self-limited neurological symptoms. One patient presented long-term paresis of the sixth paired cranial nerve. There were no deaths or recurrences of the episode in our series. CONCLUSIONS: VST is a rare entity and it usually appears with signs and symptoms of intracranial hy pertension. It is a potentially serious condition and early diagnosis and treatment can help minimize long-term sequelae.

Pediatric Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome Temporarily associated with COVID-19: Clinical characteristics and management in a Pediatric Critical Care Unit. / Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico Pediátrico asociado a COVID-19: Características clínicas y manejo en una Unidad de Paciente Crítico Pediátrico.

INTRODUCTION: In April 2020, the pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporarily associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C) was described for the first time. MIS-C could have a severe course and may require critical care support. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical, laboratory, and management characteristics of hospitalized children who meet MIS-C criteria with severe presentation in a pediatric critical pa tient unit. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive prospective study of children with severe MIS-C mana ged by treatment phases with immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone, according to their clinical response. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and imaging data were obtained. Phenotypes were classified into Kawasaki and not Kawasaki, comparing their findings. RESULTS: 20 patients were analy zed, the median age was 6 years, 60% were female, and 40% presented comorbidity. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 90% of the patients. They presented fever as the first symptom, followed by brief and early gastrointestinal symptoms (70%). 75% presented the Kawasaki phenotype. They evolved with lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, coagulation alterations, and elevated systemic and cardiac in flammatory parameters. 80% of the cases presented echocardiographic alterations and 90% shock that required critical care support. All the patients had a short and favorable evolution. All patients responded to the established therapy, but 40% required a second phase of treatment. There were no differences when comparing phenotypes. No deaths were reported. CONCLUSION: MIS-C is a new childhood disease whose presentation could be life-threatening. It requires early suspicion, immuno modulatory management, critical care support, and a multidisciplinary approach to obtain the best results and optimize its prognosis.

[Low molecular weight heparin-induced hyperkalemia and hyponatremia. Report of one case]. / Hiponatremia e hiperpotasemia persistente inducida por enoxaparina y revertida con hidrocortisona en paciente con metástasis lumbares.

Low molecular weight heparin-induced hyperkalemia is not an uncommon side effect. The development of hyponatremia is well described although it is less common. We report a 72-year-old woman with lumbar metastases who developed hyponatremia and hyperkalemia on the tenth day of hospitalization. Hyponatremia, with limited criteria for syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, did not resolve with vigorous volume restriction. Hyperkalemia without an acid-base disorder or baseline renal failure, did not resolve after losartan was stopped. Enoxaparin-induced hypoaldosteronism was proposed and the drug was discontinued. After four days' persistence of the electrolyte disturbance, dexamethasone was changed to Hydrocortisone, and parameters normalized in 24 hours. The patient remained well until discharge and during outpatient control.

Central catheter-associated deep vein thrombosis in cancer: clinical course, prophylaxis, treatment.

The adequate handling of central venous catheters is a key element in the management of patients with cancer. Catheter-associated deep vein thrombosis is frequently observed in patients with malignant diseases; however, despite being a common complication among these patients, objective information concerning its epidemiology, clinical course, prophylaxis and treatment strategies is very limited. The reported incidence of catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) is highly variable, depending on symptomatic events, or if patients are screened for asymptomatic thrombosis. Several factors have been identified as potential predisposing factors for CRT, both technical and pathological aspects. The anticoagulant of choice is still unclear; while low-molecular-weight heparin is most commonly used, recent studies assessing the role of direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of CRT show promise as an alternative, but the evidence remains insufficient and the decision must be made on a case-by-case basis.